Brainstorming Activity

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Brainstorming Activity. What do you know about the Cold War?. The Close of World War II. As World War II approached the end, the US, British, and Soviets could not resolve the issue of freedom for Europeans. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Brainstorming Activity

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Brainstorming Activity

What do you know about the Cold War?

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The Close of World War II• As World War II

approached the end, the US, British, and Soviets could not resolve the issue of freedom for Europeans.

• As a result, the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences tried to solve some of the postwar issues.

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Yalta Conference•FDR, Stalin, Churchill•Poland

▫FDR and Churchill: Free elections▫Stalin: Matter of “life and death” for

friendly gov’t▫Agree to let Soviets set up gov’t

•Liberated Europe▫Right all of people to decide the form of

gov’t▫Democratic elections with no Nazism or

Fascism

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Yalta Conference (continued)•Germany

▫Divided into four zones (US, Britain, France, USSR)

▫Berlin split into four zones even though it is in USSR zone

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The Cold War Begins•Soviets in Poland: no free elections and

only 3 non-Communist Poles in 18-member Polish gov’t

•Germany▫Soviets want Germany to pay heavy

reparations; also want them weak and countries in between communist and under control

▫US have reparations of goods and keep it based off what Germany can afford to pay

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Potsdam Conference• US-Soviet standoff over Germany

▫Truman: Economy key; no heavy reparations

▫Stalin: Heavy reparations▫Ultimately, Stalin accepts the terms

• Other issues▫Soviets refused to back down on

Communist governments in Eastern Europe (satellite nations)

▫Iron Curtain: Communist nations of Eastern Europe

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Long Telegram•George Kennan’s Long Telegram

explained his view of the Soviets▫Insecurity, fear of West, no

permanent deals due to struggle with capitalism, continuing to acquire land

▫Use long-term containment policies Keep communism within its

present territory Keep them from expanding power,

the system would fail completely

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Iran: Kennan’s ideas proved right•Soviets refuse to remove

troops from Northern Iran, push for oil and Communist government

•US tells Soviets to withdraw forces, sends USS Missouri into Mediterranean Sea

•Soviets withdraw

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Truman Doctrine•Stop Communist

advances around the world

•Used in many places, including Turkey and Greece

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Europe’s Economic Woes

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Quiz on Reading

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Marshall Plan• Sec. of State George

Marshall proposed the European Recovery Program, which gives aid to Europe to rebuild economies▫Western European

countries accepted plan and economies recovered

▫Ultimately, this weakened the appeal for communism

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Berlin Airlift• Dispute of Germany continues, so

US, France, and Britain merge into one (West Germany)▫Soviets realize they will never get

the reparations they want, so they cut all traffic to West Berlin off

▫Goal: Make US reconsider decision

▫US Response: Truman sends supplies to Berlin until Stalin lifts blockade

• Ultimately, many people started to back the idea of NATO

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Review fromYesterday•What did it feel like

to be pointed out as a “red” in society?

•How can a simple label change the path of your life in society?

“Is This Tomorrow” was a comic book that talked about the dangers

of a communist takeover.

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The Red ScareMcCarthyism

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Red Scare•Rumors of Communists in the US and

Communists in government lead to fears that Communism is trying to take over the world

•Igor Gouzenko Story▫Ottawa’s Soviet Embassy▫Documents showing effort toget into US/Canada governments▫Reason: A-bomb info

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What it all meant•Did spies infiltrate

America’s government?

•Fear of Communist subversion began▫Subversion: effort to

weaken a society secretly and overthrow its government

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A quick poll•Raise your hand if you’ve read any book

by George Orwell, such as Animal Farm or 1984

•Raise your hand if you have ever traveled to Europe

•Raise your hand if you have ever seen either the movie Apocalypse Now or A Clockwork Orange

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The Loyalty Review Program•Screened all federal employees

▫Result: Public believed this confirmed that Communism had gotten inside the US Gov’t

•Who got screened?▫More than 6 million workers▫Suspects picked by reading books,

belonging to a group, traveling overseas, seeing particular movies

▫2,000 workers quit, 212 fired

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House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)•J. Edgar Hoover wanted this committee

expanded to stop Communist growth in US▫Expose both Communists and sympathizers

•Film Industry▫Worried that it will manipulate people▫Reagan testified and said there were

Communists in Hollywood▫“Blacklisting”: Refusal to hire anyone who was

a Communist, believed to be one, or refused to cooperate with HUAC

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Red Channels•151 actors, directors,

broadcasters, and screenwriters listed in this book▫Leonard Bernstein▫Orson Welles

•Ultimately, they found it near impossible to find work

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Review•What was the Loyalty Review Program?

HUAC? Red Channels?

•What were some of the things the government looked into as they search for Communists?

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The Hiss Saga• Whittaker Chambers: Editor of

TIME, Former Communist Party Member▫HUAC Testimony: Government

has Communists in it, including Alger Hiss

▫Alger Hiss, who was active in Roosevelt and Truman administrations denied accusations and sued Chambers

▫Ultimately, the “pumpkin papers” led to Hiss being charged with perjury

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Red Scare Continues to Grow•The Soviets created their own version of the atomic

bomb, which caused more concern and fear among U.S. citizens.▫HOW DID THIS HAPPEN?▫WAS IT A SPY?

•The case of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg▫Accused of selling secrets to the Soviets on how to

make an atomic bomb▫Convicted and executed for their acts

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Other Results of the Scare•Univ. of California: Loyalty

oaths of all faculty members

•Taft-Hartley Act: Union leaders must take oaths they were not communists

•US prepares for nuclear war▫Fallout Shelters▫“Duck and Cover”

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Joseph McCarthy•1950, after the Hiss conviction, McCarthy makes

a speech saying that he has a list of 205 State Department members who were Communists▫Never released his list▫Continued to make charges▫Helped him gain attention

•“The Party of Betrayal”▫Booklet accusing Democratic Party members of

being corrupt and protecting Communists

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McCarran Act• Internal Security Act fought

Communism ▫ Required all Communist Party and

Communist organizations to register with US attorney general.

▫ Required the groups to publish records

▫ Denied Communists passports to travel abroad

▫ Arrested and detained Communists and sympathizers in national emergency

• Vetoed by Truman, overridden by Congress

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McCarthyism• McCarthy becomes chairman of Senate

subcommittee on investigations▫ Forces testimony about alleged

Communist ties▫ Essentially a witch hunt

• McCarthyism: tactic of damaging reputations with vague and unfounded charges▫ Press followed him and wrote about his

actions▫ McCarthy would badger witnesses▫ Few challenge him (Why do you think

this is?)

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McCarthy’s Downfall•McCarthy decided to focus on military

•Army-McCarthy hearings▫Challenged military officers▫Lost public support

•McCarthy challenged lawyer for Army who had a young member that used to be in a Communist organization▫Welch challenged him and asked “have you left

no sense of decency?”

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The End of McCarthy• Censured by Senate in

1954▫Formal disapproval of

actions▫One of biggest

punishments that can be given to a member of Senate

• Lost all influence in Senate and public

• Died in 1957

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RECAPLoyalty Review ProgramHUACBlacklistingMcCarthyism

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Cold War Continues…•Truman opts to not run for reelection

▫Eisenhower v. Stevenson

•Eisenhower, a war hero, wins easily▫Cuts defense budget, makes military smaller▫Why? More money to make nukes (increased

from 1,000 in 1953 to 18,000 in 1961)

•Massive Retaliation▫Threaten to use nuclear weapons to prevent war

from happening

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Sided Discussion

In your notes, make a “T Chart” outlining the pros and cons of the idea massive

retaliation

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Brinkmanship• Willingness to

go to brink of war to force other side to back down

• What many critics called Eisenhower’s “massive retaliation” plans

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Korean War Ends• Eisenhower goes to Korea, threatens to continue

war “under circumstances of our own choosing”▫Threat of nuclear war?▫Worked…negotiators created “Demilitarized Zone”

or DMZ separating North and South

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Eisenhower’s International Relations

•Taiwan•Egypt•Iran•Guatemala

•Eisenhower Doctrine: US would use military force to assist nations in danger of falling to communism in Middle Easy

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Other key events•Sputnik (1957): first satellite to orbit

Earth▫NASA created▫National Defense Education Act

•U2 Spy Plane (1960)

•Eisenhower warns of military-industrial complex

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Other Politics--Post-WWII•GI Bill

•Taft-Hartley Act outlaws closed shop labor▫Also allowed states to pass right-to-work

laws

•Fair Deal: Truman’s legislative proposals▫Housing, minimum wage, Social Security

benefits▫Congress refused to pass civil rights

legislation and national health insurance

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Other Politics—post WWII•Eisenhower: “Dynamic Conservatism”

▫Economic conservatism with activism to benefit the country

▫Cut spending to RFC, housing, TVA▫Activism for highways

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