Bridget Dillon February 11, 2013. Cardiovascular disease affects the heart and circulatory system....

Cardiovascular Disease

Bridget DillonFebruary 11, 2013

Cardiovascular disease affects the heart and circulatory system. It is often a result of blockages of blood vessels.

Some examples of Heart Disease are:◦ Coronary Artery Disease*◦ Heart Attack*◦ Stroke*◦ Rheumatic Heart Disease◦ Congenital Defects

Cardiovascular Disease

The American Heart Association has seven different measurements to determine cardiovascular health. There are four health behaviors: smoking, physical

activity, healthy diet and energy balance demonstrated by healthy weight.

◦ There are three health factors: BP, blood glucose and blood cholesterol.

Prevalence

Age-standardized prevalence estimates for poor, intermediate, and ideal cardiovascular health for each of the 7 metrics of cardiovascular health in the American Heart Association

2020 goals, among US adults aged ≥20 years, NHANES 2009-2010

Go A S et al. Circulation 2013;127:e6-e245

Copyright © American Heart Association

Prevalence of stroke by age and sex (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: 2007–2010).



Incidence It is harder to pinpoint actually onset

disease, but continuous monitoring can provide an estimate.

Often used to indicate first stroke or heart attack suffered.

Incidence of cardiovascular disease* by age and sex (Framingham Heart Study, 1980–2003). *Coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, or intermittent claudication.



Incidence of cardiovascular disease according to the number of ideal health behaviors and health factors.



Annual age-adjusted incidence of first-ever stroke by race.



Proportion of patients with recurrent stroke in 5 years after first stroke.



In 2008, 17.3 million people died as a result of CVD (WHO).◦ 30% of global deaths◦ 80% of all CVD deaths occur in low and middle income

countries In the US, heart disease was the leading cause of

death in 2008 (NHLBI). In 2007, heart disease accounted for 190.1 deaths

per 100,000 (out of 760.2 per 100,000) in the US◦ Strokes accounted for 42.2 deaths per 100,000.

http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/DHDSPAtlas/viewer.aspx?state=MI

Mortality



Cardiovascular diseases are the number one cause of death globally.

WHO estimates that almost 25 million will die from CVDs by 2030 (mostly heart attack and stroke).

7.5 million deaths each year (13% of all deaths) can be attributed to high blood pressure including 51% of stroke deaths and 47% due to coronary heart disease)

Mortality

Overall US death rate attributable to CVD declined by 37% from 1999 to 2009. (AHA)◦ It still accounts for 32.3% of all deaths.

In 2009, 34% of deaths attributable to CVD occurred before age 75◦ 20% of these (6.8% of total) occur before age 40.

Mortality Trends

Cardiovascular disease mortality trends for males and females (United States: 1979–2009).



Percentage breakdown of deaths attributable to cardiovascular disease (United States: 2009).



Age-adjusted death rates for stroke by sex and race/ethnicity, 2009.



Proportion of patients dead 1 year after first stroke.



Proportion of patients dead within 5 years after first stroke.



Risk of CVD is increased by high blood pressure, poor diet, lack of exercise, and high cholesterol among other triggers.◦ Early warning signs of heart attack and stroke are

also not recognized by most of the population People with diabetes are 2-4 times more

likely to die from heart disease or suffer a stroke.

Having a heart attack or stroke increases the chances of a second one.

Genetics

Risk Factors and Co-Morbidities

Estimated 10-year coronary heart disease risk in adults 55 years of age according to levels of various risk factors –(Framingham Heart Study).



Estimated 10-year stroke risk in adults 55 to 84 years of age according to levels of various risk factors (Framingham Heart Study).



Coronary Heart Disease alone costs the United States about $108.9 billion a year.

Stroke costs $54 billion a year. There are additional costs associated with

the long term disability and therapy to recover from stroke.

Estimated Costs

Direct and indirect costs of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke (in billions of dollars), United States, 2009.



Projected total costs of cardiovascular disease (CVD), 2015–2030 (2010 $ in billions) in the United States.



Projected total (direct and indirect) costs of total cardiovascular disease by age (2010 $ in billions).



Prevention◦ Activity, diet, weight loss, lower alcohol and

tobacco use Drug therapies

◦ Thrombolytics, aspirin Surgical interventions Some consequences of stroke or heart

attack cannot be treated.

Treatment

Sponsored by National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and Boston University

Started in 1948 Initially recruited 5209 adults aged 30-62

◦ Had not demonstrated symptoms of CVD Has continually monitored participants since

then and added new cohorts. Determined many of the risk factors for CVD

Framingham Heart Study

Long term outcomes of heart attack and stroke

Efficacy window for thrombolytics Prevention of disease Improved treatments and detection Familial risk http://

clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=stroke&Search=Search

http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=heart+attack+prevention&Search=Search

Ongoing Research

http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=stroke&Search=Search






The American Heart Association’s major impact goal:◦ By 2020, to improve the cardiovascular health of all

Americans by 20%, while reducing deaths from CVDs and strokes by 20%.

◦ This will be measured using the seven risk measurements used to determine cardiovascular health.

◦ Healthy People 2020:Improve cardiovascular health and quality of life through prevention, detection, and treatment of risk factors for heart attack and stroke; early identification and treatment of heart attacks and strokes; and prevention of repeat cardiovascular events

Conclusions

Prevalence of ideal, intermediate, and poor CV health metrics in 2006 (AHA 2020 Impact Goals baseline year) and 2020 projections assuming current trends continue. 2020 targets for

each CV health metric, assuming a 20% relative increase in ideal CV health pr...




http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs317/en/index.hml

http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/en/

http://www.cdc.gov/stroke/risk_factors.htm

http://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/cvd_adult/background.htm

http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results/browse?term=heart+disease&brwse=cond_alpha_h

http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus10.pdf

http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/127/1/e6.figures-only

http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6040a1.htm?s_cid=mm6040a1_w

References
























Bridget Dillon February 11, 2013. Cardiovascular disease affects the heart and circulatory system....

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