Bricks

Introduction

• Structural member• Load transfer medium• Carries following stresses1. Compression

2. Shearing

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick]

Bricks

Material of manufacture

Bricks are made from1. Clay

2. Shale

3. Soft Slate

4. Calcium silicate

5. Concrete

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick]

The brickwork of Shebeli Tower in Iran displays 12th century

Bricks Mix proportion

The world's highest brick tower of St. Martin's Church in Landshut, Germany, completed in 1500

Content %

Silica 50 to 60

Alumina 20 to 30

Lime 02 to 05

Iron oxide 05 to 06

Magnesia Less than 1

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick]

BricksMud bricks Manufacturing1. Ground clay is mixed with sand

2. Sand content 20 to 30 %

3. Mixed with water

4. Pressed into steel moulds with hydraulic press

BricksMud bricks Manufacturing

5.The brick is then removed from mould

6.It is put into Kiln

7.Heated at 900oC to 1000oC

BricksMud bricks Manufacturing

Bricks

Methods of manufacturing

Rail Kiln1. Continuously fired tunnel kiln

2. Bricks passed slowly through tunnel kiln

3. Conveyers are used for bricks

BricksBulls Trench kiln

1. An oval or circular trench is dug

2. A long exhaust chimney is made

3. Green bricks are put in one side

4. Fuel zone is made for firing bricks

5. Bricks are taken out from other end

Bricks

Brick typesDry pressed• More clay content• More accurately fix in form• Sharp edges• More pressing force• Longer burning

Bricks

Extruded bricks

Clay is mixed with water

1. Then it is forced through a die

2. Die has given width and depth

3. A long stretch of the material is created

4. Holes can be created by dies

5. These bricks have thermal insulations

Bricks

6. Volume of the clay is reduced

7. Hollow bricks can be created by this methods

8. It is cut by wire frame into given length

9. Cut bricks are cooled for 20 to 30 Hrs at 50 to 150oC

10. Waste heat from kiln is used for drying

11. Then these bricks are fired.

Bricks

Advantages of hollow bricks1. Light in weight

2. Easy to handle

3. Thermally insulated

4. Some have very high thermal insulation for zero–energy buildings

Bricks

Extrusion types

Stiff extrusionWhen mixing water 10 to 15 %

Soft extrusion When mixing water 20 to 30 %

Bricks

Calcium Silicate Bricks

Material1. Lime

2. Quartz

3. Crushed flint

4. Siliceous rocks

5. Colourants

Bricks

Manufacturing• All materials are mixed and left until all lime is

completely hydrated.• The mixture is then pressed into moulds and cured

in an autoclave for 2 to 4 hours to speed the chemical hardening.

• The finished bricks are very accurate and uniform.

BricksRequirements of good brick 1. Bricks must be light in weight

2. Bricks must be small in size to handle

3. Bricks must have frog

4. True to dimensions

5. Must give ringing sound when strike together

6. Must have uniform colour

7. Compressive strength 15 to 20 MPa

BricksBrick laying1. Bricks are placed in various formations called bonds

2. One layer of the brick is called one course

3. No two vertical joints should come in two courses

4. Frogs should be on upper side

Types of bonds

Types of bonds

Types of bonds

Types of bonds

Types of bonds

Brick masonry

Vertical load transfer up to 10m

Load bearing walls

Curtain wall

Strong in taking compressive loads

Weak in lateral directions

Weak in taking seismic forces

Reinforced masonry

Reinforced brick masonry

To take the lateral loads

Brick masonry

Cavity wall

Concrete Masonry Units

• Rectangular block

• Used in wall construction

• Material

Cast concrete 1. Cement

2. Sand

3. Fine gravel

Concrete Masonry Units

• Rectangular holes are provided for better insulation

• Block work is done just like brick work in courses with staggered layers

• Sizes is variable depending upon the region• General size is 20cm X 20cm X 41cm

Concrete Masonry Units

Concrete block structureLoad bearing system:

Concrete block with

reinforced concrete

columns and tie beams