Brain & Cranial Nerves. The Brain Ranges from 750 cc to 2100 cc Contains almost 98% of the body’s...
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Transcript of Brain & Cranial Nerves. The Brain Ranges from 750 cc to 2100 cc Contains almost 98% of the body’s...
![Page 1: Brain & Cranial Nerves. The Brain Ranges from 750 cc to 2100 cc Contains almost 98% of the body’s neural tissue Average weight about 1.4 kg (3 lb)](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e615503460f94b5d06e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Brain & Cranial Nerves
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The Brain
Ranges from 750 cc to 2100 cc
Contains almost 98% of the body’s neural tissue
Average weight about 1.4 kg (3 lb)
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6 Major Regions of the Brain
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Pons
Medulla oblongata
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The Brain
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Cerebrum
Largest part of brain
Controls higher mental functions
Divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres
Surface layer of gray matter (neural cortex)
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Cerebral Cortex
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3 Functional Principles of the Cerebrum
1. Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information from, and sends motor commands to, the opposite side of body
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3 Functional Principles of the Cerebrum
2. The 2 hemispheres have different functions although their structures are alike
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3 Functional Principles of the Cerebrum
3. Correspondence between a specific function and a specific region of cerebral cortex is not precise
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Motor & Sensory Areas of the Cerebral
Cortex
Where are the motor, sensory, and association
areas of the cerebral cortex, and what are their functions?
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Central sulcus separates motor and sensory areas
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Motor Areas Precentral gyrus of frontal lobe:
directs voluntary movements
Primary motor cortex: is the surface of precentral gyrus
Pyramidal cells: are neurons of primary motor
cortex
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Sensory Area Postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe:
receives somatic sensory information (touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste, and temperature)
Primary sensory cortex: surface of postcentral gyrus
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Special Sensory Cortexes
Visual cortex: information from sight receptors
Auditory cortex: information from sound receptors
Olfactory cortex: information from odor receptors
Gustatory cortex: information from taste receptors
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Sensory Association Areas
Somatic sensory association area: interprets input to primary sensory
cortex (e.g., recognizes and responds to touch)
Visual association area: interprets activity in visual cortex
Auditory association area: monitors auditory cortex
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Other Integrative Areas
Speech center: is associated with general
interpretive area coordinates all vocalization
functions
Prefrontal cortex of frontal lobe: integrates information from
sensory association areas performs abstract intellectual
activities (e.g., predicting consequences of actions)
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Hemispheric Lateralization
Functional differences between left and right hemispheres
Each cerebral hemisphere performs certain functions not performed by the opposite hemisphere
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The Left Hemisphere
In most people, left brain (dominant hemisphere) controls: reading, writing, and math decision-making speech and language
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The Right Hemisphere
Right cerebral hemisphere relates to: senses (touch, smell, sight,
taste, feel) recognition (faces, voice
inflections)
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Cerebellum
Second largest part of brain
Coordinates repetitive body movements
2 hemispheres
Covered with cerebellar cortex
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The Cerebellum
An autonomic processing center
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Functions of the Cerebellum
1. Adjusts postural muscles
2. Fine-tunes conscious and subconscious movements
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Structures of the Cerebellum
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Structures of the Cerebellum
Folia: surface of cerebellum highly folded neural cortex
Anterior and posterior lobes: separated by primary fissure
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Structures of the Cerebellum
Cerebellar hemispheres: separated at midline by
vermis
Vermis: narrow band of cortex
Flocculonodular lobe: below fourth ventricle
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Purkinje Cells
Large, branched cells
Found in cerebellar cortex
Receive input from up to 200,000 synapses
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Arbor vitae
Highly branched, internal white matter of cerebellum
Cerebellar nuclei: embedded in arbor vitae relay information to Purkinje
cells
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The Peduncles
Tracts link cerebellum with brain stem, cerebrum, and spinal cord: superior cerebellar peduncles middle cerebellar peduncles inferior cerebellar peduncles
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Diencephalon Composed of
Epithalmus Hypothalamus thalamus
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The Thalamus Final relay point for ascending sensory
information
Coordinates the activities of the cerebral cortex
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Hypothalamus Controls somatic motor activities
subconsciously Rage, pleasure, pain, & sexual arousal
Controls autonomic function Regulate heart rate, blood pressure,
respiration, & digestive function
Coordinates activities of the nervous and endocrine systems Inhibits or stimulates endocrine cells in the
pituitary gland
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Hypothalmus cont. Secrete 2 hormones
Antidiuretic hormone – restricts water loss at the kidneys
Oxytocin –stimulates smooth muscle contractions Uterus/mammary glands Prostrate gland
Produce emotions & behavioral drives Feeding center, thirst center
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Hypothalmus cont. Coordinate voluntary & autonomic functions
Think about a dangerous situation Heart rate increases, respiratory rate
goes up
Regulates body temperature If temp. falls instructions sent to medulla
oblongata to dialate blood vessels
Controls Circadian rhythms 24 hour, day-night cycle
Retina of the eye
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Medulla Oblongata
Connects brain and spinal cord
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The Pons
Sensory & motor nuclei for 4 cranial nerves
Nuclei that help control respiration
Nuclei & tracts linking the cerebellum with the brain stem, cerebrum, and spinal cord
Ascending, descending & transverse tracts
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Cranial Nerves I – olfactory nerves – sensory
Sense of smell
II – optic nerves – sensory Visual information
III – oculomotor – motor Motor eye movements
IV – Trochlear Nerves – motor Superior oblique muscle
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Cranial Nerves V - Trigeminal Nerves - mixed, sensory
Motor – jaw, mastication, eyelid, eyebrow, lips, gums. teeth, cheek
Sensory – forehead, palate, nasal cavity
VI - Abducen Nerves - motor Motor eye movement, lateral rectus
VII - Facial – mixed Sensory – anterior 2/3 of tongue Motor – lacrimal gland, nasal mucous gland,
submandibular & sublingual salivary glands
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Cranial Nerves VIII – Vestibulocochlear Nerves -
sensory Special sensory – balance &
equilibrium, hearing
IX – Glossopharyngeal – mixed Sensory – posterior 1/3 of tongue, part
of the pharynx & palate, carotid arteries
Motor – pharyngeal muscles, parotid salivary gland
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Cranial Nerves X – Vagus – mixed
Sensory – pharynx, diaphragm, Motor – pharyngeal muscles, visceral
organs in thorax & abdominal cavity
XI – Accessory Nerves - motor Muscles of neck & upper back
XII – Hypoglossal Nerves – motor Tongue movement