Brian Crofoot Mount Union College Department of Biology April 20, 2010.
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Transcript of Brian Crofoot Mount Union College Department of Biology April 20, 2010.
Effects of Water Types on
Copper Sulfate’s Toxicity on Duckweed
Brian Crofoot
Mount Union College Department of Biology
April 20, 2010
Copyright NoticeOriginal content, excluding all
photographs, Copyright 2010 Brian Crofoot.
This work, excluding all photographs, is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ .
Photographs used for Commentary, Research, and Non-Profit Educational uses.
Overview1. Background information
a. Copper Sulfate b. Duckweed c. Water types
2. Experimenta. Introductionb. Experimentalc. Resultsd. Conclusion
3. Questions & Answers
Copper SulfateWhat is Copper Sulfate?
A. It’s a fungicide and herbicideB. Copper as an element is essential for
plant lifeC. A substance with many uses
Source: Alibaba.com
Source: practicalphysics.org
Why Copper Sulfate?Why is copper sulfate used?How does it affect plants?
Its an oxidantIt targets the chloroplasts in plants
Why do we need to understand its toxic effects?To better understand how it affects fish, birds,
plants, and other organismsWe need to know if organisms exposed to it will
be affected by it
Why Duckweed?
What is Duckweed? A member of the Lemna genus A small and very common plant
Why is it used in ecotoxicological research? It can be used as a model organism
in toxicological research Easy to find and cultivate
Source: Bonniesplants
Source: Alberto Godoy
Water TypesNatural Water
From a natural environmentTreated Waste Water
Has lots of nutrientsTap Water
It is drinking water and I wanted to learn about how it affects copper sulfate’s toxicity on duckweed
Spring WaterTo redo a previous experiment
Results from a Previous Bioassay
00.1
110
100
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Duckweed Mortality in Spring Water on Day 7
Concentration of Copper Sulfate (g/L)
Number of Deaths
HypothesesCopper sulfate is harmful to Duckweed if it is
placed in treated waste water, natural water, and tap water, and in spring water in concentrations of more than 1.0g/L.
Copper sulfate acts as a nutrient for Duckweed if it is placed in spring water of concentrations of no more than 1g/L CuSO4
Duckweed will survive the best if it is placed in treated waste water
BioassayWhat is a Bioassay?
Its an experimental method used to study the effects of toxins on organisms
It is an EPA approved technique
Why is this type of experiment important?Its purpose is to study how chemicals affect
organisms
EcotoxicologyEcotoxicology
A field of biology that tries to understand how toxins and pollutants affect organisms and ecosystems.
Tries to find ways to help organisms cope with pollutants and toxins
Bioassays are just one tool used in ecotoxicology
ProcedureSummary
1. Acclimate Duckweed for 1 week
2. Amounts of copper sulfate and waters were measured
3. Solutions were mixed
4. 10 duckweed were placed into each beaker
• Bioassay techniques were followed
• Each beaker had 200mL of the specific water type
• Each beaker had a certain concentration of copper sulfate
Copper (II) Sulfate pentahydrate was used
EPA Guidelines were followed
4 water types-Natural Water from Deer Creek Reservoir-Spring Water-Tap Water-Treated Waste Water
Concentrations of Copper Sulfate0g/L (control groups)0.1g/L1.0g/L10g/L100g/L
LC 50
Spring Water Tap WaterNatural Water
Treated Waste Water
Day 1 1 g/L CuSO4 100 g/L None None
Day 3 1g/L 1g/L 10 g/L 10 g/L
Day 5 1 g/L 1 g/L 1 g/L 1 g/L
Day 7 0.1 g/L 0.1 g/L 0.1 g/L 0.1 g/L
LC 50 Values
ANOVA Analysis
Day 1's 2 Way ANOVA Results
Source of Varience df F P-value
Concentration 4 76.23 0
Water Types 3 23.62 0Interaction of Water types and concentration 12 5.43 0
Results Summary Initial
All duckweed are green and alive Day 1
Many Duckweed died in the higher concentrations of 10g/L & 100g/L, while as they survived in the lower concentrations
Day 3 All water types had almost no deaths in the two lowest concentrations of 0.0g/L
& 0.1g/L All duckweed in the 100g/L had died in all water types
Day 5 All duckweed in the 10g/L solutions had died in all of the water types Started to notice something weird about the duckweed
Day 7 Generally more than half of the duckweed in the 0.1g/L had died in all of the
water types All duckweed in the 1g/L solutions had died in all water types
Results Summary All p-values are significant and are below
0.01 after an ANOVA analysis of the dataOnly 1 duckweed died out of all of the control
groupsLC50s increased as time passedDuckweed survived the best in treated waste
waterDuckweed fared the worst in Spring Water
ConclusionsThe types of water significantly affect
Duckweed’s survivability when exposed to copper sulfate
The concentration of copper sulfate significantly affects Duckweed
There is a relationship between the concentration of copper sulfate and Duckweed’s survival
There is a significant interaction between copper sulfate and water types on Duckweed’s mortality rate
Duckweed’s ResponsesDuckweed tries to combat copper sulfate by
using antioxidants and proteinsCopper sulfate affects duckweed by causing
oxidative stressIt affects duckweed’s chloroplasts
In the Future…Redo this experiment to get a bigger data setTry using other types of waterTry using another organismTry using another concentration of copper
sulfate
RecapCopper sulfate is a toxic chemicalDuckweed is a useful organism to study
toxins in aquatic environmentA bioassay is an EPA approved experimental
procedure
Did you know?Alliance’s water is obtained from Deer Creek
Reservoir.
Copper Sulfate is not very toxic to humans unless ingested or inhaled.
Waste Water Treatment in the US is regulated by the EPA and State governmentsThe government has set tough regulations on
the quality of the water we use everyday
Important ReferencesHopkin, Steve P., D.B. Peakall, R.M. Sibly, and
C. H. Walker. Principles of Ecotoxicology, Third Edition. 3 ed. Boca Raton: CRC, 2005. Print.
Razinger J, Dermastia M, Drinovec L, Drobne D, Zrimec A, Koce JD (2007): Antioxidative Responses of Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) to Short-Term Copper Exposure. Env Sci Pollut Res 14 (3) 194–20
Wu, Lin. Class Lecture. Introduction to Ecotoxicology. Mount Union College, Alliance, Ohio. 2009