Abbreviation Full adj. adjective

adv. adverb

art. article

↣ becomes

conj. conjunction

↔ derivation

≡ different from

<…> grammatical element1

i. idiom

n. noun

origin (i.e. comes from)

ph. v. phrasal verb

prep. preposition

pro. pronoun

= synonym

v. verb

1 <subject> significa "sujeto (de la oración)"; <adjective> significa "adjetivo", mientras que esas mismas palabras sin '<…>' se deben entender literalmente (subject, adjective). Ejemplo: <subject> + < verb> + <object> (<sujeto> + <verbo> + <complemento>). This subject is rather difficult.(Esta asignatura es bastante difícil)

Unit 1 Student's Book READING 1. Identifying the Main Idea: Read the first and last sentence of each paragraph of the text to find the main idea of the paragraph. Which paragraph discusses ... ? 1. reasons for the walk: paragraph II The first sentence: "What made Steve start his amazing walk?". The last sentence:... he had to do something to improve his health. 2. consequences of the walk: paragraph IV The first sentence: Steve finished his journey. 3. experiences during the walk: paragraph III The first sentence: with time it became a journey of self-discovery. The last sentence: In one place,... he counted 21 fast-food restaurants.

2. Read the text and decide whether the sentences are true or false. Use the keywords to help you. Find evidence in the text to support your answers. 1. Steve Vaught planned to become famous. False. "At first, it began as a personal challenge, but gradually it turned Steve into a celebrity." (lines 3-4) 2. When Steve started the walk, he was obese. True. "He eventually weighed 190 kgs ... Realising that he had to do something to improve his health, he had the idea of walking from coast to coast." (lines 8-11) 3. At first, Steve just wanted to be thinner. True. "Initially, his aim was simply to lose weight,... of self-discovery." (lines 12-13) 4. Steve ate in 21 fast-food restaurants in one place. False. "In one place, on a 7-km stretch of road, he counted 21 fast-food restaurants." (lines 17-18) 5. Many ordinary people identified with Steve. True. "Most people see themselves in what I am doing." (lines 23-24)

3 Choose the correct answer. 1. Steve started the walk in order to … c. improve his life "Realising that he had to do something to improve his health, he had the idea of walking from coast to coast." (lines 9-11) 2. Steve eventually weighed 190 kgs because he a. felt very unhappy "Steve ... was involved in a car accident which left him feeling very depressed. The only way be could find comfort was by eating." (lines 5-7) 3. Steve thinks that his example will help people to …c. confront their problems "... people hope to use his example to get over problems they face....." (lines 24 -25)

4 Answer the questions. 1. Why was Steve Vaught surprised by the reaction of the public in the United States?

Steve Vaught was surprised by the reaction of the public in the United States because he considered himself a normal person who simply wanted to improve his own life. 2. In what way was Steve Vaught "a different person" at the end of his walk? Steve Vaught was "a different person" at the end of his walk because he had become a celebrity who had already appeared on Oprah Winfrey's show, signed a book deal and received thousands of e-mails.

5 Find words or expressions in the text which mean the same as: 1. understand (introduction) figure out 2. change (paragraph I) transform 3. got to (paragraph II) reached 4. continued (paragraph III) gone on 5. contract (paragraph IV) deal

6 Words from the Text: Complete the following summary of the text on page 7. Use the words below. improve • face • turned into • weight • attempt • breath Steve Vaught realised he had a problem when even walking in the supermarket made him lose his (1) breath. He decided to walk from coast to coast in an (2) attempt to lose (3) weight. As he was walking, more and more people began to follow his progress and Steve (4) turned into a celebrity. This surprised him. He said he wasn't really special – all he wanted to do was to (5) face his problems and (6) improve his life.

1. (i.) attract, attract the attention 2. (n) a try, a trial, an effort (v) to try, to make an effort 3. (n) transformation, modification (v) alter, modify, transform 4. (adj 1) normal, usual, conventional, common (2) mediocre 5. (n) person [Informal English] 6. (i) control 7. (ph. v.) deduce, estimate, understand 8. (i) miss, fail

1. (= movement of the foot) pace. Also: degree, grade, stage (see 13). 2. (n 1) caminata. (2) Forma de andar. (3) Paseo (v) andar 3. (n) totality (adj) entire, all, complete 4. (n.) difficulty (v.) defy 5. (n) grade ↔ (adj) gradual ↔ (adv.) gradually 6. (ph. v.) transform 7. (adj.) extraordinary, spectacular, surprising ( v. amaze) 8. (adj.) implicated ( v. involve) 9. (n 1) path (2) manner, form (3) behaviour

10. (n.) ease, rest (v.) reanimate, calm (↔ adj). comfortable 11. (adv. FALSE FRIEND) finally, at last (↔ adj). eventual = final, inevitable 12. (n) weigh ↔ (v.) weight ↔ (adj.) weighty 13. (v) touch, get to

14. (n. 1) scene, theatre (2) step 15 (i.) to lose one's breath: quedarse sin aliento 16. (v. 1) accomplish, achieve (2) recognise 17. (v.) make better, progress

1. (n.) plan, objective (v.) point 2. cuanto más… más (correlación) 3. (ph. v.) = continue 4. recurso estilístico en narración. 5. (i.) to be aware of: estar enterado de 6. (n.) contract, agreement (v.) negotiate 7. (n.) advancement (v.) advance

8. (v.) achieve (= terminate, end) ↔ execution, accomplishment 9. (ph. v.) recover from 10. (n.) cara, rostro (v.) enfrentarse 11. (lines 25-26) "whether ... or" = bien ... o bien / sea ... o sea (correlación). Hay otro whether que se usa en Reported Speech.

Line 17: "7-km stretch". km debería ser plural, al llevar un número mayor que 1. Pero esa construcción típica del inglés (no hay nada parecido en español) transforma un nombre / sustantivo en adjetivo calificativo, que en inglés son invariables. Hay casos en los que incluso se llega a "fabricar" un adjetivo, como por ejemplo: "metal-framed glasses" = gafas con montura metálica, que también podría decirse "metal-frame glasses".

GRAMMAR Read the dialogue and do the exercises. DEBBIE: You look exhausted! Is everything OK? JUSTIN: Yes, I've been working out [PrPC]. I've just started [PrP] a new exercise programme. DEBBIE: What made you decide to do that? JUSTIN: Well, I had been putting on [PPC] weight. I couldn't get into a pair of jeans I had bought [PP] last year. Hopefully, by this time next month, I will have lost [FP] some weight. 1. Look at the verbs in bold. Match each verb to the correct tense below. Present Perfect Simple [PrP] • Present Perfect Continuous [PrPC] Past Perfect Simple [PP] • Past Perfect Continuous [PPC] • Future Perfect Simple [FP] 2. Translate the dialogue into your own language, paying attention to the verbs in bold. DEBBIE: ¡Pareces agotado! ¿Va todo bien? JUSTIN: Sí, he estado haciendo ejercicio. Acabo de empezar un nuevo programa de ejercicios (una nueva tabla) DEBBIE: ¿Qué te hizo / impulsó a hacer eso? JUSTIN: Había estado ganando peso. No podía ponerme un par de pantalones que había comprado el año pasado. Espero, para dentro de un mes,

haber perdido (algo de) peso.

1. Choose the correct answer. 1. This is the first time I have done Pilates exercises. 2. By the time she got to school, everyone had heard the news. 3. I didn't know that they had opened a gym here last week. 4. Where is Sue? Has anyone seen her? 5. By this time next year, everyone will have forgotten his name. 6. We had to take a taxi because the last bus had already left. 7. I hope the film won't have started by the time we arrive. 8. She can't drive because she hasn't got a licence yet.

2. Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Simple, Past Perfect Simple, Past Simple or Future Perfect Simple. 1. Debbie started smoking when she was 16, but some of her friends had.even started a few months earlier. 2. I have lost a lot of weight since I stopped eating fast food. 3. By this time tomorrow, I will have walked over 20 kilometres. 4. Sam had finished the race by the time we arrived last night. 5. Next Monday, my boyfriend and I will have known each other for exactly a year.

6.Have you ever competed in a marathon before or is this your first one? 7. We will not have completed the assignment by tomorrow. 8. He has just left his office, but he's probably still in the building.

3. Choose the correct answer. 1. You look tired! Have you been getting enough sleep? 2. We had been driving for over an hour before we found the location. 3. I didn't know you were a footballer. How long have you been playing? 4. They had enough money to buy a new car because they had been saving all year.

4. Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Continuous or Past Perfect Continuous. 1. I have been looking for someone to exercise with, but I still haven't found anyone. 2. Joanna had been working all morning and she felt very tired. 3. Amy has not been playing the piano for very long, but she's very good. 4. They had been planning to get married for a few years, but then they broke up. 5. How long had Steve been walking before he became a celebrity? 6. You look very angry. How long have you been waiting for me?

5. Complete the sentences without changing the meaning of the previous sentence(s). Use the Present Perfect Continuous or Past Perfect Continuous. 1. My parents opened a health-food restaurant when I was born. They still work in their health-food restaurant. From the time I was born, my parents have been working in their health-food restaurant. 2. Tina worked as a professional trainer until she got married. How long had she been working before she got married? 3. Sam studied for over six hours. Then he stopped to rest. Sam had been studying for over six hours before he stopped to rest. 4. I started to run marathons two years ago. I still run marathons. I have been running marathons for two years.

6. Complete the passage with the verbs in brackets. Use the perfect tenses. There may be more than one possible answer. Then listen and check your answers.

BEWARE of E. COLI Last week, Jill went to her doctor because she (1) hadn't been feeling well for a few days. She was sure she (2) had eaten something which had gone bad. She was surprised when, after she (3) had done some tests, she was sent straight to hospital. She (4) had caught an infection called E. Coli. E. Coli is a very serious form of food poisoning. Experts say that one of its causes is the change that (5) has taken place / has been taking place in farming. In the last few years, farmers (6) have started to raise cattle and chickens in much smaller spaces, so it is much easier for bacteria to spread from animal to animal. The number of people with E. Coli (7) has risen / has been rising in the last decade. Today in the USA, 60 people die from it every year. The good news is that there's a possibility that by 2020, scientists (8) will have developed a vaccine against E. Coli.

VOCABULARY 1. Choose the correct answer. Pay attention to the words in bold. 1. In many Asian countries, people's daily diet consists of rice. 2. He's got a huge ( = enormous) appetite. He eats a lot. 3. John is exhausted because he hasn't slept for two days. 4. The doctor thinks he's going to recover so we're very happy. 5. My father needs physical strength ( strong) for his job because he's a builder. 6. Nutritious food is good for you. (The expression 'Good for you' means: 'me allegro por ti')

2. Match the words in A to the words in B to form as many collocations as you can. You will need to use some words more than once. A B 1. lose a. (your) weight 1, 2, 6 2. gain b. (your) appetite 1 3. quick c. recovery 3 4. poor d. health 4 5. balanced e. meal 5, 7 6. watch f. a cold 8 7. light g- diet 5 8. catch

3. Complete the sentences with a suitable collocation from Exercise 2. Make any necessary changes. 1. People who watch their weight.usually count the number of calories they consume. 2. I've been exercising a lot because I want to lose weight 3. I'm not very hungry so I'll just have a light meal . Be careful! 'meal' (= comida) is countable, 'food' (= alimento) is uncountable. 4. I didn't wear warm clothes on the ski trip so I caught a cold 5. A balanced diet.is important because you need the different types of vitamins. 6. The terrible smell caused me to lose my appetite 7. We hope you have a quick recovery and return to work as soon as possible. 8. Mr Smith has been in poor health this year. He can hardly (= apenas) walk. 9. Too much chocolate will cause you to gain weight 4. Make as many new words as you can by adding prefixes to the following words: comfort • weight • fit • vitamins • edible • healthy • packaged 1: discomfort. 2: over / underweight. 3: unfit. 4: multivitamins. 5: inedible. 6: unhealthy. 7: pre–packaged

5 Complete the sentences with the words you formed in Exercise 4. 1. After her operation, she was in a lot of discomfort. (= 'sentía mucho malestar') 2. He needs to lose weight because he is overweight ( = fat / obese) 3. It's so easy to prepare dinner with pre–packaged food. (esta palabra solo se usa para mencionar la comida precocinada) 4. My sister takes multivitamins because she doesn't eat enough fruit and vegetables. 5. You burned the cake. It's inedible.

6 Complete the passage with the words below. Then listen and check your answers: exhausted • meals • strength • nutritious • weight • diet

Eat and Run Runner Jacqueline Mariash wanted to be chosen for the US Olympic team, and as part of her training, she watched what she ate. She thought that by losing (1) weight,she could improve her performance. The problem was that this didn't help her. She actually missed a lot of training sessions because she was so (2) exhausted. It turned out that the problem was her daily (3) diet – she wasn't getting enough (4) nutritious food. Dietician Nancy Pudwill put her back on track by recommending that she eat three balanced (5) meals a day. Now that Jacqueline is eating well, her performance has improved and she finds she has more energy and (6) strength to run.

WRITING An Opinion Essay 1. When writing an opinion essay, it is important to convince the reader that your viewpoint is justified. Your arguments must be clear and logical. Read the opinion essay below and answer the questions. 1. What is the topic of the essay? Whether PE should be compulsory in UK schools or not. 2. What is the writer's opinion about the topic? The writer thinks that students shouldn't be forced to do PE at school. 3. What arguments does the writer use to support his / her opinion? Students who are not good at sport feel embarrassed and lose their self-confidence when rude students and students with an inferiority complex laugh at them. 4. What expressions does the writer use to express his / her opinion? In my opinion; As far as I am concerned; As I see it; It seems to me that; I (strongly) believe that.

Should (= 'debería') 'Physical Education be Compulsory (= 'obligatoria') in Schools? ( = escuela + colegio) At (NEVER use 'in') the moment, physical education is compulsory in all UK (= United Kingdom. Also: 'Great Britain') schools until the age of I6. In my opinion, this is not a wise ( = sabio) decision. First of all,( = se usa para iniciar una lista, así que significa que hay más de un punto) not all students are good at ( = 'bueno en'. Also: 'bad at') sport. When these students are unable to perform ( = achieve, execute. º performance) well in sports lessons, other students often laugh at ( = reírse de) them. Consequently, physical education lessons become an embarrassing experience and students lose their self-

confidence ( = auto, propio. 'Self–esteem' = autoestima). As far as I am concerned ( = en lo que a mí se refiere), this is an unacceptable situation. Secondly, as I see it, students don't really learn a lot in sports lessons because the classes are generally large ( FALSE FRIEND = amplio, grande. Largo = long) and many of the students aren't really interested. It seems to me that it would be much more effective for students who are interested in a sport to do it after school with a group of people who share ( = compartir. (n.) parte, acción mercantil) their interest. In conclusion, I am not against ( = contra) sport, however, I strongly believe ( = creo firmemente) that it must be a matter ( = materia; asignatura (v.) importar) of choice ( = elección v. choose), and students should not be forced ( = obliged) to do physical education at school.

2. Find one example of a connector of cause and one of a connector of result in the model in Exercise 1. Then replace them with other connectors. Connectors of cause: because, since, as. Connector of result: consequently, so, therefore, as a result.

3 Choose the correct connector. 1. … the government's new campaign, more people are exercising. c. Because of 2. I couldn't make it to the gym … I finished work late. a. since 3. Jenny was looking miserable (FALSE FRIEND: desgraciado, infeliz), … I took her out for a meal. c. so 4. … the popularity of the restaurant, you have to book a table well in advance. b. As a result of 5. Daniel has only been training for a few weeks, … he's still not in very good shape ( = forma; tb forma geométrica). a. therefore 6. She hasn't been to school for a week … a bad case of food poisoning. b. due to

4 Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets. Make any necessary changes. 1. Because of the bad weather, nobody arrived, (since) Nobody arrived, since the weather was bad / Since the weather was bad, nobody arrived. 2. This computer is less expensive, so I'm going to buy it. (because) I'm going to buy this computer because it's less expensive. 3. Your weight is too high. Therefore, you'll have to go on a diet, (as a result of) You'll have to go on a diet as a result of your high weight. / As a result of your high weight, you'll have to go on a diet. 4. Tom can't participate in sport because he's got health problems, (because of) Tom can't participate in sport because of his health problems.

LOOKING BACK

Vocabulary

1. Choose the correct answer. 1. If you gain weight, you get … b. fatter 2. A nutritious meal is … for your health. b. good 3. If you are unfit, you need to get more … a. exercise 4. A light meal contains a … amount of food. b. small 5. If you lose your appetite, you … to eat. a. don't want 6. You'll feel … if you catch a cold. b. bad 7. A balanced diet has usually got … of food. a. many kinds 8. Professional weightlifters have got … strength. a. great 9. Most people know that it is unhealthy to … b. exercise 10. I'm in a lot of discomfort. I feel … b. terrible

2 Complete the passage with the words and phrases below. Anorexia Anorexia often begins when a young girl is told to (1) watch her weight. At first she might eat just a little less, but soon (2) losing weight becomes an obsession. No matter how thin she becomes, she still thinks she is (3) overweight. When her condition becomes extreme, her daily (4) diet might consist of only a few lettuce leaves and an apple. Controlling what she eats gives her a sense of control over her body, but soon she begins to suffer from very (5) poor health and feels (6) exhausted all the time. If she is not treated professionally, she may never (7) recover from this dangerous illness. Grammar

3. Complete the passage with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. There may be more than one possible answer. Time to Get Fit I think it's time for a change in my life. I (1) have been feeling quite unfit for the past few years and the last time I stood on the

scales, I was shocked to see that I (2) had gained some weight. I (3) have never been very athletic, but there's no better time than the present! Yesterday I (4) joined a swimming pool, after I (5) had done some research on the Internet about the best type of exercise for me. When I was there, I spoke to a woman who (6) has been swimming / had been swimming for years, and she (7) told me how much she enjoyed this sport. That was very encouraging! I plan to swim three times a week, and I (8) hope that by the end of the year, I (9) will have become much stronger and fitter.

4. Rewrite the sentences with the words in brackets. Do not change the original meaning. 1. We worked all afternoon and then we finally had dinner, (after) We finally had dinner after we had been working all afternoon. 2. She met John three years ago. (known) She has known John for three years. 3. What's the price of this disc? (cost) How much does this disc cost? 4. I started dancing when I was five, (since) I have been dancing since I was five. 5. They started showing the film. Then we arrived, (before) They had started showing the film before we arrived. 6. Jenny broke her arm during a basketball match, (while) Jenny broke her arm while she was playing basketball. 7. Dennis has been studying art for a year, (ago) Dennis started studying art a year ago. Writing

Choose the correct connector. 1. Many people are unhealthy … eating the wrong food. a. as a result of 2. I've been feeling much better … my daily exercise programme. b. due to 3. We had finished eating … the waiter cleared away our plates. a. so 4. Vegetables are full of vitamins … they're very nutritious. a. Therefore 5. Sara trains four times a week …, she is very fit. c. Consequently

WorkBook VOCABULARY 1 Complete the sentences with the words below. flavour • diet • vitamins • spicy 1. We need vitamins so that we will be healthy. 2. The sauce will be quite spicy (= condimentado; picante) if you put chilli peppers ( = guindillas) in it. 3. What flavour (¿De qué sabor…) is that yoghurt? it's banana. 4. She follows a vegetarian diet, so she won't eat that meat

2. Match the sentences in A to the correct sentences in B. A 1. Yoga and meditation are known to lower stress. e. The gentle movements and sitting quietly are beneficial. 2. It's important to get enough sleep. c Most teenagers need approximately eight hours, 3. Daily exercise is important for good health. a. Experts advise starting with 30 minutes a day. 4. Many people believe in positive thinking. d. But not everyone thinks being optimistic affects our lives. 5. Many people ignore the basics of healthy eating. b. A well-balanced diet is very important.

3 Complete the dialogue with the words below. fast-food • diet • protein • daily exercise • calcium • healthy eating • yoga Dan: Jane, don't you want some (in interrogatives: to offer something or ask for something) chips? Jane: No. I've started a new (1) diet. I decided to follow a new (2) healthy eating plan. I'm not going to eat (3) fast-food items like chipsl Dan: is that yoghurt healthy? Jane: Yes – it's full of (4) calcium, which we need for strong teeth and bones. And it also contains a lot of (5) protein . which we need to maintain every part of our bodies. Dan: What about (6) daily exercise? Jane: Yes. I'm walking every day and I also go to a (7) yoga class once a week. Dan: Good for you! But are you sure I can't give you one chip? Jane: Well, maybe just one ...

Complete the sentences with the words and phrases below. 1. If you start to exercise, your health will improve. 2. Let's face (= aceptar) it. this is a big problem. 3. Jackie is going to make an attempt to run five kilometres in 15 minutes.

4. Fran has to gain weight. She is too thin. 5. I can't run without losing my breath 6. This was a small problem, but it's turned into a major obstacle

.

GRAMMAR. THE PERFECT TENSES Complete the sentences below with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Simple, Past Perfect Simple or Future Perfect Simple. 1. I bought a new DVD yesterday, but I haven't played (play) it yet 2. There was no orange juice this morning because my sister had drunk (drink) it all last night 3. Sam hasn't been (be) to work for a few days because he has been ill. 4. We are late. Do you think that his train will have arrived (arrive) by the time we get to the station? 5. I haven't had (have) time to see Jan for a while, but I hope to see her tomorrow. 6. Had you ever eaten (eat) at that restaurant before, or did you go there for the first time last Monday? 7. Next Tuesday, we will have lived (live) in New York for a year.

2 Choose the correct answer. 1. Emma had been doing yoga for three months before she hurt her foot. 2. How long had Stella been saving before she had enough money to buy a motorbike? 3. They're very tired now. They have been working since early this morning. 4. I have been playing tennis since 2001, but I've never played competitively. 5. I hadn't been waiting for very long when my friend arrived.

3 Complete the e- mail with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Continuous or the Past Perfect Continuous. Hi Tanya. For weeks now, I (1) have been trying (try) to find a walking partner. My friend Jane (2) had been walking (walk) with me, but she left two months ago on a trip to India. I (3) have been managing (manage) to walk every day since Jane left, but it's becoming harder to motivate myself. The same thing happened when I belonged to a gym. After I (4) had been working out (work out) there for about a year, I suddenly lost interest and stopped going. I hope by this time next week. I will have a partner to walk with! I hope you (5) have been studying (study) hard for your upcoming exams, and that you and James decided to go on the weekend trip you (6) have been talking (talk) about since I last saw you! Sally

4 Choose the sentence that is closer in meaning to the original sentence. 1. Shelly has been learning French since March a. She's still learning French. 2. Jason has had his motorbike for six months. b. Jason has still got a motorbike. 3. I had been working on the computer for an hour when the electricity suddenly went off. a. I was still working when the electricity went off. 4. How long had they been Irving in London before you met them? a. They moved to London before you met them. 5. By the time we arrive, Dad will have finished cooking. b. Dad won't be cooking when we arrive. 6. Before the party, we didn't know that Steve and Carrie had broken up. a. We learned about Steve and Carrie's break-up at the party.

7. Have you been waiting here long? b. When did you get here? 8. Susan has just decided to apply to university. a. She didn't know what to do until recently. 9. I had ad already seen the film my friends were going to see. a. I won't go with my fnends to the cinema. 10. By this time next month, we will have been on holiday for a week. b. We are going on holiday soon.

5 Complete the mini- dialogues. Use the perfect tenses. 1. Anne: Have you finished (finish) reading the book? Bill: No. I have only read (only read) the first two chapters. 2. Nancy: How long had you known (know) your boyfriend before you started dating? Sandy: We had been (be) friends for about a year. 3. Rob: Hurry up! By the time we get there, the match will have started (start)! Jim: I'm sure it hasn't started/ won't have started (not start). There is plenty of time. 4. Gill: Last week. I realised that I had been eating (eat) too much chocolate, so I decided to give it up. Meg: Have you begun (begin) to miss it yet? 5. Leslie: How long have you been (be) a vegetarian? Mark: By this time next month, I will have been (be) a vegetarian for five years! 6. Bella: Where have you been (be) all day? Dave: I have been working (work) on my project since this morning. I still haven't finished (not finish)

6 Correct the errors. 1. I know my boyfriend since we were young. I've known my boyfriend since we were young. 2. You are late again! I am waiting here since 10.30. You are late again! I have been waiting here since 10:30 3. Steve began his walk because he had an accident a few years before. Steve began his walk because he had had an accident a few vears before. 4. How long were your parents going out before they got married? How long had your parents been going out before they got married? 5. I hope the concert will haven't started by the time we arrive. I hope the concert won't have started by the time we arrive.

7 Translate the sentences into your own language. 1. How long have you been working out? ¿Cuánto tiempo llevas haciendo ejercicio? 2. Jessie started doing daily exercise because she had put on weight Jessie empezó a hacer ejercicio diario porque había engordado 3. How much weight will you have lost by this time next month? ¿Cuánto peso habrás perdido el mes que viene por estas fechas? 4. I haven't been getting enough sleep this week. No he estado durmiendo lo suliciente esta semana 5. By the time Steve finished his walk, he had learnt to get over his problems. Para cuando Steve terminó el recorrido. habia aprendido a superar sus problemas.

VOCABULARY 1 Choose the sentence that is closer in meaning to the original sentence. 1. They don't eat nutritious food. b They seem to live on biscuits, sweets and cola. 2. I'm exhausted! a. Let's stop. I can't run any more! 3. David is watching his weight a. He's being careful not to eat too much. 4. Michelle had a quick recovery. b, Her illness didn't last long. 5. Steve caught a cold last week. b He got it from somebody. 6. We had a light meal after the film a. We ate very little.

2 Complete the advert with the correct words below. diet • gain weight • overweight • poor health • meals • unfit • recovered • multivitamins ARE YOU UNHAPPY WITH YOUR WEIGHT? Whether you are (1) overweight and want to lose a few kilos, or weigh less than you'd like and want to (2) gain weight, we can help. Our experts will design a balanced (3) diet with delicious (4) meals, which includes taking multivitamins for those who need them. In addition, they will provide an exercise programme desgned for you personally whether you are in the best of shape, or (6) unfit. We also offer special eating and exercise programmes for people who have recently (7) recovered from an illness, or who are generally in (8) poor health

3 Match the sentence in A with the correct sentence in B. A B 1. He lost his appetite. a. He didn't eat anything 2. He had a quick meal. d. He just ate a hamburger 3. He eats prepackaged food all the time. c. He doesn't cook fresh food. 4. He lost weight. e. He now weighs 5 kg less. 5. He's got a poor appetite b. He never feels very hungry.

4 Complete the sentences with the words in brackets and one of the prefixes below. You can use some of the prefixes more than once. Use a dictionary to help you. under– • pre– • dis– • im– • un– • in– • over– 1. This food is inedible. I can't eat it. (edible) 2. After the accident she was in a lot of discomfort . (comfort) 3. When you bake this cake, you must preheat the oven to 180 degrees, (heat) 4. Unfortunately, many children in that area are undernourished they don't get enough to eat (nourished) 5. The chicken was in the oven for too long. It is overcooked. (cooked) 6. She can't go mountain climbing because she is very unhealthy .(healthy) 7. The hospital is a cold, impersonal place. The people there aren't very friendly. (personal) (= Las personas ahí (de los hospitales) no son muy amigables) 8. I ate too much at lunch and now I've got indigestion . (digestion)

WRITING 1 Choose the correct answer. 1. Due to her poor health, my grandmother can't travel long distances. 2. The bus was late, so I arrived late at school. 3. I've been eating less recently, therefore l have lost a kilo. 4. Because of her exercise programme. Sheila has become stronger. 5. John didn't come to the party since he was away last weekend.

2 Choose two possible connectors that you can use to complete the sentences below consequently • because • because of • therefore • as a result of • since 1. I don't want any apple cake because / since I don't like fruit in cakes. 2. Because of /As a result of the new law that bans smoking in public places, smokers now gather outside pubs and restaurants to smoke. 3. She needs more Vitamin C in her diet Therefore / Consequently she has started to eat an orange every day.

3 Complete the opinion essay with the connectors and expressions below. You can use one expression more than once. as a result of • consequently • as far as I'm concerned • since HEALTH LESSONS IN DANGER Recently, some people have suggested cancelling secondary-school health lessons in order to save money. (1) As far as I am concerned, this would be a foolish thing to do. Firstly, the health classes focus on good nutrition and exercise. (2) As a result of following fad (= moda pasajera) diets, many teenagers don't get the nutrients they need. In addition, many do not exercise, and (3) consequently, are unfit. (4) Since many teenagers don't learn about nutrition or exercise at home, school health lessons are a source of valuable, accurate information. Secondly, if students don't learn the basics of good health, money that would be saved (5) as a result of cutting the health classes might end up having to be spent on health care for students later in life. In conclusion, I believe that another way should be found to save money and school health lessons shouldn't be cancelled.

EXTRA READING 1. Look at the first paragraph. Read the first and last sentence. What is the main idea of the paragraph? 2. The food industry is partly responsible for people being overweight.

Food If you want to lose weight, you have to eat a sensible diet and exercise more. It is simply a matter of willpower (will (n.) = voluntad; power (n.) = poder, potencia) and self control. However, a growing (adj = increasing) number of studies are beginning to question this traditional ( n. tradition) approach (1 n. acercamiento, aproximación; 2 v. acercarse 3 i. approach to + <gerund>) to dealing with obesity and have found that environmental ( n. environment; ↣ adv. Environmentally) factors must (v. = obligation) also take some of the blame (n. culpa; v. culpar) for the rise (= n. increase) in obesity in the United States. Researchers ( v. search: buscar; research v. investigar; n. investigación) argue (v. 1. argumentar 2. discutir; ↣ argument) 5 that the food industry, in its desire (n. deseo; v. desear) to increase sales ( v. sell = vender) and profits (n. beneficio), has played an integral role in creating the country's weight problem and must be held (v. consider) accountable (adj. responsible; v. account = contar; ↣ n. accountant = contable;). Firstly, researchers suggest (v. sugerir ↣ n. suggestion) that the increase in portion sizes over (prep. during) the last 30 years in the United States has encouraged (v. animar n. courage: valor) people to eat more. One experiment conducted (v.1 dirigir; 2 conducir; ↣ n. conductor= director de 10 orquesta; cobrador del bus) by the University of Illinois showed that if given an extra large tub (n. envase, bote, recipiente) of popcorn instead of a smaller container (n. = tub), cinemagoers (compuesto: 'cinema' + 'goer': people who go to the cinema) will eat 45 to 50 per cent (also: 'percent') more. This theory is further supported by the fact that in countries such as France, where people are thinner, portion rises are significantly smaller than those in the United States. In addition, it would (v. = '–ría'; 'would seem' = parecería) seem that it is the price of healthy food products which has the most (adv. much ↣ more ↣ 15 the most) effect on whether (conj. = if) people are likely (adj. probable; 'people are likely to buy…' = 'it's likely that people buy…') to buy them. In a recent study (n. 1 estudio, investigación; 2 estudio, habitación), researchers from the University of Minnesota found that dropping (v. dejar caer 2 bajar) the price of lowBfat snacks by even (adv. incluso) a very small amount had a direct effect on the number of these snacks that were purchased (v. = buy). Although nobody can deny (v. negar) that the responsibility ( adj. responsible) for eating healthily ultimately (adv. finalmente) lies (n. mentira; v. 1 20 mentir; 2 tumbarse; 3 yacer) with the individual (n. individuo; adj. individual), experts believe that many Americans would find it (English construction; in Spanish 'it' is not used: "muchos Americanos encontrarían más fácil…") much easier to lose weight if portions were not quite (adv., emphatic. Do not translate it into Spanish) so large and healthy food options were not quite so expensive.

2 Decide whether the sentences are true (T) or false (F). Find evidence in the text to support your answers. 1. The food industry can't be held responsible for weight problems. F. (lines 6 … 8) The food industry, … be held accountable. 2. People eat more food if they are served bigger quantities. T (lines 9 … 10) ... the increase in …to eat more. 3. French people eat less than their American counterparts.

T (lines 13 … 14) ... in France, where …the United States. 4. People don't buy healthy food because of the price. T (lines 17 … 19) ... dropping the price … that were purchased. 5. Individuals are not interiley to blame for the obesity epidemic in the United States. T (lines 20 … 23) Altough ... the responsibility for eating … quite so expensive.

3 Write four words from the text that have got the same sound as: east /i:/ eat, dealing, obesity, increase, recent, even, eating, easier, these, believe

4 Answer the questions. 1. According to researchers, what motivates the food industry? The food industry is motivated by increasing sales and profits. 2. How can the food industry help people to lose weight? The food industry can lower the price of healthy snacks and reduce the portion sizes.

5 Find words or expressions in the text that mean the same as: 1. determination (paragraph 1) willpower 2. important (paragraph 1) integral 3. responsible (paragraph 1) accountable 4. carried out (paragraph 2) conducted 5. bought (paragraph 3) purchased 6. in the end (paragraph 4) ultimately

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS Vocabulary

1. Complete the mini- dialogues with the words and phrases below. catch a cold • watch my weight • unfit • light meal quick recovery • nutritious • balanced diet • overweight 1. What do you want to order? I'm not terribly hungry, so I think I'll have a light meal . 2. Brian eats only bread and rice. That's not a balanced diet 3. Should I wear a coat? Yes. If you don't, you mightcatch a cold. 4. Do you think I need to lose weight? No, you aren't at all overweight. 5. Are bananas good for you? Yes, they're one of the most nutritious fruits. 6. Why is it so hard for you to climb the stairs? Because I'm really unfit! 7. Was Vicky ill for a long time? No, she had a quick recovery

8. Why aren't you eating the biscuits I baked? Because I'm trying to watch my weight

2. Replace the words in bold with the synonyms below. recover • in poor health • my diet • lose my appetite gain weight • exhausted • lose weight • strength 1. Our neighbour has been constantly ill for the past few years. in poor health 2. Ill get fatter if I don't eat less. gain weight 3. It's not a good idea to get thin quickly. lose weight 4. I don't want to eat when I'm upset. lose my appetite 5. Exercising gives your muscles more power. strength 6. I hope you get better soon! recover 7. I don't feel like going out tonight I'm very tired. exhausted 8. My doctor advised me to change what I eat my diet Grammar

3 Choose the correct answer. 1. Tom's hands are so dirty! What has he been doing? 2. We all knew that she had been hiding her true identity for years. 3. I'm sure that I have seen that man before. 4. By the time we arrive, the concert will already have started. 5. Beth has been taking tennis lessons for six months, but she still can't play very well. 6. How long had they known each other before they started going out together?

4 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the correct perfect tenses. 1. Larry is tired because he has been playing (play) football all morning. 2. Thomas took up swimming because he had hurt (hurt) his back in an accident. 3. How long have you been doing (do) judo? 4. By the end of this week. I will have finished(finish) training for the race. 5. Our trainer finally arrived after we had been waiting (wait) for two hours. 6. I have just joined (just / join) a fitness club Writing

5 Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets. Make any necessary changes. 1. Our flat is quite small. I share a bedroom with my sister, (so) Our flat is quite small so I share a bedroom with my sister. 2. We were out all day. Our dog was very lonely, (since) Since we were out all day. our dog was very lonely.

3. The firm was very successful. It made a lot of money, (as a result) As a result of^tjie good reviews, the film was very successful. 4. Steve failed the exam. He hadn't studied, (consequently) Sieve hadn't studied. Consequentlv. he failed the exam. 5. Alice has got talent. She won first prize, (because of) Because of her talent, Alice won.first prize. / Alice won first prize because of her talent. 6. They cancelled the match. It was raining, (due to) They cancelled the match due to the rain.