BREF Process, Role of author, CPCB, SPCB and Technical...
Transcript of BREF Process, Role of author, CPCB, SPCB and Technical...
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BREF Process, Role of author, CPCB, SPCB and Technical Working Group in preparation of BREF
Dr. Harald Schoenberger
International expert on integrated industrial pollutionprevention and controlSpecial fields: textile industry, chemical industry, iron&steelindustry, electroplating industry, paper industry
Studied env. techn. and env. sciences, PhD on textile wastewater, permit writer and inspector on regional level, policy maker on national and European level, author of very first BREF (1997/98), Head of European IPPC Bureau, co-author of the EU BREF for the Textiles Industry, stand-in professor at the University ofStuttgart/Germany, senior adviser to the Partnership for Sustainable Textiles – more than 30 years ofexperience in the textile sector
Background
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The objective of this new project on BAT is the ‘development of a
BREF/COINDS Document for the textile industry covering the Best Available Techniques adapted to the Indian context’.
Basis:1.) Sector-specific Comprehensive Industry Documents (COINDS)2.) Best Available Techniques REFerence Document for the Textiles Industry (2003) (BREF Textiles Industry)…. additional key documents (CPCB, IFC, OECD etc.)
New project in India on best available techniques (BAT)
supported by the German Agency for Technical Cooperation
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Why we are here?
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The moon view
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Somewhere in India in February 2017
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Discharge ofuntreatedtextile wastewater
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"Sustainable development is development that
meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs."
Brundtland Report „Our common future“ - 1987
take it serious
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So far, no better approach is available although the
law-and-order approach is not working properly in
many countries round the globe
Law-and-order approach
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Permit taking intoaccount: - IED- other EU-Dir. - Stockholm Con.- CLRTAP- Minamata Con.- all environm. aspects andpollutants, andH&S aspects
Support of
consultants
Ap
pli
cati
on
Competent authority
(„1 face to customer“) 1 I
ED
per
mit BREF(s) and
Conclusions
IED, other Dir.
and intern. Conv.
Owner or operator of
an IED installation
Integrated permits for industrial installations in the EU
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- IED Permit- Inspection (incl. monit) - Enforcement
Preparation of the
permitting process
Application for a
permit
Permit
Perm
itm
anagem
ent
Inspection
Inspection
report
Enforcement
Additional directions
.
.
BREF(s) and
Conclusions
Issueing permits for ind. inst. and their enforcement in the EU
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Aerial view of a textile finishing industry (textile wet processing)
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The “Textile Chain”
Disposal
(of the textiles)
Consumption
Manufacture of ready-made
clothing
Primary production of
natural and synthetic fibres
Wet processing(pretreatment, dyeing,
printing and finishing)
Production of yarns,
knittings and fabrics
Raw materials
A
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W
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rawmaterials
seeds
end-of-life
Raw materials
e.g. reactive black 5 e.g. H acid
Raw materials
e.g. Naphthalene, H2SO4, HNO3, NaOH
brand
disposal
re-use, recycling
AccessoiresRaw materials
rawmater.
Raw materials
Rawmater.
.
.
Synt. fibre prod.
Natur. fibre prod.
Fibre production
Weaving/knitting
Sizing agents
Preparations
Textile auxiliaries
Dyestuff manuf. Dyestuff intermed.
Washing agents
Textile finishing
en
erg
y
wat
er
che
mic
als
was
tew
ate
r
was
tega
s
solid
was
te
Garment manuf.
Use phase
Optical brightenersDiamino stilbene-disulphonic acid
Raw materials
e.g. softeners
Raw materialsPreparations
The textile value chain and mass stream thinking
plus transport activities at all stages
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rawmaterials
seeds
end-of-life
Raw materials
e.g. reactive black 5 e.g. H acid
Raw materials
e.g. Naphthalene, H2SO4, HNO3, NaOH
brand
disposal
re-use, recycling
AccessoiresRaw materials
rawmater.
Raw materials
Rawmater.
.
.
Synt. fibre prod.
Natur. fibre prod.
Fibre production
Weaving/knitting
Sizing agents
PreparationsTextile auxiliaries
Dyestuff manuf. Dyestuff intermed.
Washing agents
Textile finishing
en
erg
y
wat
er
che
mic
als
was
tew
ate
r
was
tega
s
solid
was
te
Garment manuf.
Use phase
Hot spot: cotton production
Hot spot: Dyestuff production
Hot spot: Textile finishing
Environmental hot spots of the value-added chain
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Globalisation
In the past 30 years, from Europe, most of the textile production shifted to Asia (China, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Vietnam…..)
end of 90ies: Indians said „We cannot compete with China“, now China says „We cannot compete with India, Bangladesh, Pakistan….“
In the past 30 years, from Europe, almost the completedyestuff production shifted from Europe to China and India
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Why we are here?
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Brands and retailers in Europe and the US demand more sustainability from suppliers –Zero discharge of hazardous chemicals (ZDHC) programme, Global Organic Cotton Standard (GOTS), Sustainable Textile Production (STeP) ……
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The textile chain – actors- and framework-oriented
Examplefrom NIKE
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What to do?
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Let us go for close co-operation towardsmore sustainability in the textile sector
Let us work together as a team
Let us develop a BAT
Reference Document
(BREF) for the Indian
textile sector
T ogetherE verybodyA chievesM ore
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Composition of the Technical Working Group (TWG) for developing a BREF
CPCB, Indian gov.
Authorsupported/guided byCPCB, HS, UBA
Industrial associations, textile industry representatives
NGOs
State Pollution Control Boards and other regulatory bodies
Expert organis.
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Technical Working Group (TWG) – multistakeholder process
Composition
- CPCB (Member Secretary, senior scientists)- CPCB author- Indian Government- Industrial associations- Representatives of individual textile companies- Regulatory bodies- Non-governmental organisations- Expert organisations
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Technical Working Group (TWG)
Indian Government
- The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)- Ministry of Textiles, Textiles Committee, Government of India- Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP)- The Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MoMSME)
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Technical Working Group (TWG)
Industrial associations- Confederation of Indian Textile Industry (CITI)- Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI)- Textile Machinery Manufacturer’s Association (TMMA)- Denim Manufacturers Association- Indian Textile Accessories & Machinery Manufacturer’s Association (ITAMMA)- The Southern India Mills Association- The Millowner’s Association- Ahmedabad Textile Mills Association- Northern India Textile Mills Association- The Madhya Pradesh Textile Mills Association- The Rajasthan Textile Mills Association- The Cotton Textiles Export Promotion Council- Ahmedabad Textile Industry’s Research Association (Atira)- Bombay Textile Research Association (BTRA)- The South India Textile Research Association (SITRA)- Indian Spinner’s Association
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Technical Working Group (TWG)
- Rajaratna Mills P. Ltd. - Vardhman Textiles Limited- Precot Meridian Ltd- Sree Narasimha Textiles P Ltd.- Sri Gomathy Mills Private Ltd- Sri Mahasakthi Mills Limited- T T Limited- Thiagarajar Mills Ltd- K.P.R Mill Limited- SCM Textile Spinners- Welspun India Ltd.- S Kumar Ltd.- Kotak Ginning & Pressing Industries Ltd.- Arvind Mills- Trident Limited
Representatives of individual textile companies
- NSL Textiles Limited- Aarti International Limited- Nahar Industrial Enterprises Limited- RSWM Limited (LNJ Bhilwara Group)- Reliance Industries Limited- Sakku Spinning Mills Limited- Grasim Industries Ltd.- Raymond Luxury Cottons Ltd.- Indo Rama Synthetics (I) Ltd.- Mysore Silk Factory- Lakshmi Mills- JCT Mills- Bombay Dyeing- Alok Industries- BSL Limited
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Technical Working Group (TWG)
Non-Governmental Associations
- The Energy and Resource Institute (TERI)- Centre for Science and Environment (CSE)- Development Alternatives (DA)- Indian Environmental Society (IES)- World Wide Fund (WWF-India)- Shakti Sustainable Energy Foundation- Toxics Link- Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW)- Greenpeace, India
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Technical Working Group (TWG)
Regulatory bodies
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board- Maharashtra State Pollution Control Board- Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board- Punjab Pollution Control Board- Delhi Pollution Control Committee- Central Silk Board, Bangalore- National Jute Board, Kolkata- Karnataka Pollution Control Board- Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board- Rajasthan Pollution Control Board
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Technical Working Group (TWG)
Expert organisations
- National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT)- Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International School of Textiles and Management- Northern India Textile Research Association (NITRA)- The Synthetic & Art Silk Mills' Research Association (SASMIRA) - Man-Made Textiles Research Association (MANTRA)- Indian Jute Industries' Research Association (IJIRA)- Wool Research Association (WRA)- National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT)- Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi (IIT)
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1. Preparatory activities
2. Sensitisation workshop
3. Defining the scope and contents of BREF document
4. Data/information collection
5. 1st draft BREF document
6. Comments on 1st draft
7. 2nd draft BREF document
8. Comments on 2nd draft
9. Final draft BREF document
10. Review of the final draft BREF:
11. Approval of the BREF document
Key steps involved in preparing the BREF document for the Indian textile sector
see manual from Gujarat
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Define the scope
Disposal
(of the textiles)
Consumption
Manufacture of ready-made
clothing
Primary production of
natural and synthetic fibres
Wet processing(pretreatment, dyeing,
printing and finishing)
Production of yarns,
knittings and fabrics
Raw materials
A
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i
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W
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Stages up-stream to wetprocessing included?
Size of the installationsconsidered (large, medium, small, micro)?
Type of textile substrates(CO, CV, PES, PA, PAN, PUR, WO, SI, Jute …)
Make-ups (woven fabric, knitted fabric, yarn, loosefibre)
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Define the scope
Grouping of installations such as
- Large and medium TFI finishing mainly woven fabric consisting of CO andCO/PES blends (without printing)
- Large and medium TFI finishing mainly woven fabric consisting of CO andCO/PES blends (with printing)
- Large and medium TFI finishing mainly knitted fabric consisting of CO andCO/PES blends
- Small TFI finishing yarn mainly consisting of PES- TFI…….- TFI…….- TFI…….- TFI…….
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Coordinated data collection
Principles:- Site level- Process level- Consumption data for water, energy and chemicals- Emission data with detailed information how sampleshave been taken, which analysis methods were applied, were results averaged etc.
There is a manual available how to carry out data collection
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Site level: Annual massstream overview
1. Textile finishing
industry with a certain
sequence of defined
processes
2.2 Energy
2.3 Water
2.4 Chemicals/auxiliaries
Quantity [t/a]:
- dyestuffs and pigments:
- organic auxiliaries:
- basic chemicals:
- annual consumption [m3/a]:
- own wells/supply [%]:
- kind of pretreatment:................................
- oil [t/a]:
- coal [t/a]:
- gas [m3/a]:
- electricity [kWh/a]:
- steam generation [t/a]:
3.5 Wastewater
3.4 Solid waste
3.3 Off gas
Sources and quant. [t/a] of SO2, NOx, org.C, others:
- ...............................................................
- ...............................................................
- ...............................................................
Kind and quantities [t/a]:
- ....................................
- ....................................
- ....................................
- ....................................
- Quantity [m3/a]:
- Load [t/a] of COD: BOD5: AOX: Cu:
Ni: Cr: SS: Total-N: Total-P:
- Indirect/direct discharge:.................
- Separate cooling water discharge [Yes/no]:..... if yes [m3/a]:
2.1 Raw materials 3.1 Products
- year of reference:
- age of the site [a]:
- no. of employees:
- annual turnover
[ECU/a]:
- working days[d/a]:- nearest distance to the
neighbourhood [m]:
Kind and quantities [t/a]:
- Co: - PES:
- Co/PES: - PA:
- ................................
- ................................
- ................................
- ................................
Make-ups [%]
- fabrics:
- knitted material:
- yarn:
- floc:
Textile finishing industry - mass stream overview *
Kind and quant. [t/a]:
- ...........................
- ...........................
- ...........................
- ...........................
General infos
(* see also explanation sheet)
3.2 Waste heat
in[kWh/a]:- off gas:- wastewater:
- others:
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Cotton fabric finisherPerformance indicator Unit
INPUT
Substrate %
CO 97
Natural gas m3/yr 5166970 kWh/yr 58903458 18,0 kWh/kg
Calorific value kWh/l 11,4
Electricity kWh/yr 3506240 1,1 kWh/kg
Heating oil t/yr 22,4 kWh/yr 262080 0,1 kWh/kg
Calorific value kWh/l 11,7
Consumption of dyestuffs kg/yr 20664 6,3 g/kg
Consumption of organic auxiliaries kg/yr 833500 254 kg/kg
Consumption of basic chemicals kg/yr 1143400 349 kg/kg
OUTPUT
Production quantity t/yr 3280
t/d 14,5
Waste water flow m3/yr 715775 218 l/kg
Environmental performance indicators
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Number of the wet processing unit: Country-region-……… Tick and fill in as appropriate
Quantity of textiles processed t/yr All figures are on annual basis, e.g. for the last calendar year
2016 2017 2018
Textile substrates
Make-up (%): e.g. yarn (100%) m3/yr
Woven fabric %
Knitted fabric Trousers Surface water %
Yarn T-shirts Public supply %
Loose material Shirts Private network supply %
name others ………….. name other
Final Products Garments Home textiles Name others
Textile substrate (%) Process sequence(s)
CO (100%) Pre-treatment dyeing printing finishing
PES (100%) Desizing Exhaust Rotary Exhaust
CO/PES blends Scouring Semi-contin. Flat On stenter
CO/PUR Oxid. bleaching with H2O2 Contin. Inkjet Softening
WO (100%) Oxid. bleaching with NaOCl Reactive …………………. Easy care
WO/PAN blends Mercerisation Vat Pigment Water repell.
WO/PES blends Washing Sulphur Reactive ………………….
…………….. ………………….. Disperse Disperse …………………
…………….. ………………….. ………………… ……………….. …………………
Hazardous chemicals
no:… yes:…….
Wastewater treatment Direct discharge (DD) Indir. dischar. (IDE) m3/yr
Screen Neutralisation Equalisation Wastew. cooling Activat. sludge
Adsorpt. Oxidation (e.g. O3, NaOCl) Precipit./floccul. Membrane (UF) Membrane (RO)
Influent: COD BOD5 Total N
Achieved average conc. (mg/l): COD BOD5 Total N Total P
Ammonia Total Cr Total Cu Additional parameters………………………………………………………
Sludge t/yr % dry matter
Describe sludge disposal:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Other and addit. treatmen steps (incl. recycling):…………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Name of known chemicals and their annual input in kg/yr which are listed on the ZDHC MRSL or ZDHC Research list:
Confirmation available for all chemical products that they do not contain substances listed on the ZDHC MRSL:
Description of the
WWTP (in case of
DE or IDE):
Finishing ready-made
textiles
Wastewater flow
Sludge generation in the WWTP Sludge solid content
Effluent (dis-
charged wastew.):
Bore well (groundw.)
Water consumption
………………………….……
……………………………..……………………………………………………………….
Other one pageapproach
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Cotton/Polyester Fabric
Chamb 195°C
Chamb2 95°C
Steamer ca. 20 min,
110°C
Chamb 4 90°C
Chamb5
95°C
Big Squeezer
Chamb 6 60°C
HAC
Big Squeezer
Fabric : 30 X 30 (76 x 54) Cotton
Chamb 3 80°C
DIP SET 1
DIP SET 2
Steamer
ca. 22 min, 110°C
Chamb 7 95°C
Chamb 8 95°C
Chamb 9 95°C
Chamb 10 80°C
Chamb 11 Neutralization
Water Consumption: ca. 16 l/kg
Chemical Name ml/kg
Stabilizer 6
Caustic 12
Wetting agent 4
Sequesting Agent 2
Hydrogen Peroxide 26
Chemical Name ml/kg
Caustic 30
Wetting agent 2
Sequesting Agent 2
Big Squeezer
Sample Description pH TDS PVA COD TKN
Bleach # 1, Chamber 1 Drain7.00 8,400 610 34,500 1,500
Bleach # 1, Steamer 1 Drain12.40 18,280 100 8,000 810
Bleach # 1, Chamber 4 Drain12.50 11,480 65 16,800 900
Bleach #1, Chamber 7 Drain 11.5 1950 0 5740 190
Continuous Bleaching # 1
Process level
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37
Data inventory of textile auxiliaries, basic chemicals and dyestuffs –
improved forms available
Form 3 TFI: Year:
3. Textile auxiliaries for dyeing and printing
3.1 Dyestuff solubilizing and hydrophobic agents
3.2 Dispersing agents and protective colloids 3.11 Bonding agents for pigment dyeing and printing 3.20 Mordants
3.3 Dyeing wetting agents, deaeration agents 3.12 Printing thickeners 3.21 Brightening and stripping agents
3.4 Levelling agents 3.13 Emulsifiers for gasoline printing 3.22 Fibre-protective agents
3.5 Carriers 3.14 Agents to remove printing thickeners 3.23 pH-regulators, acid and alkali dispensers
3.6 Crease-preventing agents 3.15 Printing and edge adhesives
3.7 Dyestuff protecting agents, boildown protecting agents 3.16 Oxidizing agents
3.8 Padding auxiliaries 3.17 Reducing agents
3.9 Fixing accelerators for continuous dyeing and printing 3.18 Discharging agents and discharging assistants
3.10 Aftertreatment agents for fastness improvement 3.19 Resist agents
No. Commercial name Chemical characterisation Process, Danger Annual Biological degradation spec. COD- spec. BOD5- Heavy metal Org. halogen COD-load
application symbol consumption resp. elimination value value content content
[kg/a] [%] and testing method [mg O2/g] [mg O2/g] [mg/g] [mg/g] [kg O2/a]
3.16 Revatol S Gran. Nitobenzene sulfonic acid, Na-salt dyeing Xi 5.400 >90; OECD 302 B 0,990 5346
3.04 Alviron OG-BM fl. Formulation of surfactants and high-boiling
alcohols
dyeing --- 3.800 >80; after adaptation 0,760 2888
3.17 Cyclanon ARC Plv. Sulfinic acid derivative and dispersing agent dyeing Xi 3.650 20-70; OECD
Confirmatory
0,335 1223
3.02 Lamepon UV fl. Polysaccharide dyeing --- 2.500 >70; OECD 302 B 0,350 875
3.04 Drimagen E2R fl. Aromatic polyether sulfonate dyeing Xi 1.300 46; OECD 302B 0,616 801
3.23 Sandacid PBD fl. Aliphatic carbonic acid derivative dyeing --- 1.250 80; OECD 302 B 0,309 386
3.04 Peregal P fl. Polyamidoamine dyeing --- 850 >70; OECD Confirmatory 0,430 366
3.23. Egasol 910 Plv Mixture of organic and inorganic salts dyeing Xi 620 --- ---
3.10 Indosol E-50 fl. Aliphatic polyamine dyeing --- 480 89; OECD 302 B 0,420 202
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Chapter 4 provides a lot of information on each Technique:
• Technical description
• Achieved environmental benefits
• Environmental performance and operational data
• Cross-media effects
• Technical considerations relevant to applicability
• Economics
• Driving force for implementation
• Example plants
• Reference literature
Description of more environmentally-friendly techniques
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Bath 1 83.5 °C
Bath 2 91.4 °C
Bath 3 82.0 °C
steamer102 °C
scouringliquor
Bath 1 81.5 °C
Bath 2 79.5 °C
Big squeezer
Bath 3 83.1 °C
Bath 4 82.0 °C
Securon AN Ruco Acid
Freshwater consumption: ca. 2.5 l/kg
steamer102 °C
ww fromdesizing
Bath 2 81.2 °C
Bath 4 79.8 °CBath 1
86.0 C
Bath 5 75.3 °C
ww frombleaching
and scouringwashing waterfrom merceri-
sation
hot freshwater
Legend:
fabric
water
waste water (ww)
Improvement of continuous pre-treatment of woven cotton fabric
Example
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40
Wastewater from desizing
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The objective of this new project on BAT is the ‘development of a
BREF/COINDS Document for the textile industry covering the Best Available Techniques adapted to the Indian context’.
Basic approach
New project in India on best available techniques (BAT)
supported by the German Agency for Technical Cooperation
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Look for frontrunners in a certain sector
Selection procedure and justification of BAT -Frontrunner approach – well/best performing plants
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Frontrunner approach
Study and describe the front-runner technique
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Followers of the frontrunner techniques
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Bath 1 83.5 °C
Bath 2 91.4 °C
Bath 3 82.0 °C
steamer102 °C
scouringliquor
Bath 1 81.5 °C
Bath 2 79.5 °C
Big squeezer
Bath 3 83.1 °C
Bath 4 82.0 °C
Securon AN Ruco Acid
Freshwater consumption: ca. 2.5 l/kg
steamer102 °C
ww fromdesizing
Bath 2 81.2 °C
Bath 4 79.8 °CBath 1
86.0 C
Bath 5 75.3 °C
ww frombleaching
and scouringwashing waterfrom merceri-
sation
hot freshwater
Legend:
fabric
water
waste water (ww)
Improvement of continuous pre-treatment of woven cotton fabric
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46
Wastewater from desizing
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47
Wastewater from desizing
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Anaerobic pre-treatment of desizing liquors
Calculation with 8 % starch and 2 % PVA and a water
consumption for desizing of 4 l/kg
80 g COD/kg from starch
34 g COD/kg from PVA
Calculated COD concentration of desizing liquor: 28,000 mg/l
Measured: 29,200 mg/l
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49
Comparison: Aerobic and Anaerobic Processes
Carbon (mainly CH4 and CO2) in biogas90 – 95 %
Organic carbon in raw waste water
100 %
Residual organic carbonin excess sludge
1 - 5 %Residual organic carbon in treated waste water
1 - 5 %
Carbon balance of the anaerobic biodegradation oforganic compounds
.
.
Carbon in CO2 formedca. 50 %
Organic carbon in raw waste water
100 %
Organic carbon in biomass (sludge) formed
ca. 50 %
Residual organic carbon in treated waste water
ca. 1 %
Carbon balance of the aerobic biodegradation in an acticated sludge system
.
.
Aerobic
process
Anaerobic
process
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Chapter 4 provides a lot of information on each Technique:
• Technical description
• Achieved environmental benefits
• Environmental performance and operational data
• Cross-media effects
• Technical considerations relevant to applicability
• Economics
• Driving force for implementation
• Example plants
• Reference literature
Description of more environmentally-friendly techniques
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Example of a technique which needs to be described because it isexisting at industrial scale (it is available) but which may not be BAT for the textile sector as a whole as it is not economically viable forthe whole sector
Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) plants
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TFI near Tirupur, Tamil Nadu
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TFI nearTirupur
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ZLD Plant
TFI near Tirupur
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Wet processing of cotton knitwear and CO/lycra blended knitwear
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Segregation ofwastewater streams
at the exhaust dyeingmachines
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Layout of the ZLD (IETP)
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Layout of the zero liquid discharge effluent treatment plant
1. Equalisation2. Neutralisisation3. Flocculation/precipitation (taken out of operation in order to reduce sludge quanity as
the efficiency of the plant is not reduced by doing so)4. Activated sludge system with fine bubble aeration at low food-to-microorganism ratio
(< 0.15 kg BOD5/kg MLSS x d)5. De-colourisation with elemental chlorine (comment: should be avoided as toxic by-
products are formed – better to use ozone)6. Sand filtration7. Ultrafiltration (to remove all particles and colloids in order to protect the subsequent
reverse osmosis plant)8. 3-stage reverse osmosis plant (equipped with cartridge filters for additional protection)9. 4-stage multiple effect evaporator10. Chiller to cristallize sodium sulphate for re-use11. Flash dryer to obtain a solid (maximum pasty) residue to be stored without access to
rain water
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Equalisation tanks
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Activated sludge tank
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Chlorination to de-colourise
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Microfiltration, ultrafiltration and 3-stage reverse osmosis
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Multiple effect evaporator
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Recovered glauber salt
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Storage of salty residue (salt and recalcitrant organic compounds)
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ETP feed RO I Feed RO I permeate RO III reject MEE I reject
Clean glauber salt
Evapor. condens.
Salt reject
Water samples from different stages of effluent treatment
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Chapter 4 provides a lot of information on each Technique:
• Technical description
• Achieved environmental benefits
• Environmental performance and operational data
• Cross-media effects
• Technical considerations relevant to applicability
• Economics
• Driving force for implementation
• Example plants
• Reference literature
Description of more environmentally-friendly techniques
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Let‘s share a
dream
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To convert rivers like theNoyyal River in Tirupur….
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…. or this
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... into clear, healthy rivers ...
Benzene
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72
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73
Thank you very much