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Transcript of BRAINSTEM I Neuroscience 2005. LECTURE OVERVIEW Definition of Brainstem Brief Gross Orientation...
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BRAINSTEM I
Neuroscience 2005
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LECTURE OVERVIEW• Definition of Brainstem
• Brief Gross Orientation
• Brief Cross Sectional Anatomy Orientation
• Correlation of Gross and Cross Sectional Anatomy
• Composite List of Brainstem Structures
• Cranial Nerves (CN’s)– Introduction– Nucleus vs. Ganglion– Organization / Classification Based on Embryology
» Spinal Cord vs. Brainstem» Skeletal mm: Branchial Arch vs. Somite Myotome» Correlation of Location and Function of CN’s
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DIVISIONS of the BRAINSTEM
• Midbrain• Pons• Medulla
(Terms “upper” and “lower” sometimes used)
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LOCATION of BRAINSTEM
• Cranial Cavity– Begins caudally at
FORAMEN MAGNUM
– Mostly infratentorial
• CNS– Between spinal cord and
diencephalon
Carpenter, Core Text of Neuroanatomy, 1991
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Brainstem in situ
Nolte Text, p. 263
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Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy
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Median Saggital Plane
Nolte Text, p. 267
Haines AtlasHaines Atlas
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Haines Atlas, fig. 6-2
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SERIAL SECTIONS
Haines Atlas
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CLINCAL IMAGING vs. ANATOMYWHICH WAY IS UP?
VENTRAL DORSAL
Haines Atlas
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CLASSICAL REPRESENTATIVE SECTIONS
MEDULLA
PONS
MIDBRAIN
Haines Atlas
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Nolte Fig. 11-5
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Nolte Fig. 11-6
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Brainstem Structures:
• Name• Location• Function• Dev. Divisions
MesenMetenMyelen
Nolte Fig. 15-3
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Cranial Nerves
Medulla 9 - 12
Pons 5 - 8
Midbrain 3 & 4
Diencephalon 2
Telencephalon 1 (not pictured)
Spinal Cord 11
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Cranial Nerves (CN’s)• HEAD AND NECK INNERVATION
• Components of CN’s:1) Sensory2) Special sensory3) Motor (2 embryological types of skeletal mm)4) Autonomic Motor:
Parasympathetics (sm. mm, glds) - preganglionic - head to the transverse colon - where do the sympathetics to the head originate?
• Neurons of origin in:- NUCLEI- GANGLIA
• Clinical relevance: - localization of lesions - extent of damage / prognosis - difficult to treat
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CRANIAL NERVENUCLEUS vs. GANGLION
• WITHIN CNS• CLUSTER OF NEURONS• NOT PSEUDOUNIPOLAR*• SENSORY OR MOTOR
• OUTSIDE OF CNS• CLUSTER OF NEURONS• PSEUDOUNIPOLAR• SENSORY
*except mesencephalic nucleus of V
Carpenter, Core Text of Neuroanatomy, 1991
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SENSORY GANGLIA of CRANIAL NERVES
Langman’s EmbryologyCarpenter, Core Text of Neuroanatomy, 1991
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Cranial Nerve Nuclei
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“WORM DIAGRAMS”
NOLTE HAINES ATLAS
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CLASSIFICATION OF CRANIAL NERVES
• Based on:A. Function
• Motor – Somatic (skel. mm)– Visceral (sm. & card. mm & spec. skel. mm)
• Sensory• Special Sensory
B. Embryologically Derived Location• Alar plate = sensory (lateral)• Basal plate = motor (medial)
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SENSORY and MOTORORGANIZATION
Embryonic CNS Spinal Cord Brainstem
Langman’s Embryology
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SPINAL CORD (body) BRAINSTEM (head*)
Motoneurons (EFF) :– somatic motor (skel. mm)– visceral motor (sm. & card. mm.,
glands)
Sensory neurons (AFF):– somatic sensory (skin, muscle,
muc. mem., bone, and joint receptors)
– visceral sensory (viscera)
Motoneurons (EFF):– somatic motor (skel. mm)– visceral motor (sm. &card.
mm., glands)– branchial motor (skel. mm)
Sensory neurons (AFF):– somatic sensory ( skin,
muscle., muc. mem., bone, and joint receptors)
– visceral sensory (viscera)– special visceral (taste, smell)– special somatic (eye, ear)
*vagus and accessory nn. also to body
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Somatic vs. Branchiomeric Skeletal Muscle
• Somatic: from the myotomes (part of somites)– extraocular mm = CN III, IV, VI– tongue mm = CN XII
• Branchial: from branchial arch* musculature – mm of mastication = CN V– mm of facial expression = CN VII– mm of the pharynx and larynx = CN’s IX, X, XI (ambiguus)
*also referred to as “pharyngeal arch”
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Pharyngeal Arches
Langman’s Embryology
• Pharyngeal = Visceral so skel. musc. from arches is a “special” kind of “visceral” muscle (SVE)• The term Pharyngeal Arch is used interchangeably with Branchial Arch• BRANCHIAL motor = SVE
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BRANCHIAL ARCHES (PHARYNGEAL ARCHES)
1st = V musc. mast., ant. belly dig., mylohy., tensor tym., tensor palat.
2nd = VII musc. facial expr., stapedius, post. belly dig., stylohyoid, auricular
3rd = IX stylopharyngeus
4th = X Sup. Laryngeal Br. = cricothyroid, levator palat., pharyng. constr. ( 6th arch supplied by Recurrent Laryngeal Br. = intrinsic laryn. mm; also CN XI)
Langman’s Embryology
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Langman’s Embryology
Gilman & Winans-Newman
Nolte Text, p. 376
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Nolte Fig. 12-1
Special SensorySomatic SensoryVisceral Sensory
Visceral motorBranchial motorSomatic motor
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Haines Atlas
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G 5, 7, 9, 10 = skin + mucous mem. (prop. 3, 4, 6, 12)
SS 2, 8 = eye + ear
AG 9, 10 = int. organs
VS 7, 9, 10, 1 = taste, olf.
S G 12, 3, 4, 6 = tongue + eye mm (myotomes)E
G 3, 7, 9, 10 = parasymp.V
S 5, 7 ambig. = branchial mm