Brandt Use of Inventory Man to Mitigate Odors.ppt · Methyl mercaptan Dimethyl sulfide h old)...
Transcript of Brandt Use of Inventory Man to Mitigate Odors.ppt · Methyl mercaptan Dimethyl sulfide h old)...
Use of Inventory yManagement to Mitigate Odor Emissions From Land-AppliedEmissions From Land Applied
BiosolidsPrepared for:Prepared for:Prepared for: Prepared for:
MABA Annual Biosolids Research SymposiumMABA Annual Biosolids Research SymposiumAlexandria, VA November 19Alexandria, VA November 19--20, 200820, 2008
R.C. Brandt, R.C. Brandt, Material Matters, Inc.Material Matters, Inc.T.E. Johnston, T.E. Johnston, Material Matters, Inc.Material Matters, Inc.
M.J. Higgins, M.J. Higgins, Bucknell UniversityBucknell UniversityffffW.E. Toffee, W.E. Toffee, City of PhiladelphiaCity of Philadelphia
J. Golembeski, J. Golembeski, City of PhiladelphiaCity of Philadelphia
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Presentation Outline
Nuisance Odor BasicsNuisance Odor BasicsNuisance Odor BasicsNuisance Odor BasicsBest Estimate Threshold (BET)Best Estimate Threshold (BET)Odor Quality AssessmentOdor Quality AssessmentStorage Time versus OdorantsStorage Time versus OdorantsStorage Time versus OdorantsStorage Time versus OdorantsField StudyField StudyRelated Laboratory FindingsRelated Laboratory Findings
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Nuisance Odor Assessment
FrequencySituation Situation
ororSettingSettingSettingSetting
Hedonic Hedonic IntensityIntensity* Threshold Concentration* Threshold Concentration
ToneTone* Supra* Supra--Threshold IntensityThreshold Intensity
Ch tCh t DurationCharacterCharacter
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Odor Threshold Concentration
Detection Threshold (DT)( )Lowest concentration of odor detected by human assessorhuman assessor.
Dilutions to Threshold (D/T)Dilutions to Threshold (D/T)
“Objective”….. Treating or dealing with facts without distortion by personal feelings or prejudices.
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Field Olfactometer D/T
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Calculated Odor Threshold
ASTM E679-04…..
Individual Threshold Estimate (ITE)
Geometric mean of the last non-detectdilution ratio & 1st detect dilution ratio
( )
dilution ratio & 1 detect dilution ratio.
2 - 4 - 7 - 15 - 30 - 602 4 7 15 30 60
Best Estimate Threshold (BET)
Geometric mean of all ITE observationsGeometric mean of all ITE observations.
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Almond - 101 Cinnamon - 102
C
Licorice - 108Marigolds - 109
f
Floral Floral -- 100100
Coconut - 103Eucalyptus - 104
Fragrant - 105Herbal - 106
Lavendar - 107
Perfumy - 110Rose-like - 111
Spicy - 112Vanilla - 113
Alcohol - 801Ammonia - 802
Anesthetic - 803Camphor - 804
Chlorinous 805
Disinfectant - 806Menthol - 807
Soapy - 808Vinegar - 809
Medicinal Medicinal -- 800800Apple - 201
Cherry - 202Citrus - 203
Cloves - 204Grapes 205
Maple - 207Melon - 208Minty - 209
Orange - 210Strawberry 211
Fruity Fruity -- 200200
Chlorinous - 805 Grapes - 205Lemon - 206
Strawberry - 211Sweet - 212
Burnt Plastic - 701Car exhaust - 702
Cleaning Fluid - 703Coal - 704
Paint - 714Petroleum - 715
Plastic - 716Resins - 717
Chemical Chemical -- 700700
Celery - 301Corn - 302
Cucumber - 303
Vegetable Vegetable -- 300300
Coal 704Creosote - 705
Diesel - 706Gasoline - 707
Grease - 708Foundry - 709Kerosine- 710
Resins - 717Rubber - 718Solvent - 719Styrene - 720
Sulfur - 721Tar/Asphalt - 722Turpentine - 723
Cucumber - 303Dill - 304
Garlic - 305Green Pepper - 306
Nutty - 307Potato - 308
Tomato - 309
“Subjective”“Subjective”Molasses - 711Mothball - 712
Oil - 713
Varnish - 725Vinyl - 726
Onion - 310
Amine - 601Dead fish - 602
Fishy Fishy -- 600600
Bl d 01 R id 11Offensive Offensive -- 500500
Ashes - 401Burnt Wood - 402
Chalk like - 403Coffee - 404
Musky - 410Musty - 411
Peat-like - 412Pine - 413
Earthy Earthy -- 400400
OdorOdor Dead fish - 602Perm Solution - 603
Blood - 501Burnt - 502
Burnt Rubber - 503Decay - 504Fecal - 505
Garbage - 506Landfill Leachate - 507
Rancid - 511Raw Meat - 512
Rotten Eggs - 513Septic - 514Sewer - 515
Sour - 516Spoiled Milk - 517
Grain Silage - 405Grassy - 406
Mold - 407Mouse-like - 408Mushroom - 409
Smokey - 414Stale - 415
Swampy - 416Woody - 417
Yeast - 418
Odor Odor CharacterCharacter Landfill Leachate 507
Manure - 508Mercaptan - 509
Putrid - 510
Spoiled Milk 517Urine - 518Vomit - 519
Character Character WheelWheel (St. Croix Sensory, Inc)
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Supra-Threshold Odor Intensity
StrongestimaginableLabeled
Very Strong
Magnitude Scale (LMS)
Strong
Very Strong( )Method
Strong
“Subjective”
Weak
Moderate
Barely Detectable
Weak
(Greene et al., 1996)
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Hedonic ToneHedonic Tone
Pleasantness orPleasantness or Unpleasantness of an odor.
“Subjective”“Subjective”
ExtremelyExtremelyUnpleasantUnpleasant
ExtremelyExtremelypleasantpleasantNeutralNeutralUnpleasantUnpleasant pp
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Typical Timeline for Production of Odorous Compounds
500000Methyl mercaptanDimethyl sulfide
hold
)
400000TolueneEthylbenzeneStyrenep-CresolIndoleec
tion
Thre
sh
300000 Skatole
ntra
tion/
Det
e
100000
200000
Uni
ts (C
once
n
0
100000
Odo
r U
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Storage Time (d)
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Field Study Methods
OnOn--farm stockpile biosolids targeted forfarm stockpile biosolids targeted forOnOn farm stockpile biosolids targeted for farm stockpile biosolids targeted for field spreading at age = 3field spreading at age = 3--days, 10days, 10--days, and 50days, and 50--daysdays
Apply in 10Apply in 10--ft swath at agronomic ft swath at agronomic rate…. 120rate…. 120--ft diameter circlesft diameter circles
44--person field olfactometer panel person field olfactometer panel observes odor D/T in each circleobserves odor D/T in each circle//
Compare Compare BETBET1010 and odor qualityand odor quality
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1040PWD Odor Study - Temperature & Rain Data
2 h bi
8
9
35
24‐hr Avg Ambient
3‐Day
10‐Day3-day pile merged with 10-day pile following odor circle creation.
6
7
30 (cm
)
C)
24‐hr Precip.
4
5
25
ecip
itat
ion
erat
ure
(
2
3
20
Pre
Tem
pe
0
1
157/15 7/22 7/29 8/5 8/12 8/19 8/26 9/2 9/9
Time
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Odor Circles
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Hannum Farm Odor Study - Field Olfactometer
25
10
Hannum Farm Odor Study Field Olfactometer Best Estimate Odor Threshold
Pre Application <1 hr 4 hrs 10 hrs Next Morning
20
ter B
ET1 Pre-Application <1 hr 4 hrs 10 hrs Next Morning
10
15
acto
met
5
Fiel
d O
lfa
03-Day 10-Day 50-Day No Biosolids
F
Treatment/ Biosolids Age
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Hannum Farm Odor Study - Field Olfactometer
25
10
Hannum Farm Odor Study Field Olfactometer Best Estimate Odor Threshold
Pre Application <1 hr 4 hrs 10 hrs Next Morning
20
ter B
ET1 Pre-Application <1 hr 4 hrs 10 hrs Next Morning
BA Same letter indicates
no statistical difference composited over
10
15
acto
met B
B..... composited over time (α=0.05).
5
Fiel
d O
lfa
C0
3-Day 10-Day 50-Day No Biosolids
F
Treatment/ Biosolids Age
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Supra-Threshold Odor Intensity (LMS Method)
35
40
ale)
p y ( )
Pre-Application <1 hr 4 hrs 10 hrs Next Morning
Error bars represent
25
30
00-p
t sca
Error bars represent one standard deviation.
15
20
nsity
(10
5
10
dor I
nten
-5
0
3 Day 10 Day 50 Day No Biosolids
O
3-Day 10-Day 50-Day No BiosolidsTreatment/ Biosolids Age
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Hedonic tone - Pleasantness
2
3
ale)
Pre-Application <1 hr 4 hrs 10 hrs Next Morning
Error bars represent one standard deviation.
0
1
22-p
t sca
-2
-1
ntne
ss (2
-4
-3
Plea
san
-6
-5
3-Day 10-Day 50-Day No Biosolids3-Day 10-Day 50-Day No BiosolidsTreatment/ Biosolids Age
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Odor Character
Medicinal No Biosolids Medicinal 3-Day
M
Septic
Sewer
Fishy
7% Not Earthy Septic
Sewer
Fishy
38% Not Earthy
Swampy
Offensive
Fecal
Manure
S
Offensive
Fecal
Manure
Grassy
Musty
Peat-Like
Swampy
Grassy
Musty
Peat-Like
Swampy
0 5 10 15 20
Earthy
Grain-Silage
Grassy
0 2 4 6 8 10
Earthy
Grain-Silage
Grassy
0 5 10 15 20
Descriptor Frequency0 2 4 6 8 10
Descriptor Frequency
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Odor Character
Fi h
Medicinal 3-DayFishy
Medicinal 10-Day
Man re
Septic
Sewer
Fishy
38% Not EarthyManure
Septic
Sewer
Fishy
42% Not Earthy
Swampy
Offensive
Fecal
Manure
Swampy
Offensive
Fecal
Manure
Grassy
Musty
Peat-Like
Swampy
Grassy
Musty
Peat-Like
Swampy
0 2 4 6 8 10
Earthy
Grain-Silage
Grassy
0 2 4 6 8 10
Earthy
Grain-Silage
Grassy
0 2 4 6 8 10
Descriptor Frequency
0 2 4 6 8 10
Descriptor Frequency
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Odor Character
Medicinal 10-DayFi h
Medicinal 50-Day
Septic
Sewer
Fishy
42% Not EarthyM
Septic
Sewer
Fishy
47% Not Earthy
S
Offensive
Fecal
Manure
S
Offensive
Fecal
Manure
Grassy
Musty
Peat-Like
Swampy
G
Musty
Peat-Like
Swampy
0 2 4 6 8 10
Earthy
Grain-Silage
Grassy
Earthy
Grain-Silage
Grassy
0 2 4 6 8 10
Descriptor Frequency0 2 4 6 8 10
Descriptor Frequency
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Headspace TVOSC for Samples
600
400
500
10 Day Pile
Control
40 Day Pile
3 Day Pile
(ppm
v)
300
400 y
ace
TVO
SC
200Hea
dsp
0
100
00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Storage Time (d)
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Headspace p-Cresol for Samples
1Control3 Day Pile
0.8
y10 Day Pile40 Day Pile
ppm
v)
0.6
e P-
Cre
sol (
p
0.4
Hea
dspa
ce
0
0.2
00 10 20 30 40 50
Storage Time (days)
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Mean Ac'Scent DT for EPA Flux Chamber
600
700
00
500
600
nt
DT A
A
A
300
400
n A
c'Sc
en A
100
200
Mea
B0
WA-FC-3DayWA-FC-10Day
WA-FC-50Day
B
WA FC 50DayWA-FC-Control
Sample Type and Age
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Odor Emission Rates - EPA Flux Chamber
180/m2)
Odor Emission Rates EPA Flux Chamber versus Laboratory SSFC Method
140
160
180
OU
/min
/
EPA Flux Chamber
80
100
120
n R
ate
(O Laboratory SSFC
40
60
80
Emis
sion
0
20
3 to 4-Day 10 to 11-Day 50 to 51-Day
Odo
r E
Biosolids Age
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Mean Ac'Scent DT for Samples at Age = 1-Day
7000
8000 Off‐gas diluted 100:1 prior to odor panel
Whole air samples from SSFC presented to odor panel
All samples incubated at 35C
5000
6000
Scen
t D
T
3000
4000
Mea
n A
c'S
1000
2000M
0
1608
-Bag
A
1608
-Bag
B
608-
Bag
C
2308
-Bag
A
2308
-Bag
B
308-
Bag
C
608-
LabA
ir
08-L
abAi
r
1608
-Jar
1
608-
Jar
2
08-J
ar 3
309-
Jar
1
308-
Jar
2
08-J
ar 3
071
071
071
072
072
072
071 6
0723 07
1
0716
0716
0
0723
0723
0723
0
Odor Panel Date and Sample ID
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Mean Ac'Scent DT for Samples at Age = 1-Day
7000
8000 Off‐gas diluted 100:1 prior to odor panel
Whole air samples from SSFC presented to odor panel
All samples incubated at 35C
5000
6000
Scen
t D
T
3000
4000
Mea
n A
c'S
1000
2000M a a ab
a
0
1608
-Bag
A
1608
-Bag
B
608-
Bag
C
2308
-Bag
A
2308
-Bag
B
308-
Bag
C
608-
LabA
ir
08-L
abAi
r
1608
-Jar
1
608-
Jar
2
08-J
ar 3
309-
Jar
1
308-
Jar
2
08-J
ar 3
071
071
071
072
072
072
071 6
0723 07
1
0716
0716
0
0723
0723
0723
0
Odor Panel Date and Sample ID
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Mean Ac'Scent DT for Samples at Age = 3-Day
5000
6000
DT
All samples incubated at 35C
3000
4000
Ac'
Scen
t D
Whole air samples from SSFC presented to odor panel
2000
3000
Mea
n A
C I b t d
0
1000
5,
Diluted 100:1
Cores Incubated
0718
08-J
ar 5
Core
A
0718
08-J
ar 3
, Co
re B
0718
08-J
ar 2
0718
08-J
ar 4
808-
LabA
ir
08-B
ag A
-Bag
B
0718
0718
0
0718
08
Odor Panel Date and Sample ID
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Mean Ac'Scent DT for Samples at Age = 3-Day
5000
6000
DT
All samples incubated at 35C
aa
3000
4000
Ac'
Scen
t D
Whole air samples from SSFC presented to odor panel
2000
3000
Mea
n A
C I b t d
b
0
1000
5,
Diluted 100:1
Cores Incubated
c
0718
08-J
ar 5
Core
A
0718
08-J
ar 3
, Co
re B
0718
08-J
ar 2
0718
08-J
ar 4
808-
LabA
ir
08-B
ag A
-Bag
B
0718
0718
0
0718
08
Odor Panel Date and Sample ID
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Take Home Points
E i t f il d t d t t d d
Hannum Farm – Field StudyExperiment failed to demonstrate reduced odor emissions after 1st week of storage
Temperature is an important factor in odor emission that needs to be considered in lab
Pile age has impact on gas emissions
At greater age, higher MW odorants appear to play more important role
Optimum inventory mgmt strategy is p y g gyuncertain
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Take Home Points
At 1 d h l i SSFC l DT
Related Laboratory StudyAt age = 1-day, whole air SSFC sample DT levels were remarkably similar to 100:1 diluted samplesdiluted samples
At age = 3-days, whole air SSFC DT levels for incubated samples and pile core samplesincubated samples and pile core samples were statistically identical…. 100:1 diluted samples were ~1/2 of SSFC samples
GC odorant and sensory data were poorly correlated….. very low concentrations hampered study
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Contact Information
Robin C. Brandt, PhD., PE.Robin C. Brandt, PhD., PE.Robin C. Brandt, PhD., PE.Robin C. Brandt, PhD., PE.Material Matters, Inc. Material Matters, Inc. 1004 North Fourth Street1004 North Fourth StreetAltoona, PA 16601Altoona, PA 16601Cell:Cell: 814814--934934--80128012EE--mail: mail: [email protected]@atlanticbb.net
R.C. BrandtR.C. Brandt814814 865865 28092809814814--865865--28092809
[email protected]@psu.edu
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