Brief history of computer animation .

AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UIC

Brief history of computer animation.

Computer graphics innovators, contributors and research centersIvan SutherlandJohn WhitneyLarry CubaCharles ScuriDavid EmYoichiro KawaguchiKarl Sims


1965 Georg Nees and Frieder Nake exhibited »Computer Graphic – Programs« Stuttgart gallery of Wendelin Niedlich.

1965 A. Michael Noll and Bela Julesz showed »Computer Generated Pictures« Howard Wise’s New York gallery.

1960 London Institute for Contemporary Arts, »Cybernetic Serendipity«,

curated by Jasia Reichardt.

1968-1969 »Tendencije 4 – Computers and Visual Research« Zagreb.

1968 a Computer Art Society has been formed in London

The beginning of computer graphics as art

AD 502 - Seminar in Contemporary Theory | Fall 2006 | Daria Tsoupikova | School of Art and Design | UICAD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006

Ivan Sutherland b. 1938Ivan Sutherland b. 1938

Ivan Sutherland is considered by many to be the creator of Computer Graphics. Starting with his Ph.D. thesis, Sketchpad, Sutherland has contributed numerous ideas to the study of Computer Graphics and Computer Interaction. Ivan introduced concepts such as 3-D computer modeling, visual simulations, computer aided design (CAD) and virtual reality.



1959 B.S. from Carnegie-Mellon University

1960 M.S. from California Institute of Technology

1963 Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology

1963 Thesis dissertation

"Sketchpad: A Man Machine Graphical Communication System“



a groundbreaking interactive computer-aided design system

MIT's Lincoln Laboratory on a TX-2 computer

defined a GUI (Graphical User Interface)

computer-aided drafting (CAD)

human-computer interaction

object oriented programming

hierarchical drawings

constraint-satisfaction methods

Sketchpad



Hierarchy – pictures and sub-pictures

Constraints

Icons

Copying

Light Pen as input device

Recursive operations

Sketchpad


Ivan Sutherland b. 1938Ivan Sutherland b. 1938 Sketchpad



• the light pen was used to draw directly on the computer's monitor and incorporated graphical user interface techniques such as rubber-banding of lines and zooming

• rubber-banded lines could be constrained to always intersect at a precise angle

• an advanced memory architecture was developed that allowed the creation of master objects and "instances" which were very memory efficient copies of the masters

• the master-instance concept allowed the creation of a master drawing and then duplicates to be created which would inherit properties of the objects in the master drawing unless they were locally changed

• if the master drawing was changed then the changes would automatically be propogated through the instances in any duplicates.

Sketchpad



1964-66 director of the Information Processing Techniques office of the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)

guided computer research across the United Statesparticularly in the areas of timesharing and artificial

intelligence

1968 joined colleague David Evans to build a center of computer graphics research at the University

of Utah

1968 Evans and Sutherland Computer Corporation.

1976 -1980 chairman of computer science at the California Institute of Technology

Evans & Sutherland



Evans & Sutherland produces hardware and software to create highly realistic visual images for simulation, training, engineering, and other applications throughout the world. E&S visual systems are used in both military and commercial systems, as well as planetariums and interactive theaters.

Since its formation in 1968, E&S has developed and built the most extensive visual simulation technology base in the world. The company's depth in technology and experience uniquely positions E&S to provide complete, tailored visual solutions for virtually any simulation or visualization application.

Evans & Sutherland



computer graphics

military training and simulation

digital projection environments

abandoned barracks on the university of Utah grounds

Jim Clark, who started Silicon Graphics

Ed Catmull, co-founder of Pixar

John Warnock of Adobe

Evans & Sutherland



1970s formed a partnership wit Rediffusion, a UK-based flight simulator company to design and build digital flight simulators

Evans & Sutherland



1980s Digital Theater division

to create immersive mass-audience experiences at planetariums, visitor attractions and similar education and entertainment venues

Digital Theater system installed in upwards of 60 venues worldwide.

1986 and 1989 supercomputer vendor

Evans & Sutherland



1980 vice president of the small consulting firm Sutherland, Sproull and Associates which Sun acquired in 1990 to form the basis of its Research Laboratory.

Currently vice president and fellow at Sun Microsystems

1988 ACM Turing Award

1986 the IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award

1998 the IEEE John von Neumann MedalFellow of the National Academy of Sciences and the

National Academy of Engineering.

Evans & Sutherland


John Whitney (1917-1995John Whitney (1917-1995 ))

"My computer program is like a piano.

I could continue to use it creatively all my life."

Father of Computer GraphicsFather of Computer Graphics


John Whitney (John Whitney (1917-19951917-1995 ))

• studies in music and photography • Pomona College in California• England • Paris• 1950's commercial work for Hollywood• 1955 director of animation at UPA studios• Partnership with Saul Bass for opening title sequence for the

Alfred Hitchcock film Vertigo• 1957 worked with Charles Eames to presentation for the Fuller

Dome in Moscow• 1960 company "Motion Graphics Incorporated"• Produced motion-picture and television sequences and

commercials with an analogue computer.



Most of the work completed at Motion Graphics was createdwith a "mechanical analog computer for specialized animationwith typography and concrete design" that Whitney himselfinvented. The analogue computer that Whitney started offwith was created from machinery that was used for an M-5Antiaircraft Gun Director.

Later, some of the M-5 components were replacedwith those from an M-7, a more sophisticated machine,to create a gigantic twelve foot high analogue computerwhich Motion Graphics used to produce its work.



1966 IBM awarded John Whitney its first"artist in residence" status to explore the aesthetic potentials of computer graphics

1961 Catalogue



1963-1966 Lapis James Whitney



1968 PermutationsMusic: Indian tabla music by Balachandra on 16mm prints



1975Arabesque

grant from the National Endowment for the Arts,and IBM sponsorshipMusic: Manoocheher Sadeghi



RDTD (Radius-Differential Theta Differential"synthesizer for the future"Developed with Jack Citron was the toolfor audio-visual composition.



80's exploration of digital harmony"a special relationship between musical and visual design."

1989-1995 Moon drumseries of 12 works based on Native American ceremonial art

Navajo

Hopi

Kwakiutl

Oxaquitl

Chaco

Chapala


Larry Cuba b.1950Larry Cuba b.1950

California Institute of the Arts

mainframe computers at NASA's Jet Propulsion Lab

currently an artist-in-residence at the Institute for

Visual Media of the ZKM in Karlsruhe, Germany



My work is not a part of that race for the flashiest, zoomiest, most chrome, most glass, most super-rendered image. My interest is experimental animation as the design of form in motion, independent of any particular technology used to create it.



1974 First Fig

6 minute 16mm, Color



1975 Arabesque by John Whitney

AD 508 - Advanced Electronic Visualization and Critique | Spring 2006



1978 3/78 (Objects and Transformations)6 minutes 16mmKazu MatsuiShakuhachi (the Japanese bamboo flute)

Created in Chicago with Tom DeFanti'sGraphic Symbiosis System (GRASS)



1979 Two Space8 minutes 16mm, B/W

programming language RAPat the Los Angeles firm Information International



• In Two Space he orchestrated positive and negative space to give the sense of the dynamic interaction between two dancing forces, one visible and one invisible.

• Two dimensional patterns, like the tile patterns of Islamic temples, are generated by performing a set of symmetry operations (translations, rotations, and reflections) upon a basic figure or tile.

• Two Space consists of twelve such patterns produced using each of nine different animating figures (12 x 9 = 108 total). Rendered in stark black and white, the patterns produce optical illusions of figure-ground reversal and afterimages of color. Gamelan music from the classical tradition of Java adds to the mesmerizing effect.



1985 Calculated Movements 6 minutes 16mm, B/W

produced at Cuba's studio in Santa Cruzon the Datamax UV-1 personal computerwith Tom DeFanti's Zgrass graphics language.


Charles A. CsuriCharles A. Csuri 1922

Charles A. Csuri is an artist and computer graphics pioneer

Professor, at The Ohio State University.

1955-1965 exhibited his paintings in New York City

1964 experimented with computer graphics technology

1965 began creating computer animated films

1968 his work was highlighted in the exhibition Cybernetic Serendipity held at The Institute for Contemporary Art, London, England

His research activity in computer animation and graphics has received international recognition and acclaim.



With support from the National Science Foundation, the Navy, and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, he directed basic research in computer graphics for over 22 years. This research activity involved 15 major projects and over eight million dollars. The results of the research have been applied to flight simulators, computer-aided design, visualization of scientific phenomena , magnetic resonance imaging, education for the deaf, architecture, and special effects for television and films.


David Em (USA) 1953

started as a painter

1974 began to experiment with electronic manipulations of TV images. This led to his involvement with the Xerox Research PARC in Palo Alto and to collaboration with computer graphics pioneers Alvy Ray Smith and Dick Shoup, inventor of the frame buffer.


David Em (USA) 1953

1976 had access to equipment at Triple-I, set up by Gary Demos and John Whitney Sr., but it was the introduction to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and the research work of pioneer James Blinn that led to Em's mature computer art style.

The works produced at JPL led to the first ever artist's monograph published on digital art (The Art of David Em, published by Harry N. Abrams)


David Em (USA) 1953David Em (USA) 1953


Yoichiro Kawaguchi b 1952

My pieces are being carried out on a paradigm that"growth model is created by the recursive structureof the self-organization, thus being the fruit ofcomplexed form of evolutional cells.“

Yoichiro Kawaguchi


1952 born on on Tanegashima Island.

1975 first computer images.

1976 degree in Visual Communication and Designfrom the Kyushu Institute of Design.

1978 received his Master of Fine Artsfrom Tokyo University of Education.

1982 a regular participant in the Siggraph events.

1986 involved in research work for High Definition TV (HDTV).

Associate Professor of Computer Graphics Art at Art & Science Lab, Department of Art, Nippon Electronics College, Tokyo.

Yoichiro KawaguchiYoichiro Kawaguchi b 1952b 1952



an algorythm-backed complex that builds and generates formsvia its recursive structure. By running a genetic program, thecomputer creates images of new forms that, although not real,are abstractions of a distinctly organic nature.

The "GROTH Model" is a way to give an unforeseen form to theprogress of time. The model is not intended to create or afaithful representations of reality but to produce a newbionomic pictorial space backed by an algorithm. It is a "lifeform of probability."

“Growth model”



Pollen 1975Lines 1976Ecology 1976Shell 1976Grown 1977Tentacle 1980Horn 1981Tendril 1981Fern 1982Growth 1983Zooid 1984Morthogenesis 1984Origin 1985Ocean 1986Cosmo 1987Float 1987

Filmography

Tempter 1988Embryo 1988Flora 1989Eggy 1990Festival 1991Mutation 1992Cell 1993Coacervater 1994Gigalopolis 1995Neurar 1996Paradise 1997Fossy 1999Wriggon 1999Nebular 2000Gemotion 2001



Pollen 1975



Ecology 1976



Shell 1976



Grown 1977



Horn 1981



Tendril 1981



Growth 1983



Zooid 1984



Morthogenesis 1984



Origin 1985



Ocean 1986



Embryo 1988



Flora 1989



Eggy 1990



Festival 1991



Mutation 1992




Cell 1993




Gemotion 2001




Gemotion 2002 SIGGRAPH



Karl SimsKarl Sims b 1962b 1962





1984 SB in biology MIT.

1989 Ph.D computer graphics at the MIT Media Lab.

2002 MacArthur Fellowship,awarded for "extraordinary originality and dedication in creative pursuits“by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur foundation.

He currently leads GenArts, Inc. in Cambridge, Massachusetts,where he creates special effects software for the motion picture industry.




www.genart.comGenArts, Inc. is a premier provider of visual special effects softwarefor the film and video industry. Our Sapphire Plug-ins extend thecapabilities of editing and effects workstations by providing digitalartists with a collection of over 175 state-of-the-art image processingand synthesis effects.




Uses genetic algorithms to obtain new solutions to tangible problems,develops graphic representations of those solutions,and uses those graphics to teach the principles of biological selection.

His work and research include several computer graphics animationsand interactive media installations as well as technical papers on hiswork about virtual creatures and interactive evolution. He has exhibitedin several venues such as ICC Tokyo, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris,and Ars Electronica, Linz. He has received a MacArthur Fellowshipand numerous other awards for his work.




2002 MacArthur Fellowship1998 Award for Video Math, Berlin Video Math Festival, Berlin1997 Motorola Imaginology Award, Interactive Media Festival1997 Creativity Award, Interactive Media Festival1993 Special Prize of the Jury, Imagina 1993, Monte Carlo1993 First Place Award for Technology,National Computer Graphics Association1993 Video Theater [USA]; International Competition Prize Winner,6th Berlin Video Festival1992 Grand Prize, Golden Nica Animation Award, Ars Electronica1992 Grand Prize for Art & Entertainment, NICOGRAPH 19921992 First Prize for Art, Images du Futur 6th International Computer Animation Competition




Locomotion Studies 1987Animated walking stick creatures and inch worms.

Inner View, 1989Animations utilizing 3D Volume Rendering.

Burning Logos, 1989Collection of animated fire simulations createdusing particle systems techniques.

Excerpts from Leonardo's Deluge, 1989Demonstration of choreographed image flow techniques.




Particle Dreams, 1988Animated waterfall, snowstorm, and explosion,created with particle systems techniques.




Panspermia, 1990Animation depicting a life cycle of an inter-galactic botanicallife form.




Primordial Dance, 1991Animated sequences created using automatic morphingbetween "evolved" images.




Liquid Selves, 1992Computer animation of human forms and faces,produced for Art Futura and "Memory Palace“at the World Fair in Spain.




Evolved Virtual Creatures, 1994Demonstration of research results show simulated blockcreatures performing various evolved behaviors.




1993 Genetic Imagesmedia installation in which visitors can interactively "evolve“abstract still images. A supercomputer generates and displays16 images on an arc of screens. Visitors stand on sensors infront of the most aesthetically pleasing images to select whichones will survive and reproduce to make the next generation. It has been exhibited at the Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris,Ars Electronica, Linz, and the Interactive Media Festival, Los Angeles.




1997 Galapagosan interactive installation which allows viewers to apply aestheticcriteria to animated figures, determining which survive to reproducea demonstration akin to nature's mechanism of sexual selection.on permanent exhibit at the Intercommunications Center,an electronic arts museum in Tokyo.




1997 Galapagos

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