Brielle Arnold - astro.sunysb.edu
Transcript of Brielle Arnold - astro.sunysb.edu
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Human impact on the oceansBrielle Arnold
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Human impact on the oceans‐ Glacial melting‐ Fertilizer run-off‐ Pesticides‐ Plastic‐ Dumping Toxic Waste plastic-pollution.org
nytimes.comepa.gov nbcnews.com
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Plastic pollution overview- 8 million metric tons of plastic entered the ocean in 2010 alone
(NOAA).
- Possibly 150 million metric tons of debris in marine environments
(Kollar)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrationbbc.com
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Garbage Patches- Vortexes of "plastic waste and debris
broken down into smaller particles by
the ocean" (National Geographic)
- 5 major gyres
- North Atlantic, South Atlantic,
Indian, North Pacific, South Pacific
- Caused by global wind patterns
and forces created by Earth's rotationNational Geographic
(National Geographic)
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The great pacific garbage patch
- Located between Hawaii & California
- 7.7 million square mi: twice the size of Texas
- Warm water from South Pacific and cool
water from Arctic (Kornan) (www.MarineDebris.noaa.gov)
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, (forbes.com)
- Two sections: Eastern & Western Garbage Patches
- 54% of garbage from N. America & Asia
- 20% from boaters, offshore oil rigs, and cargo ships
(National Geographic, on the NOAA)
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Impact on oceanic ecosystems- Ghost-fishing
- Plastic consumption:
- 60% of all sea birds
- Fish ingest 12,000 to 24,000 tons of
Plastic each year (Nat'l Geographic)
- Transportation of Invasive SpeciesNational Geographic, above and below
National Geographic
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Microplastic- - "More than 5.2 trillion particles were swirling in
the planet's oceans, and, in time,much of it would
be ingested by ocean dwellers and creatures
that eat fish, including people" (Kormann).
- Microplastic ingestion is transferred up the food chain
- ¼ of fish in California markets contain microplastics (National
Geographic).
- 83% of tap water samples contain microplastics; the rate in the USA
is 94% (Kormann).
National Geographic
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New challenges- COVID-19 PPE production
- 129 billion face masks and
65 billion gloves are being used
each month (Giuliani-Hoffman)
- Cut the straps on face masks (RSPAC)
ft.org
Seagull, BBC News Peregrine Falcon, BBC News
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Dumping toxic waste- Nonpoint source: run-off
- Point source: Oil Spills
- Largest oil spill:
- BP Oil Spill in the Gulf of
Mexico in April, 2010
- 4 million barrels of oil spilled
- Finally stopped the spill in July, 2010
(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)
nationalgeographic.com
politicalgrafitti.wordpress.com
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
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How did this spill, and others, impact aquatic animals?- Ridley turtles, which are under the Endangered
Species Act, were hard-hit. Up to 20% of theturtles present during the spill died from oilExposure (NOAA).
- Louisiana bottleneck dolphins: experienced a 50% population decline- Oil can…
- Destroy insulating/water repellency- Impact lung function & reproduction- Poison animals if ingested- Reduce growth, lead to changes in heart
and respiration rates, fin erosion, etc.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
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Fertilizer- Fertilizer: "a substance (such as manure or
a chemical mixture) used to make soil
more fertile" (Merriam-Webster).
- Contains: Nitrogen and Phosphorus
- How does it end up in our waters? (EPA)
- Precipitation: rain, snow
- Leaches into ground water
- Gases (Nitrogen Oxide, Ammonia, etc.) are
deposited onto the surface of water
thelawninstitute.org
almanac.com
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Harmful Algal Blooms
Red Tide, nytimes.comRed Tide, nytimes.com Algal Blooms, livescience.com(Harmful Algal Blooms, EPA).
seagrant.sunysb.edu
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Brown Tide- Aureococcus anophagefferens = Brown Tide Algae
- Studied impact of glucose, urea (which contains
Organic nitrogen, and is common in fertilizer), and
Nitrate (inorganic nitrogen)
- Results: net increase in population growth is the greatest in the
presence of organic nitrogen (as is found in fertilizers) but not
inorganic nitrogen
Brown Tide, seagrant.sunysb.edu
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What is eutrophication?
- An overabundance of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) in bodies
of water, increasing the amount of plant and algae growth
- Chain Reaction: (NOAA)
- Excess algae and plant matter decompose
- Large amounts of CO₂ are produced
- Lowers the pH of the water = Ocean Acidification
- Growth of fish & shellfish is stunted; shell formation can be
prevented in bivalve mollusks (scallops, oysters, clams)
eniscuola.net
earthhow.comoceanservice.noaa.gov
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How does this impact the oceanic ecosystem?- Bivalve mollusks (Maryland Dep't of Resources)
- Help maintain equilibrium with filter-feeding
- Regulating species population decreases
- Less nitrogen and phosphorus filtered out; algae can grow even
more
- Coral Reefs (EPA, Effect of Ocean…)
- Important habitats for ¼ of sea life
- Calcium carbonate skeletons
- Anoxia (NOAA)
- Low-oxygen environments become unliveable
phys.org
nature.com
ScientificAmerican.com
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pesticides- Two main kinds:
- 1.) Pyrethoids
- Less toxic to humans, but still harmful to aquatic organisms
- 2.) Organophosphates
- Target nervous system
- Malathion, acephate, disulfoton: toxic threat to aquatic life
- Highly water soluble
((University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources)
(Pesticides and Drinking Water)domyown.com
homedepot.com
target.comfood.ndtv.com
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Table of Aquatic Impact on Organisms
(https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-science-and-assessing-pesticide-risks/aquatic-life-benchmarks-a
nd-ecological-risk)
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How Do Pesticides Enter Our Waterways and Oceans?- Pyrethoids: attach to soil particles, washed into
waterways on sediment (Pesticides & Water Quality)
- Washed down storm drains or sewer pipes
- Sewage treatment plants do not filter out
pesticides
- To Learn More about Pesticides:
- <USGS NAWQA: The Pesticide National Synthesis Project>
(Celeste Rusconi = artist, Pesticides and Water Quality)
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If none of this worried you, maybe its impact on humans will
- Pesticides: can contaminate surface and groundwater, which are
critical sources of drinking water (US Geological Survey)
- Eutrophication: has been financially detrimental to Long Island
based commercial shellfisheries since 1985
- Without intervention, by 2030, ⅔ of the Long Island Sound
could lack enough oxygen for fish to survive (NOAA).
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Besides Reduce, REuse, REcycle,What can you do to help?
- Cut the loops/handles of plastic carrier bags, elastic bands, balloons, disposable gloves and mask straps
- Clean and empty containers after use and pinch cans shut or cutcontainers in half before recycling (RSPAC)
- Research the best times and ways to use fertilizer- Properly dispose of pesticides at your local
Household Hazardous Waste site- 1-800-CLEANUP to find a
Disposal site in your area
thebocavoice.com
change.org
George Waldenberger, a Florida meteorologist
formplastics.com
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Works citedChichester, F. W. (1977). Effects of Increased Fertilizer Rates on Nitrogen Content of Runoff and Percolate From Monolith Lysimeters.
Journal of Environmental Quality, 6(2), 211-217. doi:10.2134/jeq1977.00472425000600020023x
“Deepwater Horizon – BP Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill.” EPA, Environmental Protection Agency, 19 Apr. 2017,
www.epa.gov/enforcement/deepwater-horizon-bp-gulf-mexico-oil-spill.
Effects of Ocean and Coastal Acidification on Ecosystems. (2019, October 04). Retrieved October 05, 2020, from
https://www.epa.gov/ocean-acidification/effects-ocean-and-coastal-acidification-ecosystems
Eriksen, M., Lebreton, L. C., Carson, H. S., Thiel, M., Moore, C. J., Borerro, J. C., . . . Reisser, J. (2014, December). Plastic Pollution in the
World's Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea. Retrieved October 1, 2020, from
http://web.a.ebscohost.com.proxy.library.stonybrook.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=2&sid=c198f77b-98d3-4672-8e85-768142de1407
%40sdc-v-sessmgr03&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=100185765&db=a9h
“Fertilizer.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fertilizer. Accessed 1 Oct.
2020.
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Giuliani-Hoffman, F. (2020, June 24). Conservationists warn Covid waste may result in 'more masks than jellyfish' in the sea. Retrieved
October 05, 2020, from https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/24/us/plastic-pollution-ocean-covid-waste-trnd/index.html
Harmful Algal Blooms. (2019, December 19). Retrieved October 04, 2020, from
https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/harmful-algal-blooms
Harmful Algal Blooms in Maryland. (n.d.). Retrieved October 04, 2020, from
https://dnr.maryland.gov/waters/bay/Pages/algal_blooms/Brown-Tide-Impacts.aspx
Kana, T. M., Lomas, M. W., Maclntyre, H. L., Cornwell, J. C., & Gobler, C. J. (2004, November). Stimulation of the brown tide organism,
Aureococcus anophagefferens, by selective nutrient additions to in situ mesocosms. Retrieved October 2, 2020, from
http://web.b.ebscohost.com.proxy.library.stonybrook.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=60649e41-7337-4384-98ef-958c62c0cffe%
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Kollar, S., Leonard, G., & Mallos, N. (2020, October 02). Plastics in the Ocean. Retrieved October 06, 2020, from
https://oceanconservancy.org/trash-free-seas/plastics-in-the-ocean/
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Korrman, C. (2020, February 04). The Widening Gyre. Retrieved October 01, 2020, from
http://web.b.ebscohost.com.proxy.library.stonybrook.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=55ccfa11-36b8-4f25-a864-d96ad6a0aa15%
40pdc-v-sessmgr05&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=134287884&db=a9h
Learn about Ocean Dumping. (2020, September 11). Retrieved October 03, 2020, from
https://www.epa.gov/ocean-dumping/learn-about-ocean-dumping
National Geographic Society. (2012, October 09). Great Pacific Garbage Patch. Retrieved October 05, 2020, from
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/great-pacific-garbage-patch/
Ocean pollution. (n.d.). Retrieved October 05, 2020, from https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/ocean-coasts/ocean-pollution
Ocean Plastics Pollution. www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/ocean_plastics/.
Pesticides and Water Quality. (n.d.). Retrieved October 04, 2020, from http://ipm.ucanr.edu/WATER/U/watqual.html
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'Snip the Straps' off Face Masks as Great British September Clean Launches (2020, September 10). Retrieved October 1, 2020, from
https://www.rspca.org.uk/-/news-face-masks-spring-clean?inheritRedirect=true
The Sources and Solutions: Agriculture. (2020, July 30). Retrieved October 04, 2020, from
https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/sources-and-solutions-agriculture
NY Sea Grant: NYSG: Brown Tide Research Initiative (News - 'Tis the Season for Brown Tide, July '11). (n.d.). Retrieved October 04, 2020,
from https://seagrant.sunysb.edu/articles/t/tis-the-season-for-brown-tide-brown-tide-research-initiative-news
Thomson, Peter. “Preserving Ocean Life Is Essential to Preserving Human Life.” TIME Magazine, vol. 194, no. 11/12, Sept. 2019, p. 66.
EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=138582370&site=ehost-live&scope=site.
US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Deepwater Horizon: Effect on Marine Mammals and Sea
Turtles, 2 Feb. 2017, oceanservice.noaa.gov/news/apr17/dwh-protected-species.html.
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Waters, R., Faulkowski, P. G., Nuzzi, R., Wyman, K., Wallace, D. W., & LaRoche, J. (1997, October). Brown tide blooms in Long Island's
coastal waters linked to interannual variability in groundwater flow. Retrieved October 2, 2020, from
http://web.b.ebscohost.com.proxy.library.stonybrook.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=7&sid=f2cb5eba-09c9-43cf-90a5-90ff3988900d%
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"What is Eutrophication?" National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2019, April 02). What is eutrophication? Retrieved October
04, 2020, from https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/eutrophication.html