Breast Cancer Clinical Landscape and Recent TrendsOctober is breast cancer awareness month. Since...
Transcript of Breast Cancer Clinical Landscape and Recent TrendsOctober is breast cancer awareness month. Since...
Breast Cancer Clinical Landscape and Recent Trends
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2 / November 2019 © Informa UK Ltd 2019 (Unauthorized photocopying prohibited.)
Two key oncology conferences and one public awareness campaign, all held during the last quarter of every year, remind us about the importance of clinical research in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer, the second most common cancer worldwide in terms of new cases and the fifth leading cause of cancer mortality as of 2018 for both genders, according to the Global Cancer Observatory1. In women alone, it is the leading type of cancer for both incidence and mortality1. First, the European Society for Medical Oncology’s (ESMO) congress is held every year in October. According to the organizers, “the ESMO Congress is the appointment in Europe for clinicians, researchers, patient advocates, journalists and the pharmaceutical industry from all over the world to get together, learn about the latest advances in oncology and translate science into better cancer patient care.”2 Second, October is breast cancer awareness month. Since the incep tion of the breast cancer awareness ribbon by the Susan G. Komen foundation in 19823 and the establishment of October as the
commemorative month in 19854, many different types of organizations work together to increase global awareness of breast cancer, educate the public about early detection and prevention, and raise funds for clinical research. Third, the internationally recognized San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium (SABCS) is held every year in mid-December. This symposium provides “state-of-the-art information on the experimental biology, etiology, prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of breast cancer and premalignant breast disease”5. In honor of these events, we chose to highlight the progress in clinical research for prevention and treatment of breast cancer treatments by reporting on current approved and late-stage drugs and therapies, highlights of clinical data reported at ESMO and expected at SABCS, along with the clinical trial landscape from January 2014 to June 2019. Featured are trends related to immuno-oncology, sponsor involvement, geographical distribution, and molecular subtype enrollment.
Introduction
1. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A (2018) Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin, 68(6), 394–424. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.21492 [Accessed 10 September 2019]2. https://www.esmo.org/Conferences/ESMO-Congress-2019 [Accessed 10 September 2019]3. https://ww5.komen.org/uploadedfiles/content_binaries/the_pink_ribbon_story.pdf [Accessed 10 September 2019]4. https://breastcancerconsortium.net/brief-history-breast-cancer-awareness-month/ [Accessed 10 September 2019]5. https://www.sabcs.org/2019-SABCS [Accessed 16 October 2019]
Rachel Meighan-Mantha, Principal Analyst, CitelineAngela Weidner, Associate Director, Citeline
November 2019 / 3© Informa UK Ltd 2019 (Unauthorized photocopying prohibited.)
Drugs and therapies that are either currently approved for breast cancer (106) or currently in late-stage clinical development for breast cancer (45) were compared for differences in therapeutic class and target. The top five therapeutic classes for both groups of drugs included the same four therapeutic classes: Anticancer, hormonal; Anticancer, immunological; Anticancer, other; and Biosimilar. These two groups differed in that
Anticancer, antibiotic was one of the top five classes for approved drugs while Antibody-drug conjugate was included for late-stage drugs. In addition, the therapeutic classes Anticancer, immunological; Anticancer, other; and Biosimilar were associated with a greater percentage of late-state drugs, while Anticancer, hormonal was associated with a greater percentage of approved drugs. (Figures 1, 2)
Drugs
Figure 1: Therapeutic class – approved drugs
Source: Pharmaprojects®, October 2019
Anticancer, hormonal, 2
Figure 2: Therapeutic class – late-stage drugs
Anticancer, other, 38
Anticancer, other, 21Anticancer, immunological, 28
Anticancer, immunological, 22
Anticancer, antibiotic, 10
Biosimilar, 19 Antibody-drug conjugate, 4
Biosimilar, 12
Anticancer, hormonal, 19
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Other differences between approved and late-stage breast cancer drugs can be found in the targets of these groups. Shown are all the targets in late-stage drugs that are not targets in approved drugs. Some of these targets are for drugs already approved in another indication but not yet approved in breast cancer. However,
four targets are associated with drugs not yet approved in any cancer indication (highlighted in Table 1) – AKT1 (PKB) for capivasertib and ipatasertib, ABCB1 for paclitaxel + HM30181A (Oraxol), RPS6KB1 for capivasertib, and TACSTD2 (TROP2) for sacituzumab govitecan.
Other differences between approved and late-stage breast cancer drugs can be found in the targets of these groups. Shown are all the targets in late-stage drugs that are not targets in approved drugs. Some of these targets are for drugs already approved in another indication but not yet approved in breast cancer. However,
four targets are associated with drugs not yet approved in any cancer indication (highlighted in Table 1) – AKT1 (PKB) for capivasertib and ipatasertib, ABCB1 for paclitaxel + HM30181A (Oraxol), RPS6KB1 for capivasertib, and TACSTD2 (TROP2) for sacituzumab govitecan.
Table 1: New targets in late-stage drugs
Source: Pharmaprojects®, October 2019
Target Name Target SymbolAKT serine/threonine kinase 1 AKT1 (PKB)ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1 ABCB1C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 CXCR4cytochrome P450 family 17 subfamily A member 1 CYP17A1fms related tyrosine kinase 4 FLT4 (VEGFR3)histone deacetylase 1 HD1 (HDAC1)histone deacetylase 10 HDAC10 (HD10)kinase insert domain receptor KDR (VEGFR2)platelet derived growth factor subunit B PDGFBprogrammed cell death 1 PDCD1 (PD1)raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase RAF1ret proto-oncogene RETribosomal protein S6 kinase B1 RPS6KB1tumor associated calcium signal transducer 2 TACSTD2 (TROP2)
November 2019 / 5© Informa UK Ltd 2019 (Unauthorized photocopying prohibited.)
Verzenio
Keytruda
G1T48
HLX02
Ibrance
Kadcyla
Kisqali
onvanse
rtib
Oraxo
l
SFX-01
Tecentri
q
trilacic
lib
3
2
1
0Num
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of T
rial
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Key breast cancer trial data were presented on 12 different compounds at the 2019 ESMO Congress (Figure 3). Three separate trials on Verzenio (abemaciclib) were presented, including topline data on the Phase II monarcHER trial, a randomized, multicenter, three-arm, open-label study to compare the efficacy of abemaciclib plus trastuzumab with or without fulvestrant to standard-of-care chemotherapy of physician’s choice plus trastuzumab in women with hormone receptor positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive (HER2+) locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer. This trial met its primary endpoint of improved progression-free
survival in the intent-to-treat population for abemaciclib plus trastuzumab and fulvestrant over trastuzumab plus chemotherapy (HR, 0.673; p=0.0253; 8.3 vs 5.7 mo). Topline results were also presented for the dose-escalation portion of a Phase I/II study of G1T48, an oral selective estrogen receptor degrader, in women with estrogen receptor positive (ER+), HER2 negative (HER2-) advanced breast cancer. G1T48 was shown to be well tolerated with no dose-limiting toxicities reported. Early efficacy and pharmacokinetic data are also encouraging and support continued treatment on this protocol.
Biomedtracker expects updated trial results to be presented for five separate drugs at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, which will take place in December 2019. These include Perjeta, DS-8201, Oraxol, Bria-IMT, and TAVO (data not shown). Arguably the most high-profile data will
belong to the ongoing KEYNOTE-890 trial, a Phase II open-label study of intratumoral tavokinogene telseplasmid plus electroporation in combination with IV pembrolizumab therapy in patients with inoperable locally advanced or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer.
Key Data Reported
Figure 3: Trial data reported at ESMO 2019
Biomedtracker®, October 2019
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Almost 1,500 breast cancer trials have been initiated worldwide since January 2014. Among these, Phase II trials continue to be the most frequently initiated phase, regardless of whether supportive care and Phase I basket trials in multiple solid tumor types were included (data not shown) or excluded as in this analysis. There are more Phase II trials than Phase I, I/II, and III combined over 2014–17, although 2018 saw notable increases in both Phase I and III trials as
multiple new programs were either initiated or reached a pivotal stage (Figure 4). As expected, trials enrolling just female patients comprised most breast cancer trials initiated since 2014 (60–73%) (data not shown). However, although the number of trials that enroll just one gender type has remained relatively steady since 2014, trials that enroll both female and male patients have risen steadily from 27% in 2014 to 39% of the total in 2018 (data not shown).
Clinical Trial Landscape
Source: Trialtrove®, July 2019
Figure 4: Trial phase
150
125
100
85
50
25
0
Tria
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2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
I I/II II III
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In 2014, very few breast cancer trials were initiated that evaluated an immuno-oncology (IO) drug. However, starting in 2015, the number of IO trial initiations almost tripled, and this rate of trial initiations has continued to rise in subsequent years. Judging by the number of IO trials initiated in the first half of 2019, the total number of IO trials initiated for all of 2019 could be 14-fold higher than those initiated in 2014.
Also, of interest, is that the types of IO trials have expanded beyond just monotherapy and IO combinations with cytotoxic and targeted drugs. Since 2015, trials evaluating combinations with other IO drugs, hormonal drugs, radiotherapy, and a wide variety of other drugs (categorized as “Other” in this analysis) have become more prevalent (Figure 5).
Immuno-Oncology
Source: Trialtrove®, July 2019
Figure 5: Immuno-oncology breast cancer trials
2019 H1
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
Monotherapy IO/Cytotoxic IO/IO IO/Hormonal IO/Other IO/Radiotherapy IO/Targeted
5
15
8
7
9
4
18
36
31
16
10
2
11
17
7
6
1
3
7
9
2
1
2
5
1
2
1
5
3
9
2
1
18
22
19
6
2
3
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Source: Trialtrove®, July 2019
I I/II II III
Not only has the number of IO trial initiations and types of IO combinations changed since 2014, the distribution by trial design has changed as well. In 2014, monotherapy IO trials accounted for 45% of the total, while IO combination trials with either targeted or cytotoxic drugs accounted for 55% of the total. In contrast, monotherapy trials initiated in H1 2019 accounted for only 8% of the total, while the remainder of the IO trials in H1 2019 evaluated six different types of IO combinations. IO/Cytotoxic and IO/Targeted still comprised most of the IO combination trials initiated in 2014 to H1 2019, but the total number of trials
evaluating the other four types of IO combinations increasingly represented a larger share of the IO total. This progressive increase in the number of IO trials and expansion of IO combination types is encouraging, because most types of breast cancers are considered immunologically cold6. It is hopeful that not only will these IO drugs in combinations with other types of drugs boost the immune response in patients, but also that radiation will elicit an abscopal effect when administered in combination with an IO drug as a mechanism for further boosting the immune response in patients7.
6. https://www.ascopost.com/issues/february-10-2019/turning-cold-tumors-into-hot-ones/ [Accessed 12 September 2019]7. https://www.ascopost.com/issues/november-25-2018/the-abscopal-effect-a-reemerging-field-of-interest/ [Accessed 12 September 2019]
In trials initiated since January 2014, sponsors/collaborators conducting breast cancer trials were most likely to be either an academic-affiliated organization or from industry; this includes trials that had just one or multiple sponsor/collaborator
types. Most Phase I, I/II, and III trials were conducted by industry, while academic-affiliated organizations conducted the most Phase II trials (Figure 6).
Sponsors/Collaborators
Figure 6: Sponsor/collaborator type
Industry
Government
Cooperative Group
Academic
0 100 300200
Trial Count
400 500
November 2019 / 9© Informa UK Ltd 2019 (Unauthorized photocopying prohibited.)
Specifically, the top five industry sponsors/collaborators of these breast cancer trials have consistently comprised three key companies. Roche, AstraZeneca, and Pfizer have been among the top five every year since 2014, while Novartis
was part of this group until H1 2019. Merck & Co became one of the top five starting in 2016, while Hengrui became one in H1 2019. Eli Lilly and Eisai were among the top five only in 2014 and 2015, respectively (Figure 7).
Because of the importance of IO drugs/therapies in the treatment of other solid tumors and hematologic malignancies and as demonstrated earlier in this analysis, IO drugs/therapies are increasingly becoming an integral part of the treatment regimens for breast cancer. In 2014, only two among the top five industry sponsors/collaborators had initiated an IO trial in breast
cancer (denoted by the open squares in Figure 7). By 2018, all top industry sponsors/collaborators had initiated at least one breast cancer trial evaluating an IO drug or therapy. In total, 21 different industry sponsors/collaborators have initiated breast cancer trials evaluating a primary IO drug or therapy since January 2014 (data not shown).
Figure 7: Industry sponsors/collaborators
Source: Trialtrove®, July 2019
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 H1
23
22
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6
24
13
10
7
6
17
14
12
10
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AstraZeneca Eli Lilly HengruiEisai
Merck & Co. Pfizer RocheNovartis
10 / November 2019 © Informa UK Ltd 2019 (Unauthorized photocopying prohibited.)
Source: Trialtrove®, July 2019
Reflecting the inclusion of a Chinese company, Hengrui, among the top five industry sponsors/collaborators for the first half of 2019, Asia and North America have traded places twice during 2014–18 as the geographical region where most
breast cancer trials were initiated. Also notable is the trend towards declining involvement of Europe in initiating breast cancer trials over the same time period (Figure 8).
Figure 8: Geographical regions
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2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Africa Americas Australia/OceaniaAsia Europe Western Asia/Middle East
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This set of breast cancer trials was curated for patient subpopulations commonly used in determining the course of breast cancer treatment, both by line of therapy and by molecular subtype. Six lines of therapy and six molecular subtypes were included in this analysis. Across all phases, HER2- and ER+ patients were most likely to be enrolled in trials initiated since
2014 (data not shown). In addition, patients with these two molecular subtypes were most often enrolled for trials evaluating patients across all lines of therapy. In total, the second-line patient segment was the most commonly investigated treatment setting in clinical trials, ahead of adjuvant treatment (Figure 9).
Molecular Subtypes
Source: Trialtrove®, July 2019
Figure 9: Molecular subtypes – line of therapy
Third line
Second line
Neoadjuvant
Fourth line or greater
First line
Adjuvant
Estrogen receptor positive HER2 negative
HER2 positive Hormone receptor positive/HER2 negative
Progesterone receptor positive Triple receptor negative
0 500 1000 1500
Trial count
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Beyond a general analysis by trial phase, start year, and line of therapy, enrollment metrics were also analyzed within trials enrolling patients with these six molecular subtypes across three major geographical regions (Americas, Asia, and Europe). Comparisons were made in the average actual enrollments for Phase I–III closed, completed, and terminated trials, and for average enrollment durations and rates for just closed or completed Phase II–III breast cancer trials. Early-stage trials (Phase I and I/II) were not included for the average enrollment duration and rate analysis, as these groups consistently had fewer than 10 trials only in breast cancer with actual enrollment data.
For all three geographical regions and across all
six molecular subtypes for early-stage Phase I and I/II trials, average actual enrollments were highest in Asia with one exception. Average actual enrollment for Phase I HER2+ patients was highest in Europe. Similarly, in Phase II trials, enrollment was consistently highest in just one region – Europe – across all six molecular subtypes. However, in Phase III trials, the highest average actual enrollments differed by geographical region according to molecular subtype. The Americas had the highest average for HER2+ trials, Asia had the highest averages for ER+, HR+/HER2-, and progesterone receptor positive (PR+) trials, while Europe had the highest averages for HER2- and triple receptor negative (TRN) trials (Table 2).
Enrollment Metrics
Source: Trialtrove®, July 2019
Table 2: Average actual enrollment (months)
Trial Phase I I/II II III
Molecular Subtype Americas Asia Europe Americas Asia Europe Americas Asia Europe Americas Asia Europe
Estrogen receptor positive
44.7 85.7 64.4 37.2 164.0 93.5 105.5 119.8 132.9 492.5 558.1 513.5
HER2 negative 44.0 89.5 58.8 55.5 95.0 78.3 92.2 104.5 131.1 932.8 955.1 985.0
HER2 positive 17.3 22.0 23.8 17.3 68.0 58.0 105.4 100.3 206.7 670.4 458.9 553.2
Hormone receptor positive/HER2 negative
50.9 97.0 64.4 51.7 164.0 93.5 115.0 137.7 140.0 1045.4 1130.8 1120.1
Proges-terone receptor positive
14.6 44.1 40.2 50.0 164.0 89.5 115.3 121.6 133.3 969.2 1141.1 1025.0
Triple receptor negative
16.7 69.3 35.2 49.7 60.5 31.3 78.0 68.8 127.0 984.7 920.5 1012.5
November 2019 / 13© Informa UK Ltd 2019 (Unauthorized photocopying prohibited.)
Similarly, just one region had the lowest average actual enrollment duration for each phase. Asia was lowest for all molecular subtypes in Phase
II trials, while the Americas had the lowest enrollment durations for Phase III trials (Table 3).
However, the average actual enrollment rates differed among these three geographical regions according to molecular subtype. In Phase II trials, Asia had much higher rates than the other two regions in trials enrolling HER2- and TRN patients. Europe had the highest rate for trials enrolling HER2+ patients, but it had the lowest rates for trials enrolling the other five molecular
subtypes. The Americas had neither the highest nor the lowest rates for trials enrolling any of the molecular subtypes in Phase II trials. In Phase III trials, these three regions tied in their average actual enrollment rates for four of the six molecular subtypes. Asia was slightly higher for trials enrolling HER2+ and PR+ patients (Table 4).
Source: Trialtrove®, July 2019
Source: Trialtrove®, July 2019
Table 3: Average actual enrollment duration (months)
Table 4: Average actual enrollment rates (patients/site/month)
Trial Phase II III
Molecular Subtype Americas Asia Europe Americas Asia Europe
Estrogen receptor positive 26.4 22.2 25.6 24.9 26.4 25.3
HER2 negative 26.7 22.8 26.4 25.9 27.1 26.7
HER2 positive 28.4 17.9 21.8 19.2 19.6 21.6
Hormone receptor positive/HER2 negative 25.6 22.3 26.5 26.3 27.4 26.9
Progesterone receptor positive 25.2 21.7 23.4 25.4 26.8 26.1
Triple receptor negative 30.7 24.0 25.5 24.6 24.8 25.6
Trial Phase II III
Molecular Subtype Americas Asia Europe Americas Asia Europe
Estrogen receptor positive 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
HER2 negative 0.4 1.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
HER2 positive 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.3
Hormone receptor positive/HER2 negative 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2
Progesterone receptor positive 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2
Triple receptor negative 0.4 1.5 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3
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These trends for Asian enrollment metrics are reflective of the predominance of Asia in breast cancer epidemiological data as reported by the Global Cancer Observatory. Asia had the highest
incidence rates in 2018, with 43.6% of new cases occurring in Asia. Additionally, Asia had the highest level of mortality and prevalence, at 49.6% and 38.2%, respectively8 (Figure 10).
Source: Global Cancer Observatory, September 2019
Figure 10: Epidemiology data for breast cancer
8. https://gco.iarc.fr/today/online-analysis-pie?v=2018&mode=population&mode_population=continents&population=900&populations=900&key=total&sex=2&cancer=20&type=0&statistic=5&prevalence=0&population_group=0&ages_group%5B%5D=0&ages_group%5B%5D=17&nb_items=7&group_cancer=1&include_nmsc=1&include_nmsc_other=1&half_pie=0&donut=0&population_group_globocan_id= [Accessed 12 September 2019].
As noted with the clinical trial and drug data presented in this publication, an influx of immuno-oncology drugs, evaluated in progressively diverse combinations, as well as more targeted therapies, which include novel targets, is expected to change the treatment paradigm for specific patie nt populations within breast cancer. In addition, the expectation is that breast cancer trials will
increasingly be conducted in Asian countries, as reflected over the past five years by the overall increase in trial initiations in this geographical region, along with competitive enrollment benchmark data. Finally, the steady rise in the number of trials enrolling both genders reflects the awareness that breast cancer can afflict all adults.
Conclusions
Total: 2 088 849
Estimated number of new cases in 2018, breast, all ages
Asia911 014
Europe522 513
North America262 347
Latin America & the Carribean
199 734
Africa168 690
Oceania24 551
Total: 6 875 099 Total: 626 679
Estimated number of prevalent cases (5-year) in 2018, breast, all ages
Estimated number of deaths in 2018, breast, all ages
Asia2 623 745 Asia
310 577
Europe2 054 887
Europe137 707
North America1 102 533
North America74 072
Latin America & the Carribean
624 902
Latin America & the Carribean
52 558
Africa370 015
Africa46 963
Oceania99 017
Oceania4 802
November 2019 / 15© Informa UK Ltd 2019 (Unauthorized photocopying prohibited.)
Unless otherwise noted, data were retrieved from Trialtrove® and Pharmaprojects®, Informa Pharma Intelligence, 2019.
Breast cancer trials (1,494), initiated from 1 January 2014 to 30 June 2019, were included in this analysis. Excluded were supportive care trials or trials with multiple tumor types, unless they were adaptive basket or umbrella trials that included breast cancer. Most trials were conducted by more than one sponsor/collaborator type, in more than one trial region, and enrolled patients with multiple molecular subtypes.
Trial count ranges used to calculate averages for molecular subtype accrual, enrollment duration,
and enrollment rates:- Average Actual Accrual: Phase I (9*–96), Phase
I/II (4*–66), Phase II (42–185), and Phase III (21–73) [*HER2 positive Europe]
- Average Actual Enrollment Duration and Rate: Phase II (9**–48) and Phase III (9***–25) [**HER2 positive Asia; ***HER2 positive Americas and Triple receptor negative Americas]
Approved drugs had a disease status of Registered or Launched in Pharmaprojects for breast cancer. Late-stage clinical development included drugs with a disease status of Phase III or Pre-registration in Pharmaprojects for breast cancer.
Rachel Meighan-Mantha, Principal Analyst, CitelineRachel is a Principal Analyst on Citeline’s editorial oncology team and has managed database enhancement projects such line-of-therapy segmentation, pharmacogenomic biomarker stratification, patient molecular subtype segmentation and immuno-oncology trial identification. Rachel has also participated in many oncology-related consulting projects involving enrollment benchmarking, primary endpoint analyses, progression of clinical development and competitive landscape analyses for several top 20 pharmaceutical clients. Prior to joining Informa/Citeline, Rachel held positions at Covance as an Associate Scientist in Genetic and Molecular Toxicology and as a Research Fellow at the Lombardi Cancer Center and at American Red Cross’ Holland Laboratory. Rachel has published in peer-reviewed journals and in the areas of breast cancer trends, immuno-oncology combinations, epigenetic oncology clinical landscape, Asian cancers, immunotherapies and repurposing of drugs in oncology
for industry/marketing publications. Rachel holds a BA in Biology from Taylor University and a PhD in Cell and Molecular Biology from Boston University.
Angela Weidner, Associate Director, CitelineAngela currently works as an Associate Director for Trialtrove, supporting clinical trial intelligence for the oncology therapeutic area. She tracks clinical trial development and conducts extensive analyses to provide clients with key insights. In addition, Angela provides the sales team with analyst support and leads the Platinum Ask the Analyst service providing content across all of Informa’s Pharma Intelligence offerings. Before joining Informa in October 2015, she worked as a Research Analyst for a pharmaceutical market research firm, where she was a client of Trialtrove. Angela conducted secondary research in multiple therapy areas and compiled data into concise, client-ready reports. Angela holds a BS in Psychobiology from Albright College.
Methodology
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