BRAIN ACTIVITY

Electroencephalogram

EEG: Recording of EEG: Recording of electric brain waves.electric brain waves.

ALPHA WAVES

Relaxed, reflectingRelaxed, reflectingTaking a break (walk)Taking a break (walk)9-14 cycles/second.9-14 cycles/second.

BETA WAVES

Alert, actively engagedAlert, actively engagedTalking, readingTalking, reading15-40 cycles/second15-40 cycles/second

THETA WAVESDaydreaming, disengageDaydreaming, disengageDriving, shower, runningDriving, shower, running““happy state”happy state”5-8 cycles/second5-8 cycles/second

DELTA WAVES

Deep sleepDeep sleepNo dreamingNo dreaming2-3 cycles/second2-3 cycles/second

Recap ~ Bed timeStudy notes: BetaStudy notes: BetaBook down relax: AlphaBook down relax: AlphaDaydream about getting Daydream about getting

an A+ = Thetaan A+ = ThetaDeep Sleep = DeltaDeep Sleep = Delta

SLEEPWell studied.Well studied.Has cycles, that repeat Has cycles, that repeat during the night.during the night.

SLEEPREMREM: Rapid eye : Rapid eye

movementmovement~ 20% of sleep is REM ~ 20% of sleep is REM

(90 minutes)(90 minutes)Where dreams are madeWhere dreams are made

REM Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder in which the person REM Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder in which the person acts out dramatic or violent dreams during Rapid Eye Movement (REM) acts out dramatic or violent dreams during Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep.sleep. A A sleep cyclesleep cycle is defined by a segment of Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) is defined by a segment of Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep, which comprises of four stages, followed by a period of Rapid Eye sleep, which comprises of four stages, followed by a period of Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. A typical sleep cycle is about 100 - 110 minutes Movement (REM) sleep. A typical sleep cycle is about 100 - 110 minutes long, beginning with NREM sleep and transitioning to REM sleep after 80 - long, beginning with NREM sleep and transitioning to REM sleep after 80 - 100 minutes. 100 minutes.

REM sleepREM sleep is accompanied by bursts of Rapid Eye Movements. It has is accompanied by bursts of Rapid Eye Movements. It has heightened brain activity and temporary heightened brain activity and temporary paralysisparalysis of the muscles that controls of the muscles that controls posture and body movement. REM sleep is otherwise referred to as the posture and body movement. REM sleep is otherwise referred to as the ‘dream sleep’‘dream sleep’ as most of our dreams occur during this phase of sleep and the as most of our dreams occur during this phase of sleep and the temporary temporary musclemuscle paralysis that occurs during this phase is a protective paralysis that occurs during this phase is a protective mechanism so that we do not act out our dreams. mechanism so that we do not act out our dreams.

Victims of Victims of REM Behavior Disorder (RBD) do not experience muscle REM Behavior Disorder (RBD) do not experience muscle paralysis,paralysis, which is the usual case during REM sleep. This gives the victim a which is the usual case during REM sleep. This gives the victim a free hand to physically demonstrate or act out dreams. free hand to physically demonstrate or act out dreams.

Patient with RBD demonstrate their dreams with passion and intensity, which Patient with RBD demonstrate their dreams with passion and intensity, which can also turn violent. Many such patients sit up in sleep, make wild can also turn violent. Many such patients sit up in sleep, make wild gesticulations, kick or scream, even punch their partner as they act out their gesticulations, kick or scream, even punch their partner as they act out their dreams. Such behaviors can also manifest during withdrawal from alcohol or dreams. Such behaviors can also manifest during withdrawal from alcohol or hypnotic drugs. hypnotic drugs.

SLEEPNON-REMNON-REM: ~ 80% : ~ 80% (6.5 hrs)(6.5 hrs)

Dreamless sleep Dreamless sleep (shutdown systems)(shutdown systems)

SLEEPDeep SleepDeep Sleep: Delta waves: Delta wavesDifficult to wake upDifficult to wake upBrain and body Brain and body

completely relaxcompletely relax

SLEEPArousal: Neurons turn back Arousal: Neurons turn back

on.on.Build up of adenosine, Build up of adenosine,

melanin, wake up when the melanin, wake up when the majority is broken down.majority is broken down.

AgeAverage amount of sleep per day AgeAverage amount of sleep per day Newbornup to 18 hoursNewbornup to 18 hours 1-12 months14–18 hours1-12 months14–18 hours 1-3 years12-15 hours1-3 years12-15 hours 3-5 years11-13 hours3-5 years11-13 hours 5-12 years9-11 hours5-12 years9-11 hours Adolescents9-10 hoursAdolescents9-10 hours Adults, including elderly7-8 (+) hoursAdults, including elderly7-8 (+) hours Pregnant women8 (+) hoursPregnant women8 (+) hours

Randy Gardner holds the Guinness World Record Randy Gardner holds the Guinness World Record for intentionally having gone the longest without for intentionally having gone the longest without sleep. In 1965, Gardner, then 18, stayed awake for sleep. In 1965, Gardner, then 18, stayed awake for 264 hours (about 11 days) for a high school 264 hours (about 11 days) for a high school science project.[36] He experienced significant science project.[36] He experienced significant deficits in concentration, motivation, perception deficits in concentration, motivation, perception and other higher mental processes during his sleep and other higher mental processes during his sleep deprivation. However, he recovered normal deprivation. However, he recovered normal cognitive functions after a few nights' sleep. cognitive functions after a few nights' sleep.

SPINAL CORD ~ COLOR CODE

Pg 222Pg 222

J= Posterior gray hornsJ= Posterior gray hornsK= Anterior gray hornsK= Anterior gray hornsO= Posterior white columnO= Posterior white columnP= Lateral white columnP= Lateral white columnQ= Anterior white columnQ= Anterior white columnT= Anterior median fissureT= Anterior median fissureU= Central CanalU= Central Canal

Spinal CordHighway leading sensory Highway leading sensory impulses to the brain and impulses to the brain and motor impulses away motor impulses away from brain.from brain.

Spinal CordGrayGray: is not myelinated, : is not myelinated, mostly cell bodiesmostly cell bodies

WhiteWhite: myelinated, : myelinated, most of PNSmost of PNS

Spinal CordLengthLength: Roughly 18 : Roughly 18 inches long.inches long.

STOPS at about L1 or STOPS at about L1 or L2 (Page 231)L2 (Page 231)

Spinal CordCauda EquinaCauda Equina: (Horses : (Horses tail) Nerves leaving tail) Nerves leaving end of spinal cord.end of spinal cord.

Spinal CordSpinal PunctureSpinal Puncture: Spinal : Spinal tap between L3, L4. tap between L3, L4. Puncture spine to Puncture spine to withdraw fluid and withdraw fluid and analyze.analyze.