Brief Response

• Compare Points of View The table compares the city-states of Sparta and Athens as they existed around the mid-400s B.C. How would a Spartan describe the ideal citizen? How would an Athenian describe the ideal citizen? What differences in the status of women do you observe?

• Chart

• Discussion: sample

• A Spartan might describe an ideal citizen as disciplined, physically fit, simple, and highly skilled in war.

• An Athenian might describe an ideal citizen as trained in the arts and sciences, well-rounded, and prepared for both peace and war.

• Spartan women enjoyed a considerably greater amount of personal freedom than women in Athens.

• Spartan women were expected to be strong and independent, and they received much the same education as men.

Ancient Rome

5th century BCE to the 5th century CE(go to Google Earth)

Lecture/Discussion

• Material from your reading

Why Ancient Rome?

• Rome used many Greek ideas• Romans developed the most powerful empire on

Earth, at the time, spreading Western Civilization to many cultures.

• Key Roman ideas used by Western nations today included:– Republic– Justice/due process of law/Innocent until proven guilty– Contract law– Women’s rights

Ancient Roma

• Rome’s two phases, both militaristic:– Republic– Empire– Do you remember what militaristic means?

EC (2)• Depends on war to solve its national and

international problems• Is always ready for war.

The Republic

Republic: • A government run by members of the population who are

allowed to vote in it and lead it.

• Consul:• In peacetime, Rome was run by two leaders,

– selected by the legislature.

• EC: The Roman legislature was called • the Senate.• the only social class allowed to participate in the Senate

were the Patricians (rich and powerful landowners)

The Roman Republic

• Dictator:

• A single, all-powerful ruler of Rome, selected by the Senate during wartime.

• Why? (4)– One unchallenged leader could make quick

and effective decisions needed to win a war

REVIEW

• Which concept is a concept from classical Athens that is central to Western political thought today?

A.Individuals should fight against nature and society to achieve greatness.

B.Individual achievement, dignity, and worth are of great importance

C.Individual recognition impedes societal progress.D.Individuals play an insignificant role in shaping

ideas, society, and the state.

The Roman Republic

• Two hundred years into it, ordinary Roman citizens, called (EC)

• Plebeians– rose up demanding their rights.– One important reform was ….

• Tribunes: – To protect the nation, the Senate granted the Plebeians dialogue

and some power through several tribunes. • Spoke for the Plebeians in the Senate.• If the Senate passed legislation that was not good for the Plebeians, the

Tribunes had the power to….. – Veto:

– stop a law from taking effect

Roman Expansion

• Rome made small gains over time in Italy.

• Soon it was in conflict for control of the Mediterranean Sea with– Carthage– Rome built giant, well-trained, professional,

citizen-armies– War on the sea made a powerful navy

necessary.

Roman practices the Western World still uses today

• Trial by jury of peers• Women’s rights• International law• Innocent until proven guilty• Flexible, elastic contracts• Rules of evidence• Professional lawyers• Appeals courts• Civil law• Republican government

Move to Empire

• By the 1st century BCE, however, Roman republican government was weakening.– Several generals and powerful men raised

armies to support their takeovers of the Senate.

• Each believed or claimed he was defending Rome from corruption…..

– The most successful of these dictators was

Julius Caesar:

• His dictatorship….– keeps the legal system intact– Has only one ruler, – Compels the Senate to agree with him,

always.

Futile Assassination

• After a few years, group of Senators conspired and killed Julius Caesar in the Senate chamber…..– One was Caesar’s good friend, Marcus

Juniuis Brutus

But, seriously: The Empire

• After his assassination, in 44 BCE, Caesar’s nephew, Octavian, led an army to hunt down the “traitors” who murdered his uncle.

• the Roman Civil War began…..

Octavian

• He changed his name to

• Augustus Caesar

• defeated the Republicans and continued Caesar’s government,

• Rome now had a dictatorial monarch and controlled many foreign lands

– It is therefore called the (EC). – “Roman Empire”

The Empire

EC: Two law systems

• _______________ was based on the Twelve Tables, original laws for Roman citizens.– Civil Law

• As Rome expanded, they needed fair and natural laws for all the new foreign populations. It is called the ___________– Law of Nations.

EC: Fall of Western Rome, late 5th century CE

• Serfdom increased (indebted Romans lost their freedom)

• Stagnant society (people were bored, economy lagged)

• Taxes unpaid (weak government collected unfairly)

• Empire overextended (expenses too high, rebellions increased)

• No law of succession (assassinations frequent)• Population decline (lead poisoning, disease,

choice)

Fall of Western Rome, late 5th century BCE (cont’d)

• Land uncultivated (farmers bankrupt)

• Mercenary army (non-citizens, foreigners)

• Greed and corruption (government run by and favored the rich (including businessmen))

• Break up of family life

• Barbarian invasions and destruction (Goths and Huns)

Eastern Rome survives.

• Eastern Rome continued under the strong, devout leader, – Justinian:

• Eastern Rome was centered in Greece.– Greek culture, mixed with Roman, dominated

it.• The main language was Greek, not Latin.

• It was soon renamed EC– The Byzantine Empire/Byzantium

EC: Republican thinking (many borrowed from Greece) affecting Modern Western Peoples today

• Trial by jury of peers• Women’s rights• International law• Innocent until proven guilty• Flexible, elastic contracts• Rules of evidence• Professional lawyers• Appeals courts• Civil law• Republican government

What ‘ave the Romans done for Us?

• PPT, answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Homework answers/notes

• Worksheet, handout.

Standards Check, p. 21

• Etruscans (1)• Tyranny (king)

• Romans (Republic (3)– the “Senate” (a

legislature).• Common people gained

more participation, later.

– Two consuls held limited power to run the government

Dictators

• In the Republic, dictators were expected to give up their power when the war was over.

• This was modeled by (EC)– Cincinnatus.

• He led Rome to victory and returned to his farms to be an ordinary Patrician, immediately

p. 22, Rome's Republican Government

• 1• Tribunes could veto the acts of the Senate;• Assemblies accepted or rejected the laws of the

Senate;• Censors could expel people from the Senate• 2• Tribunes, Assemblies, and the Laws of the

Twelve Tables.

EC: Roman Expansion

• Why did Rome become hard for the Senate to control by 50 BCE?– Roman territory covered most of Europe, West Asia,

and North Africa. – Rome had to deal with many different cultures– Rome had to deal with separatism (people not

wanting to belong to Rome)– The Senate was becoming more corrupt, serving the

needs of themselves and friends, stealing funds– Some Romans saw a need for a stronger, more

controlling government in Rome.

p. 24, Map Skills

• 2.– As far north as Britain

• 3– Public works programs to employ jobless (improve

infrastructure)– Gave public land to the poor– Granted citizenship to many people– Cities and provinces given much self-government by the

watchful emperor.– Trade and travel protected by the Roman military and promoted

by the vast road system.

Standards Check, p. 25,

• Question:• Territorial expansion created strains within Roman

society• Power struggle between the Senate and government

reformers– Civil war

• Rise of military interventions to control riots– Julius Caesar

• Octavian (Augustus) takes complete control of Rome– Becomes emperor

The Empire

• For the next two hundred years, the Empire was strong and prosperous.

• Since Peace, law, and order for most of the known Western world is made possible by Rome, the period is called the (EC)– “Pax Romana”

EC Brief Review:

• List the Roman practices the Western World still uses today– Trial by jury of peers– Women’s rights– International law– Innocent until proven guilty– Flexible, elastic contracts– Rules of evidence– Professional lawyers– Appeals courts– Civil law– Republican government

Greek Orthodox Christianity

• Rome had become Christian – The Byzantine Greeks were learned, devout

followers of Jesus, (Iesu (Latin); Y’Shua (Hebrew)).

• The called the book combining the religious teachings of the Hebrews and the early followers of Jesus the (EC) ___________ (Greek for “book”)

• Biblos (Bible)• They gave Jesus the title (EC) ____________

– Christos (Greek for “anointed one”)

The Byzantine Empire

• The Eastern Roman empire survived the fall of Rome.• Byzantium is important to Western culture for two

reasons:– Preserved and organized (codified) Roman Law.

• (Justinian Code): used in later Western law.

– Preserved and organized the Jewish and Christian teachings…..• Center of the Eastern Orthodox Church

• Where the Bible (Biblos) was rewritten from Aramaic (form of Hebrew) to Greek, and, later, Latin.

• Unfortunately, later Byzantine rulers were less capable and the empire fell to Turks by the 1500s.

Brief Response

• Name the two systems of law that developed during the rise of the Roman republic and compare them. Explain why the Romans developed the second system.