Breeding Staple Crops

A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org

Breeding Staple Crops

R. Asiedu

A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.orgwww.iita.orgA member of CGIAR consortium

IITA’s Strategic Research for Development Goals

1. Increase major staple food crop (cassava, yam, maize, banana/plantain, soybean, and cowpea) yields by 60% 2. Increase average farm income by 50%, lifting 25% of poor households above the poverty line (over 11 million Africans)

3. Reduce the number of malnourished children by 30%

4. Restore 40% of farms to sustainable resource management (revitalizing over 7.5 million hectares of degrading farmlands)

R4D Goals


http://genebank.iita.org/

International collections of major food crops in Africa

Crop Number of accessions

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) 15379Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) 4841Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) 3499

Yam (Dioscorea spp.) 3170Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc) 1752

Maize (Zea mays L.) 1565Miscellaneous legumes 558Wild Vigna (Vigna species L.) 1543Banana/plantain (Musa spp.) 546African yam bean [Sphenostylis stenocarpa (Hochst.) Harms]

456

http://genebank.iita.org/


Descriptors for Germplasm Characterization

Website: http://cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=387&Itemid=547&lang=english

http://cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=387&Itemid=547&lang=english




Microscopic chromosome images at different stages in a cell division cycle of TDr 95/185441: Interphase, 2: Prophase, 3: Metaphase, 4: Anaphase, 5: Telophase

1 2

4 5

31 2

4 5

3

Ploidy determination

Source: Vroh, 2008

DNA flow cytometry is used to overcome some of the challenges of chromosome counting

• the method is non-destructive, rapid, sensitive and convenient

• does not require dividing cells


Genetic diversity tree of 342 yam accessions from the core collection basedon SSR data using unweighted neighbour- joining analysis

D. alata (red)D. bulbifera (purple)D. cayenensis (yellow)D. dumetorum (ash)D. esculenta (blue)D. rotundata (green)

-Results generally consistent withestablished taxonomical relationships

-High level of genetic variation in coregermplasm

Source: Kolesnikova & Vroh, 2008


Key traits:

Early maturityHigh promiscuous nodulationResistance to rust, leaf spot and bacterial pustuleHigh grain and fodder yieldShattering resistanceGood seed storability

Soybean


Key traits:

High grain yieldDrought toleranceAdaptation to sub-optimal soil nitrogenTolerance to lodgingResistance to major foliar diseases and maize streak virusMaturity (late, medium, early, or extra early)Tolerance to Striga hermonthicaResistance to stem borers (Sesamia calamistis and

Eldana sacharina)High pro-vitamin A content High lysine and tryptophan contentsResistance to aflatoxin contamination

Maize


Key traits:

High and stable root yield High root dry matter (starch) contentDrought toleranceHigh root pro-vitamin A contentEarly maturityLow cyanogenic potential of rootsDisease resistance (cassava mosaic, anthracnose,

bacterial blight)

Cassava


Breeding for Increased Nutrient Density – HarvestPlus Project


Product Delivery Schedule

Target products

Target pro-vitamin A content (µg/g) Planned year

of release

1st Generation

6–8 µg/g (40–60% target increase) 2012

2nd Generation

8–12 µg/g (60–80% target increase) 2015

3rd Generation

≥15 µg/g (≥100% target increase) 2017-2018


Mean pro-vitamin A

Mean pro-vitamin A

Mean grain yield

Mean grain yield

2009 2011 2010 2011 Hybrids (μg/g) (μg/g) (kg/ha) (kg/ha) Ife maizehyb-3 8.8 7.2 5440 5744 Ife maizehyb-4 8.1 7.4 5121 5198 Oba Super 2 (CH) 5.3 3.5 4636 4867 Mean 5.8 5.2 5026 4889 LSD(0.05) 0.7 1.0 1093 673 CV 13 16 15 16

Mean pro-vitamin A content and grain yields of hybrids released in Nigeria in 2012.

Regional trials: Sources of Vitamin A rich hybrids for release


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Grain yield (t/ha)

Prov

itam

in A

(μg/

g)

Promising OPVs Common OPV

2.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.0

10.011.012.0

2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.8 5.2Grain yield (t/ha)

Prov

itam

in A

(μg/

g)

Promising Hybrids Commercial Hybrid

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9.0

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2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4

Grain yield (t/ha)

Prov

itam

in A

(μg/

g)


2.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.0

10.011.012.0

2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.8 5.2Grain yield (t/ha)

Prov

itam

in A

(μg/

g)


2.0

3.0

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5.0

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10.0

2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4

Grain yield (t/ha)

Prov

itam

in A

(μg/

g)


2.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.0

10.011.012.0

2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.8 5.2Grain yield (t/ha)

Prov

itam

in A

(μg/

g)


2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4

Grain yield (t/ha)

Prov

itam

in A

(μg/

g)


2.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.0

10.011.012.0

2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.8 5.2Grain yield (t/ha)

Prov

itam

in A

(μg/

g)


Provitamin A content and agronomic performance of promising OPVs and hybrids included in regional trials

Regional Trials: Channelling promising provitamin A enriched OPVs and hybrids to partners for testing


Genetic Gains in Grain Yield- DTMA Project


Grain yield (kg ha-1) of three breeding eras of early maize cultivars evaluated under multiple stress and non stress environments in Benin, Ghana, and Nigeria, 2010 and 2011.

EnvironmentEra % Genetic

gain Era-11 (1988-2000)15 cvs

2 (2001-2006)16 cvs

3 (2007-2010)19 cvs

Multistress (16 env)

2176 2286 2606 11.16

Non-stress (35 env)

3398 3615 3957 9.02

Mean 2760 2909 3207 8.88


Grain yield (kg ha-1) of three breeding eras of extra-early maize cultivars under multiple stress and non stress environments in Nigeria, 2013.

Era% Genetic gain Era-1

Environment

1 (1995-2000)

2 (2001-2006) 3 (2007-2012)

12 cvs 19 cvs 25 cvsMultistress (11 env)

1786 1989 2248 15.2

Non-stress (16 env)

2714 2976 3354 13.9

Mean 2250 2483 2802 11.2


Released early and extra-early maize hybrids and OPVs in DTMA Partner Countries, 2007-2015.

Country Number of varieties released

Number of hybrids released

Year of release

Institution Total

Benin 6 0 2007-2015 INRAB/IITA 6

Ghana 5 2 2010-2012 CRI/SARI/IITA 7

Mali 2 7 2009-2014 IER/IITA 9

Nigeria 6 4 2009-2013 IAR/IAR&T/IITA 10

Total 19 13 2007-2014 32


Two extra-early maturing (80-85 days to maturity) white hybrids released in Nigeria in 2013 in collaboration with IAR&T

Ife Hybrid 5 and Ife Hybrid 6 combine drought and low N tolerance with Striga resistance.

Will contribute to more stable maize production in in the face of increasingly unpredictable rainfall.

Striga tolerant versus susceptible hybrids

Drought tolerant versus susceptible hybrids


Impact of Soybean RustImpact of Soybean Rust

10 g seeds = 196 (D), 89 (H)

0 7

1418

• Premature defoliation

• 60-80% grain yield loss

• Seed size reduced

• HPR ideal for African farmers

Source: Bandyopahyay, 2010


Resistant SusceptibleRust Resistance Evaluation in Checkerboard Design

Source: Bandyopahyay, 2010


Attacks flowers and pods of various legumes, up to 80% yield loss

An old enemy: the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata


Severely affected roots are unfit for any use

Cassava Brown Streak Disease

Breeding Staple Crops

Government & Nonprofit

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