Low-grade infections as a possible cause of arthrofibrosis ...
Brain Infections · 2018-06-30 · Brain Infections. Outline. Sequence T1/ CT T2 CSF Low signal...
Transcript of Brain Infections · 2018-06-30 · Brain Infections. Outline. Sequence T1/ CT T2 CSF Low signal...
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Brain Infections
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Outline
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Sequence T1/ CT T2
CSF Low signal High Signal
Edema/ fluids Low signal High Signal
Collagen/scarring/
HemosiderinLow signal
Key Concept 1
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Cerebral edema Vasogenic Cytotoxic
Pathology Disruption of BBB with fluid leakage from capillaries
Cellular swelling secondary to Lack of ATP
Entities Brain tumors, Abscesses,Cerebral contusions
Infarct, cerebral hypoxia
Key imaging finding Involves white matter only Involves grey and white matter
Key Concept 2
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Vasogenic or cytotoxic edema ?
Case 1 Case 2
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Key concept 3: Diffusion DWI
Detect small restrictions in the movement of water molecules inside the injured areas. These small changes, which are commonly referred to as "areas of restricted diffusion," appear as bright spots on DWI, dark spots on ADC map.
Examples: Acute stroke (toxic edema), Abscess, some tumors with high N/C ratio.
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Parenchymal infections
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Bacterial infections
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Symptoms
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Impact of Imaging on CNS infections
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4 stages of brain infection:
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Early cerebritis
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Late cerebritis
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Early Capsule
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Late capsule
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Time Path Imaging TX
EarlyCerebritis
Days PMN, Plasma,lymph
Diffuse Edema Antibx
Late Cerebritis 1-2 wks Necrosis in center, PMN and macro in periphery
Thick ring enhancement
Antibx
Early Capsule 2 wks Reticulin deposition Low T2 rim Antibx +/- Surgery
Late Capsule
2-3 wks Increasedmaturation of collagen formation
Diffusion restriction Antibx +/- Surgery
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Role of imaging
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Not all ring enhancing lesions are Abscesses !
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Long Differential Diagnosis for ring enhancing lesions
Metastasis InfarctAbscess Glioblastoma
Radiation necrosisDemyelinationContusion
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Mnemonic: MAGIC DR
Metastasis InfarctAbscess Glioblastoma
Radiation necrosisDemyelinationContusion
M-metastasisA- abcessG- gliobastomaI-infarct (subacute phaseC-contusion D-demielynatingdisease-sR- radiation necrosis
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TB
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Fungal Infections Examples Target Population
Endemic CoccidioHistoBlasto
Geographicallyrestricted, Both IS and IC.
Cosmopolitan AspegillusMucorCandidaCrypto
IS. (except for cryptcoccus)
Fungal Infections
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Aunt Minnie appearances of certain infections
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HSV Encephalitis
Sparing of putamen helps differentiate from MCA infarct.
Reactivation of latent HSV1 virus in Trigeminal/ Gasserian ganglion in temporal lobe.
Death in 70 % of cases if not treated.
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HSV Encephalitis• Encephalitis frequently manifests as
FDG-PET hypermetabolism, but focal hypometabolism can also be observed.
• During the acute phase of a viral encepalitis the Tc99m-HMPAO exam typically demonstrates an area of increased perfusion (i.e.: a `hot spot') in up to 94% of cases.
• During the subacute phase (15 days after presentation) a followup exam may demonstrate either normal or decreased tracer uptake at the site of infection.
• Patients with a normal perfusion pattern during the subacute phase have a very good clinical prognosis.
FDG-PET increased medial temporal lobe and vermis in a patient with encephalitis
B.Y.Lee et al. FDG PET findings in patients with encephalitis.
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Viral Encephalitis
Hubele et al Clinical Nuclear Medicine 2012.
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ADEM-Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
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CMV –Periventricularcalcifications
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Arbovirus
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Cysticercosis
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Extra-axial infections
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Extra-axial infections
Subdural Empyema
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Racemose Cysticercosis
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Subdural Empyema
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Basilar meningitis: TB vs Fungal vs Sarcoidosisvs meningeal carcinomatosis
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AIDS associated infections
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HIV encephalopathy
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Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
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Toxoplasmosis
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Toxoplasmosis
Scarlett Lewitschnig et al 2013. EJNMMI
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Cryptococcus
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Thallium 201 brain Scan
Case 1:
GARCIA-MORALES, CLINICAL NUCLEAR MEDICINE November 2001, 26: 981-2 .Nocardia Brain Abscess Identification with Tl-201 SPECT.
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Case 2
Palestro et al., The quarterly journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, 2009; 53: 105-23 Labeled leukocyte imaging: current status and future directions.
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Suggested Articles
Scarlett Lewitschnig
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