Brazilian development towards forest

degradation national definition and

MRV system

Gabriel Lui (MMA - Ministry of Environment)

Dalton M. Valeriano (INPE)

BMZ-DLR International Conference on MRV of REDD Bonn, DE, September 21-23, 2015

Challenge brought by REDD+ paradigm: To go beyond deforestation monitoring

Present issue: How to improve Brazilian

forest monitoring system to include forest

degradation?

Deforestation pathways

Slash and burn Progressive forest degradation

Fire is part of the process

Deforestation by slash and burn process

Fire at the end of dry season

Deforestation at beginning of dry season

Slash and burn – final stage

)

T2 – Loss of understorey

Deforestation by progressive

degradation T1 – Selective logging

T3 – Intermediate stage T4 – Final stage ≈ clear cut

Floresta

tim

e

DETER - MODIS Early warning system

to aid IBAMA*

*MMA´s institution for

environmental law

enforcement

PRODES -Landsat Official deforestation

area inventory (yearly)

INPE’s operational

deforestation

monitoring

programs

PRODES information content:

PRODES Legend:

Forest

Deforestation (yr)

Non-Forest Veg.

Water

_______________

No information

about the state of

the forest cover

_______________

Beyond Deforestation Monitoring

Deforestation pathways presently registered:

Direct clear cut (PRODES)

Synergy of logging and fire (PRODES at final stage)

Further reasons to address forest degradation:

Improve deforestation control

Fulfill information gap in INPE’s Forest Monitoring

Addressing demands for REDD+ policies

Institutional issues

2006 – Brazilian Forest Service (BFS) is created

under the Public Forest Law.

BFS request INPE developments to monitor past

logging activities in planned logging concession

areas and present activity in public forests

IBAMA claimed interest in the same products for

privately owned forests

Technical options

From the literature:

Basic Image processing ,NDVI ,PCA, TC, LMM,

Change Detection Techniques (CVA, attribute

rotation, subtraction, etc), CLAS, NDFI

Pragmatic requirements:

Simplicity

In house capability

Interoperability

Technical Reasoning

Full capability in LMM with three endmembers, Soil,

Vegetation and Shadow

This approach can be applied in any available multispectral

data for it only requires visible and NIR spectral bands.

Logging activity evidenced by waiting sites with reduced

Vegetation Fraction and increased Soil Fraction

In-house, interoperable and simple solution:

Soil/Vegetation fractions image ratioing to enhance

contrast between forest and active waiting site

Concept test - worst case scenario:

CCD/CBERS-2 (G, R, NIR)

161-104

06/10

/2004

2 3 4

CCD/CBERS-2 Ratio Soil/Vegetation

161-104

01/08/2004

161-104

06/10/2004

CCD/CBERS-2 Ratio Soil/Vegetation

161-104

08/01/2004

CCD/CBERS-2 Ratio Soil/Vegetation

170-110

07/05/2004

CCD/CBERS-2 Ratio Soil/Vegetation

170-110

09/21/2004

DETEX Razão de frações de Solo e Vegetação

170-110

10/17/2004

Selective Logging and Degradation

Adding Dilation filtring (Sobel) and color compositing

(Landsat-5)

Adding Dilation filtring (Sobel) and color compositing

(CCD/CBERS-2)

Presentation of thre methodology

to BFS and IBAMA

Logging activities are mappable

Need to parameterize level of impact

Possibility of addressing needs for REDD+

policies

Do we have a

mean to map

and quantify

forest

degradation?

Response from SFB and EMBRAPA

Selective logging is Forest

Management

and

Response from SFB and EMBRAPA

Selective logging is Forest

Management

and

Forest Management

Is Not

De-gra-da-tion

How about

these fire

scars?

DEGRAD DETEX

Example of DETEX map

Example of Degrad-2013 image from 2012

Example of Degrad-2013 image from 2013

Floresta PRODES

DEGRAD

DETEX

DEGRAD series started in 2007, public available

DETEX series runs operationally since 2010

Availability restricted to IBAMA and SFB

2007 – Red

2008 - Green

PRODES 2004

DEGRAD

First analysis of DEGRAD:

As a fire events intensity is weather dependent

What next?

Qualification of DEGRAD and DETEX products

into impact classes

Development of baselines and monitoring system

Pursue national definition for Forest Degradation:

Science Sector

Forestry Sector

REDD+ Negociators (Min. Environm. and Foreign Rel.)

With correspondance with international guidelines

IPCCC, GOFC-GOLD, GEO-GFOI

GOFC-GOLD Forest Degradation definition

Considers Forest Degradation as the following

activities

Selective logging

Fire

Firewood gathering and herbivory

GFOI - Forest Degradation definition

“For reporting on REDD+, carbon stock is the

value under consideration, so degradation is

interpreted here as the processes leading to

long-term loss of carbon without land-use

change, otherwise there would be deforestation”

“Degradation, as interpreted here, occurs in

areas where long-run average carbon stock is

decreasing, even if temporary increases of

carbon stock occur.”

GFOI - Forest Degradation definition

Degradation is typified by a change in forest

structure and species composition may result in:

Sustained loss of C from biomass and dead organic

matter (DOM) pools;

Sustained loss of soil C, especially from peat forests

following drainage, fire or exposure after a reduction

of canopy density;

Sustained increase in emissions of non-CO2 GHGs,

especially from fire.

Further issues to attain full MRV capability

Deforestation and forest degradation monitoring

methodology settled for Tropical and Sub-tropical

Forest domains – Amazonian and Atlantic Forests

Need to develop methodologies for open

vegetation domains:

Cerrado and Pantanal

Forest-Savanna-Grassland complex

Caatinga

Dry forest-Scrub complex

Pampa

Forest-Grassland complex

Further issues to attain full MRV capability

Need to improve spatial distribution of ecosystem

biomass and carbon content in all five

compartments:

Aboveground and belowground biomass, litter, coarse

debris and soil

Need to develop methodologies to assess and

monitor emission factor for forest degradation

Need to develop methodologies to assess and

monitor carbon uptake by forest regeneration (*)

IN BRAZIL...

First draft:

“Process of alteration in the structure

and/or forest composition, resulting from

human action, which takes to continuous

reduction of its capacity to provide goods

and ecosystems services”

Working group on REDD+ created in 2011

Meeting about Forest Degradation in the

Amazon, May 2015 (20 experts, 2 days)

About degradation’s definition:

- It must be wide and to possibilitate

operational aplications

- It must be consistent with other national and

international reports (FRA, Inventory, etc.)

About the activities:

- Area with authorized forest management will

not be treated as degradation

- Fire and non-authorized logging are the main

vectors of forest degradation

THE AMAZON CHALLENGE

Soares-Filho et al., Nature 440,

520-523 (23 March 2006)

“By 2050, current trends in

agricultural expansion will

eliminate a total of 40% of

Amazon forests…”

DEFORESTATION IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON

Visão geral (dados, mapas etc.)

REDD+ no Brasil

Fundo Amazônia

ENREDD

DEFORESTATION IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON

How did we change the trend?

1. High level political commitement (Interministerial working group,

presidential decree, PPCDAm, National Policy on Climate Change,

Forest Code)

2. Innovative and transparent monitoring systems (PRODES,

DETER, DETEX, DEGRAD, Radar etc.)

3. Integrated actions in monitoring and controlling

deforestation (joint operations b/ environmental agencies and

federal police)

4. Subnational governments, private sector and civil society

engagement (regional plans to reduce deforestation, soy

moratorium)

5. Innovative financial mechanisms (Amazon Fund, payments

based in results)

CURRENT CHALLENGES Public lands: Consolidation of Protected Areas

Total area: 260 mi ha

ARPA: 60 mi ha

Investments: US$ 400 mi (25% 2003-2010, 25% 2010-2017, 50% 2014-2039)

CURRENT CHALLENGES Private lands: Implementation of the New Forest Code

Total area: 400 mi ha

CAR system: 234 mi

ha (59% by Aug/2015)

Forested area: 35%

Investments:

- RapidEye Imagery:

US$ 30 mi (national

cover 2011, 2012 and

2013)

- Systems development:

US$ 10 mi

- State level

implementation: US$

100 mi (Amazon Fund

projects)

REDD+ NATIONAL STRATEGY (ENREDD)

MAIN OBJECTIVE

To contribute to climate change mitigation through

elimination of illegal deforestation, recovering of forest

ecosystems and development of a low carbon sustainable

forest economy, generating social, economic and

environmental benefits

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

• To improve moniitoring and impact analysis of public

policies to reach REDD+ results

• To promote alignment among climate change policies in

the federal, state and municipal level

• To mainstream international fund raising

REDD+ NATIONAL STRATEGY (ENREDD)

20142010

Grupos de

Trabalho sobre

Financiamento,

Repartição de

Benefícios e

Arranjos

Institucionais

Criado o

site

REDD+

Brasil

2011

Criação

do GT

REDD+

Oficina

sobre

salvaguardas

GT REDD+

entrega o

texto ao GEx

Revisão do

texto com

base no

Marco de

Varsóvia

para REDD+

20132012

Revisão do

texto pelo

GEx

Formulação da Estratégia Nacional de REDD+ pelo GT REDD+

Reuniões com a

sociedade civil

Oficina

sobre

componente

indígena

Reuniões bilaterais

com os ministérios

Força Tarefa do Gov.

Federal com os

Estados Amazônicos

Reuniões com

o setor privado

Painel Técnico

sobre Sistema

de Informações

sobre

Salvaguardas

TIMELINE

2015: Political negotiations with ministries to approve the presidential decree

REDD+ NATIONAL STRATEGY (ENREDD)

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Ca

pta

çã

o e

alo

ca

çã

o d

e

rec

urs

os

Submissão

de níveis de

referência à

UNFCCC

Elaboração de

anexo técnico

sobre REDD+

Submissão

de anexo

técnico

sobre

REDD+

Análise do anexo

técnico sobre

REDD+

Submissão

de anexo

técnico

sobre

REDD+

Análise do

anexo

técnico

sobre

REDD+

Implementação de

Instrumentos Econômicos

MR

V

Monitoramento do desmatamento

e da degradação na Amazônia e

do desmatamento no Cerrado

Desenvolvimento de ferramentas de monitoramento

para demais biomas e atividades REDD+

Co

ord

en

aç

ão

de

po

líti

ca

s p

úb

lic

as

2014

Gestão da alocação de recursos e distribuição de benefícios

Desenvolvimento do

Sistema de Informação

sobre Salvaguardas

Sistema de Informação sobre

Salvaguardas em operação

2015

Análise do anexo

técnico sobre

REDD+

Monitoramento da

degradação por

fogo

Desenvolvimento da Matriz de

Impacto de Carbono

Definição de critérios para

captação e alocação de

recursos

SCHEDULE

REDD+ NATIONAL STRATEGY (ENREDD)

Forest Reference

Emission Level

(FREL) submitted

to UNFCCC in

June 2014

REDD+ NATIONAL STRATEGY (ENREDD)

NEXT STEPS

• Approval of ENREDD and establishment of governance

structure

• Development of a strategy to transition from the current

model of REDD+ implementation to the new model (MRV

of results, governance, payments for results, safeguards,

south-south cooperation)

• Development of Safeguards Information System (SIS

REDD+)

• Development of Modular System for Monitoring Emission

Reduction Actions (SMMARE) for the Amazon

• Definition of guidelines to fund raising quotas to

subnational levels and criteria to resource allocation

DEGRADATION X FOREST MANAGEMENT

Forest concessions

- National Law (Lei nº 11.284/2006)

- 6 National Forests

- 8 Companies

- 842.000 ha

Potential

- 65 National Forests

- 164 mi ha

DEGRADATION X FOREST MANAGEMENT

Rural Environmental Registry

- National Law – Forest Code (Lei nº 12.651/2012)

- Legal Reserve (20% to 80% of each rural property that

need to keep natural vegetation, but can be managed)

Estimate:

60 to 80 million ha

Thank you

Dalton Valeriano

(dalton.valeriano@inpe.br)

Gabriel Lui

(gabriel.lui@mma.gov.br)