Bridge Design Project with SolidWorks Software · Bridge Design Project with SolidWorks ......

Engineering Designand Technology Series

Bridge Design Project with SolidWorks® Software

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Document Number: PME0518-ENG

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SolidWorksEngineering Design and Technology Series

Table of Contents

Lesson 1: Introduction .......................................................................................1Using This Book........................................................................................................... 2What is SolidWorks Software?..................................................................................... 2Prerequisites.................................................................................................................. 2Conventions Used in This Book ................................................................................... 3Before You Begin ......................................................................................................... 3Analyzing a Structure Using SolidWorks and SolidWorks Simulation ....................... 5

Lesson 2: Structure Design ...............................................................................6What is a Structure?...................................................................................................... 7Structure Designs.......................................................................................................... 8

Trusses.................................................................................................................... 8Beams ........................................................................................................................... 9Strength....................................................................................................................... 10

Cross Section Shape............................................................................................. 11Try it! ................................................................................................................... 11Displacement........................................................................................................ 11Material ................................................................................................................ 13

Truss Walls ................................................................................................................. 14Triangles............................................................................................................... 14Try it! ................................................................................................................... 15

Lesson 3: Using the Beam Calculator ............................................................16Using Beam Calculations ........................................................................................... 17

Order of Magnitude.............................................................................................. 17Starting SolidWorks and Opening a Part.................................................................... 18

Adding in SolidWorks Simulation ....................................................................... 18The Model Geometry ........................................................................................... 19

Simplifying the Analysis ............................................................................................ 19

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The Simply Supported Beam...................................................................................... 20Fixtures................................................................................................................. 20External Loads ..................................................................................................... 20Theoretical Model ................................................................................................ 20Why are Simply Supported Beams Important?.................................................... 20Required Data for the Beam Calculation ............................................................. 22Collect the Data.................................................................................................... 23

Assign a Material ........................................................................................................ 24Section Properties ....................................................................................................... 25Using Measure ............................................................................................................ 27Beam Calculator ......................................................................................................... 28

Lesson 4: Analyzing the Structure..................................................................30Analysis of the Structure ............................................................................................ 31

What is SolidWorks Simulation? ......................................................................... 31Structural Analysis ............................................................................................... 32

Structural Analysis Stages .......................................................................................... 33Design Cycle ........................................................................................................ 34Changes in the Model........................................................................................... 34

Create a Study ............................................................................................................ 35FeatureManager Design Tree and Simulation Study Tree................................... 36The Environment.................................................................................................. 36

Pre-Processing ............................................................................................................ 39Material ................................................................................................................ 39Fixtures ................................................................................................................ 40External Forces..................................................................................................... 41Meshing the Model .............................................................................................. 43

Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 44Expectations ......................................................................................................... 44

Some Terminology ..................................................................................................... 45Bending and Displacement .................................................................................. 45

Tension and Compression........................................................................................... 46Stresses................................................................................................................. 46Yield Strength ...................................................................................................... 46Factor of Safety .................................................................................................... 47

Post-Processing........................................................................................................... 47Interpreting the Results............................................................................................... 48

Creating a New Plot ............................................................................................. 49Iterating Changes ........................................................................................................ 50

Determine the Load.............................................................................................. 50Editing Simulation Data....................................................................................... 50

Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 51

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Lesson 5: Making Design Changes.................................................................52Adding to the Design .................................................................................................. 53

Open the Model.................................................................................................... 53Existing Study............................................................................................................. 53

Increase the Load ................................................................................................. 54Cross Bracing.............................................................................................................. 55

Open the Model.................................................................................................... 55Existing Study............................................................................................................. 55

What did the Cross Bracing do?........................................................................... 56Working with Plots ..................................................................................................... 57

Deformation Plot Factor....................................................................................... 57Superimposing the Model .................................................................................... 57The Weakest Link ................................................................................................ 58

Using a Probe.............................................................................................................. 60Adjusting the Number Format ............................................................................. 61

Solution....................................................................................................................... 62Finishing the Bracing.................................................................................................. 62

Compare Stresses ................................................................................................. 63Top Beams .................................................................................................................. 64Strength to Weight Ratio ............................................................................................ 65

Efficiency Comparison......................................................................................... 66More to Explore.......................................................................................................... 67

Reading the Plot ................................................................................................... 68

Lesson 6: Using an Assembly .........................................................................69Creating an Assembly................................................................................................. 70

Testing using the Test Block................................................................................ 70Changing the Model ................................................................................................... 71

Collision Detection............................................................................................... 72Updating the Analysis .......................................................................................... 73

Lesson 7: Making Drawings of the Structure.................................................76Drawings..................................................................................................................... 77Creating a Drawing and Views................................................................................... 77

What is a Weldment Cut List Table? ................................................................... 79Why are there two Items of the Same Length? ................................................... 80Balloons................................................................................................................ 81

Lesson 8: Reports and SolidWorks eDrawings®...........................................82Reports and SolidWorks eDrawings........................................................................... 83Creating a Report........................................................................................................ 83SolidWorks eDrawings® for Sharing Information..................................................... 86

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Advantages of eDrawings .................................................................................... 86Viewing eDrawings.............................................................................................. 86

Creating a SolidWorks eDrawing............................................................................... 87The eDrawings User Interface ............................................................................. 89eDrawings Functions............................................................................................ 89Playing an eDrawings Animation ........................................................................ 90Saving eDrawings ................................................................................................ 90Save the eDrawing ............................................................................................... 90

More to Explore.......................................................................................................... 92

Lesson 9: Building and Testing the Structure ...............................................93Building the Structure................................................................................................. 94

Cutting to Length ................................................................................................. 94Testing the Structure................................................................................................. 102Creating the Span...................................................................................................... 102

Details ................................................................................................................ 102Applying the Load .................................................................................................... 103

Using Common Objects with Known Weights.................................................. 103

Glossary ...........................................................................................................104

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Lesson 2Structure Design

When you complete this lesson, you will be able to:Define a structure;Describe several types of trusses;Understand what beams are;Understand what factors provide strength in a beam;Calculate a moment of inertia;Understand the importance of triangular bracing in a structure.

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SolidWorks Structure DesignEngineering Design and Technology Series

What is a Structure?Structures are frames commonly used bridges for railroads, automobile and foot traffic. Examples of these structures can be seen across the country and the world.

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Structure DesignsStructure designs are meant to be simple structures that are efficient, meaning that they are easy to build and accomplish their goals with the minimum amount of materials. There are many different structure designs, the differences are based on the load that the structure is required to support and the span that it must cross. The structure design may be repeated over several spans in the same bridge.

TrussesTrusses are specific types of structures commonly used a railroad bridges. They usually consist of a road or rail surface (deck), two walls and sometimes bracing on the top. You will be analyzing a truss design.

Search on truss for more information.

Brown Truss

The Brown Truss (patent shown here) was used in the design of covered bridges. This truss is a “box” truss (named for it’s boxy shape) that was so efficient that it could be constructed using only the (diagonal) cross bracing beams to support it.

Structure Designs 8


Warren Truss

The Warren Truss is another simple and economical type. It can be reversed and used with or without the vertical bracing depending the on the load it needs to carry.

Pratt and Howe Trusses

The Pratt Truss and Howe Truss are very similar. Like the reversed Warren Truss shown above, the both have vertical and cross bracing. The difference is the direction of the cross bracing.

BeamsA Beam is an object that has the same cross section along it’s whole length. In this case, the cross section is square. Structures like trusses are composed of beams.

Beams 9


Steel BeamsSteel beams use standard shapes like channels, I-beams and tubes.

StrengthThe strength of a beam depends on two factors, the Cross Section Shape and the Material.

Beams 10


Cross Section ShapeStacking two square beams creates a “deeper” section. The deeper the section (left) the stronger the beam. Wider sections (right) help a little but not that much.

Try it!Notice the difference in resistance between 1 balsa wood beam and 3 stacked beams when you try to press down. Use pencils for support and distance.

DisplacementOne of the results that we will be searching for in the structural analysis is the largest Displacement. It is the distance that the beam moved from the start when it an external force was applied to it. The displacement will help us determine the capacity of the structure.

Displacement

Beams 11


Area Moment of Inertia

The reason that deeper beams are stronger is because of the Area Moment of Inertia. This is a formula calculated using the width (b) and height (h) dimensions of the cross section. It is a measure of the strength of the beam section alone, not the material. The Area Moment of Inertia is used in calculations as resistance of a beam to bending. The higher the value, the more resistance against bending.

Calculating the Area Moment of Inertia

Using the formula below, you can calculate this value for several arrangements to square cross sections.

Try some calculations

Try some calculations using the formula above and the values shown in the table below. The values are based on the cross section of a balsa wood beam, 3.175mm (1/8”) square.

Number of square sections

Arrangement of square sections

b hArea Moment of Inertia

1 3.175mm 3.175mm _________

2 Stacked 3.175mm 2 X 3.175mm _________

2 Side by Side 2 X 3.175mm 3.175mm _________

3 Stacked 3.175mm 3 X 3.175mm _________

AreaMomentofInertia b h3×12

---------------=

Beams 12


Questions

1. Which arrangement has the largest value? _____________2. Is the 2 side by side as strong as the 2 stacked arrangement?_______3. Which arrangement is the weakest?_____________?

MaterialThe material that the beam is made of is another critical factor in the strength of the beam. Take three materials as an example: Wood, Copper and Steel. The relative strength of each is shown in a chart at right. In general, steel is stronger than copper which is in turn stronger than wood. Keep in mind that there are a wide range of values within every material type and there are several types of Material Properties such as Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio that are used to define a material.

Note: Metals are manufactured products and due to the way they are created, they have equal strength in each direction. Materials like this are called isotropic materials.

Search on material properties for more information.

Wood as a Material

Wood is especially difficult material to predict because it has a grain within it. The grain causes the strength to be different in each direction and it is not really an isotropic material. The porosity of Balsa wood makes it very susceptible to moisture which can cause large variations in the property values. The values that we are using are estimates. If you choose to build and test a structure your results will be relative but the values may vary.

Beams 13


Truss WallsThe side walls of a truss are much more than just a fence to prevent objects from falling off. The walls usually contain bracing in the vertical and diagonal directions. When a truss contains both vertical and diagonal bracing, it is generally more stable.

TrianglesMany structures, especially truss designs, contain triangles. Why are triangles so important? One reason is for stability. Stability is achieved by using cross braces to form triangles. Triangular shapes create stability in the truss. Consider a collection of members connected in a square shape by bolts or pins. Holding the bottom still, push on the top or side. It can form a square but can also be easily pushed into a flattened parallelogram.

Adding a 5th member diagonally makes a big difference. The shape is now locked in that position. The addition has broken the parallelogram into two triangles.

Using the same members and fasteners, create a triangle. This time fewer members are used but stability is achieved.

Beams 14


Try it!You can simulate this process using something as flexible as a drinking straw. Use small pins to connect them together.

Beams 15

Bridge Design Project with SolidWorks Software · Bridge Design Project with SolidWorks ......

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