BrahMos - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
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BrahMos
BrahMos and the launch canister on display at theInternat ional Maritime Defence Show, IMDS-2007, St.
Petersburg, Russia
Type Supersonic Cruise missile
Place of origin India
Russia
Service history
In service November 2006present
Used by Indian Army
Indian Navy
Indian Airforce (awaiting)
Production history
Manufacturer DRDO
NPO Mashinostroeyenia
Unit cost US$ 2.73 million
Specifications
Weight 3,000 kg
2,500 kg (air-launched)
Length 8.4 m
Diameter 0.6 m
Warhead 300 kg Conventional semi-
armour-piercing and nuclear[1]
Engine Two-stage integrated
BrahMosFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Brahmos)
BrahMos (Hindi:, Russian: ) is a supersoniccruise missile that can be launched from submarines, ships,
aircraft or land. It is a joint venture between Republic of
India's Defence Research and Development Organisation(DRDO) and Russian Federation's NPO Mashinostroeyenia
who have together formed BrahMos Aerospace Private
Limited. The name BrahMos is a portmanteau formed from
the names of two rivers, the Brahmaputra of India and the
Moskva of Russia.
It is the world's fastest cruise missile in
operation.[citation needed][3] The missile travels at speeds of
Mach 2.8 to 3.0.[4] The land-launched and ship-launched
versions are already in service with air-launched andsubmarine-launched versions currently under testing
phase.[5] An air-launched variant of BrahMos is planned
which is expected to come out in 2012 and will make India
the only country with supersonic cruise missiles in their army,
navy, and air force.[6] A hypersonic version of the missile is
also presently under development with speed of Mach 7 to
boost aerial fast strike capability.[7][8] . It is expected to be
ready for testing by 2017.[9]
Though India had wanted the BrahMos to be based on a
mid range cruise missile like P-700 Granit, Russia opted for
the shorter range sister of the missile, P-800 Oniks, in order
to comply with Missile Technology Control Regime
restrictions, to which Russia is asignatory. Its propulsion is
based on the Russian missile, and guidance has been
developed by BrahMos Corp. The missile is expected to
reach a total order worth of US$13 billion[10][11]
Contents
1 Development
1.1 Origins
1.2 Description
2 Testing
3 Variants
4 Operators
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Rocket/Ramjet
Operationalrange
300~500 km[1]
Flight altitude Sea-skimming as low as 3-4
meters[2]
Speed Mach 2.8 - 3.0
Launch
platform
Ship, submarine, aircraft and land
based mobile launchers.
4.1 India
4.1.1 Indian Navy
4.1.2 Indian Army
4.1.3 Indian Air Force
4.2 Russia
4.3 Export
5 Future variants
5.1 BrahMos-25.2 UCAV variant
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
9 Video
evelopment
Origins
The BrahMos has been developed as a joint venture between the Defence Research and Development
Organization (DRDO) of India and the Federal State Unitary Enterprise NPO Mashinostroyenia (NPOM) of
Russia under BrahMos Aerospace. The missile is named after two rivers, the Brahmaputra and the Moskva
Since late 2004, the missile has undergone several tests from variety of platforms including a land based test from
the Pokhran range in the desert, in which the 'S' manueuver at Mach 2.8 was demonstrated for the Indian Army
and a launch in which the land attack capability from sea was demonstrated.[12]
Keltec (now known as BrahMos Aerospace Trivandrum Ltd or BATL), an Indian state owned firm was acquired
by BrahMos Corporation in 2008.[13] Approximately 1,500 crore (US$273 million) will be invested in the facilit
to make BrahMos components and integrate the missile systems. This was necessitated by the increased order
book of the missile system, with orders having been placed by both the Indian Army and Navy.[14][15][16] Tested
at: Pokhran
Description
BrahMos claims to have the capability of attacking surface targets by flying as low as 10 metres in altitude. [17] It
can gain a speed of Mach 2.8, and has a maximum range of 290 km.[1] The ship-launched and land-based missilecan carry a 200 kg warhead, whereas the aircraft-launched variant (BrahMos A) can carry a 300 kg warhead. It
has a two-stage propulsion system, with a solid-propellant rocket for initial acceleration and a liquid-fuelled ramjet
responsible for sustained supersonic cruise. Air-breathing ramjet propulsion is much more fuel-efficient than rocke
propulsion, giving the BrahMos a longer range than a pure rocket-powered missile would achieve.
The high speed of the BrahMos likely gives it better target-penetration characteristics than lighter subsonic cruise-
missiles such as the Tomahawk.[18] Being twice as heavy and almost four times faster than the Tomahawk, the
BrahMos has more than 20 times the on-cruise kinetic energy of a Tomahawk missile (although it pays for this by
having only 3/5 the payload and a fraction of the range despite weighing twice as much, suggesting a different
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BrahMos is the world's fastest cruise
missile.
tactical paradigm to achieve the objective). Its 2.8 mach speed means that it cannot be intercepted by some existin
missile defence system and its precision makes it lethal to water targets.[citation needed]
Although BrahMos was primarily an anti-ship missile, the BrahMos Block III can also engage land based targets.
can be launched either in a vertical or inclined position and is capable of covering targets over a 360 degree
horizon. The BrahMos missile has an identical configuration for land, sea, and sub-sea platforms.[citation needed]
The air-launched version has a smaller booster and additional tail fins for added stability during launch. The
BrahMos is currently being configured for aerial deployment with the Su-30MKI as its carrier. [17] On 5 Septembe
2010 BrahMos created a record for the first supersonic steep dive.[citation needed]
Testing
BrahMos was first test-fired on 12 June 2001 from the Integrated
Test Range (ITR), Chandipur in a vertical launch configuration. On
14 June 2004 another test was conducted at ITR and BrahMos was
fired from a mobile launcher.[19] During a user trial on 20 January
2009 BrahMos was tested with a new navigation system but it failed
to hit the target. BrahMos Aerospace Corporation's director DrSivathanu Pillai said. "The missile performance was absolutely
normal until the last phase, but the missile missed the target, though it
maintained the direction." and that "The problem was in the
software, not hardware".[20][21] The Defense Research and
Development Organization (DRDO) said that there were "small
hitches" in the last stage of the test firing. DRDO officials further said: "The American satellites that run the GPS ha
been switched off on the day Barack Obama was sworn in as United States President. The missile, therefore,
traveled for 112 seconds instead of the slated 84 seconds and fell 7 km away from the target". [22]
BrahMos was test-fired again on 4 March 2009 and on 29 March 2009. For the test the missile had to identify abuilding among a cluster of buildings in an urban environment. BrahMos successfully hit the intended target in two
and a half minutes of launch, marking the completion of the development phase of BrahMos Block-
II.[citation needed] On 21 March 2010 BrahMos was test-fired and "hit a free-floating ship piercing it above the
waterline and destroying it completely". The test proved the missile's ability to manoeuvre at supersonic speed
before hitting a target, making India the first and only country to have a manoeuvrable supersonic cruise missile.[23
On 5 September 2010 BrahMos was test-fired again. A scientist, who witnessed the test, said "The missile flew in
the designated complex trajectory including large manoeuvres and steep dive. This is the first time that a supersoni
dive has been realized by a cruise missile".[24]
BrahMos Block III+ was test-fired from a Mobile Autonomous Launcher on 2 December 2010 with a new
advanced guidance scheme incorporating large-scale manoeuvres at multiple points and a steep dive from high
altitude with precision strike. BrahMos completed all manoeuvres, hitting the target precisely.[25] On 12 August
2011 it was test-fired by ground forces and met all mission parameters. [26] The BrahMos cruise missile was
successfully test-fired by an Indian Army unit on Sunday, 4 March 2012 at the Pokharan range in Jaisalmer to
operationalise the second regiment of the weapon system in the Indian Army. [27] The test was attended by senior
Army officials including Vice Chief Lt Gen Shri Krishna Singh and Director General Military Operations (DGMO)
Lt Gen A K Chaudhary. With this test, the second BrahMos unit of the Indian Army is now operational.[28]
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Another development test was conducted on 29 July 2012 from the ITR. This was the 32nd test of the missile. Th
test was deemed successful from an experimental point of view, but did not meet all mission parameters. This test
was done to evaluate more than 25 sub-systems of the missile which were produced by the Indian industry, like th
power systems, materials for air frame components, guidance scheme and various electric systems. The test data
will be analysed and used for large-scale indigenous production of the missile.[29][30][31] The test results revealed
that except for one subsystem, all other subsystems and components have performed to the requirement. The
malfunction of one subsystem resulted in increase in velocity of the missile, crossing the limit and the mission was
aborted. The defect was rectified after the analysis. Further development flight tests will be conducted as a measur
of self-reliance.[32]
The Indian Navy on 7 October 2012 morning successfully test-fired BrahMos from a guided missile frigate INS
Teg.[33] This new highly manoeuvrable version[34] is fitted with advanced satellite navigation systems turning it into
"super-rocket" capable of hitting targets over 300500 km from sea, land and air launchers, and capable of
carrying a nuclear warhead.[35]
Variants
BrahMos-1
Ship-launched, Anti-Ship variant (operational)
Ship-launched, Land attack variant (operational)
Land-launched, Land attack variant (operational)
Land-launched, Anti-Ship variant (In induction, tested 10 December 2010)
Air-launched, Anti-Ship variant (under development, expected completion 2012)
Air-launched, Land attack variant (under development, expected completion 2012)[6][36]
Submarine-launched, Anti-Ship variant (under development, expected completion 2011)
Submarine-launched, Land attack variant (under development, expected completion 2011)
[37]
The chiefexecutive officer and managing director of Aerospace, said on 10 August 2012, that BrahMos family will
soon have a submarine version.[38]
BrahMos block II land variant (Operational)[28]
BrahMos block III land variant (Being inducted)[39]
Anti-aircraft carrier variant (Tested in March 2012)[40]
Other models
BrahMos-2 scramjet-propelled, hypersonic version. This version will fly at speeds from 57 Mach (3750
5250 miles/hour) and would be ready for test flight in 2017.[41][42]BrahMos-3 a lighter version of the BrahMos-1 with thinner diameter for medium weight fighters such as
the MiG-29K and the MMRCA.[42]
Operators
India and Russia intend to make 2,000 BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles over the next ten years through their
oint venture company, and nearly 50% of them are expected to be exported to friendly countries. [17][43]
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Model of a frigate with vertical-
launched BrahMos.
Russia is participating in the P75A
submarine deal with the Amur class
submarine armed with BrahMos.
India
Indian Navy
The missile is in service with the Indian Navy. Talwar class frigate and
Shivalik class frigate are frigates of the Indian Navy that can fire the
BrahMos. INS Tabar and INS Trishul are Talwar class vessels armed
with supersonic BrahMos while INS Shivalik was the first vessel of theShivalik class to incorporate the BrahMos. Other vessels of the Shivalik
Class and Talwar Class are to be armed with BrahMos missiles by 2009
and 2010 respectively.[citation needed] In 2007, the navy promised to
arm the Godavari class frigates and Brahmaputra class frigates with the
BrahMos too.[44] Rajput class destroyers are Destroyers of the Indian
Navy that can fire the BrahMos. The INS Rajput, INS Ranvir (D54)[45]
and INS Ranvijay (D55) which are modified versions of Soviet Kashin
class destroyers have been fitted with BrahMos Supersonic Cruise
Missile systems.[46] The new class of destroyers namely Kolkata Class
are also to be fitted with the BrahMos and there are plans to arm the rest
of the vessels of the Rajput Class with BrahMos too.[citation needed] On
the other hand the Delhi class destroyers are to be modified to
incorporate the BrahMos. The first of the Kolkata Class should roll out in
2012 while the Delhi Class and Rajput will be armed with the BrahMos
by 2009[44]
The submarine-launched version of the missile is ready for testing. The
missile will be either tested on a Kilo class submarine of the Indian Navy
or will be tested in Russia.[47] The land attack version of the missile was
fired from Destroyer INS Rajput and the missile hit and destroyed the right target among a group of targets. [48] Th
vertical launch of BrahMos was conducted on 18 December 2008 from INS Ranvir (D54).[49][50]
In addition, India's 5 Il-38 and 8 Tupolev Tu-142 maritime patrol bombers are also to be armed with the missile,
with an estimated capacity of 6 BrahMos per aircraft.[51] There are reports of efforts towards adding the capabilit
to fire the Indo-Russian BrahMos cruise missile from these aircraft. Mockups have been displayed with air-
launched BrahMos attached to underwing pylons on the Indian Navy aircraft.
Indian Army
BrahMos I Block-I
The missile was successfully tested with new capabilities for the Indian Army in the deserts of Rajasthan, test range
near Pokharan (December 2004 & March 2007). It was inducted into the army on 21 June 2007. [52][53]
BrahMos I Block-II
On 20 January 2009, a test of a new BrahMos block II cruise Missile at Pokhran in Rajasthan was conducted wit
new software. The missile failed to hit the right target among a group of targets. The objective was to hit a small
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-142http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Ranvir_(D54)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-tribuneindia.com-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_class_destroyerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_class_destroyerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashin_class_destroyershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Ranvijay_(D55)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Ranvir_(D54)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Rajput_(D51)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajput_class_destroyerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-tribuneindia.com-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaputra_class_frigatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godavari_class_frigatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivalik_class_frigatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talwar_class_frigatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BrahMos_missie_on_Lada_class_non-nuclear_submarine_maqette.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BrahMos_on_frigate_maquette.jpg -
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A model of land based launcher for
the Indian Army.
building hidden amongst a group of buildings. According to BrahMos
corporation, another test of the new missile was to be conducted within
one month,[54] but was eventually conducted on 4 March 2009 and was
deemed successful.[55]
The latest test conducted on 29 March 2009, was successful. The missile
took two and a half minutes to hit the target with precision.[56] According
to official sources, "The new seeker is unique and would help us to hit
our targets, which are insignificant in terms of size, in a cluster of large
buildings. India is now the only nation in the world with this advanced
technology"[57] After the third test, Lt Gen Noble Thamburaj, said that the Indian Army wanted the BrahMos to
achieve high standards of accuracy and congratulated the scientists on behalf of the Indian Army.[58] The Indian
Army confirmed that the test was extremely successful and the army is absolutely satisfied with the missile. The
development phase of the Block II version of the missile is over and it is ready for induction.[59]
On 5 September 2010, Defence scientists test-fired BrahMos off the Orissa coast and created a world record. It
was for the first time that a cruise missile was tested at supersonic speeds in a steep-dive mode. The missile was
test-fired from the integrated test range launching complex-3 (LC-3) at Chandipur around 11.35 am. With thislaunch, The army's requirement for land attacks with block-II advanced seeker software with target discriminating
capabilities has been fully met. BrahMos is the only supersonic cruise missile possessing advanced capability of
selection of a particular land target amongst a group of targets, providing an edge to the user with precise hit. The
missile can travel at three times the speed of sound and carry a conventional warhead weighing 200300 kg. [60]
The army has raised one regiment (numbered 861) of the BrahMos Mark I. Now two separate missile regiments o
the BrahMos Mark II, which has a seeker that can discriminate and zero in on a small target in an urban clutter, wi
be raised and are likely to be numbered 862 and 863. Each of the two new BrahMos cruise missile regiments
would have between four and six batteries of three to four Mobile Autonomous Launchers (72 missiles per
regiment) that can be connected to a general mobile command post.[61]
BrahMos I Block-III
An upgraded version of 290- km range BrahMos supersonic cruise missile was successfully test-fired by India on
December 2010 from Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Chandipur off the Orissa coast.
"Block III version of BrahMos with advanced guidance and upgraded software, incorporating high manoeuvres at
multiple points and steep dive from high altitude was flight tested successfully from Launch Complex III of ITR," its
Director S P Dash said after the test-fire from a mobile launcher at 1100 hours. The 8.4 meter missile which can fl
at 2.8 times the speed of sound is capable of carrying conventional warheads of up to 300 kg for a range of290 km. The "steep dive capability" of BrahMos Block III enables it to hit targets hidden behind a mountain range
It will be deployed in Arunachal Pradesh[62]
It can effectively engage ground targets from an altitude as low as 10 meters for surgical strikes at terror training
camps across the border without causing collateral damage. BrahMos is capable of being launched from multiple
platforms like submarine, ship, aircraft and land based Mobile Autonomous Launchers (MAL). The Block III
BrahMos has the capability scaling Mountain Terrains & hence can play a vital role in precision strike in the
northern territories. The advanced cruise missile can fly close to the rough geographies and kill the target. [63]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-toi_blockIII-62http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BrahMos_missile_autonomous_launcher_maquette_MAKS2009.jpg -
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The air-launched version of BrahMos
BrahMos Anti-aircraft Carrier Variant
BrahMos, the India-Russia joint-venture, has developed an anti-aircraft carrier variant of the supersonic cruise
missile and successfully tested it recently.
Sharing the information, BrahMos Chief A. Sivathanu Pillai said here that with this the organisation achieved the
capability to attack aircraft carriers using the supersonic vertical dive variant of the missile that could travel up to
290 km.[40]
Operational BrahMos regiments
861 Regiment (BrahMos Block I, Deployed in North Rajasthan Area)[64]
862 Regiment (BrahMos Block II, Deployed in South Rajasthan Area)[64]
863 Regiment (BrahMos Block II, Under induction for Punjab Area)[citation needed]
864 Regiment (BrahMos Block III, Ordered for Arunachal Area)[64]
Indian Air Force
The air-launched version for the Indian Air Force is ready for testing.[65]
An expert committee from the DRDO and the Indian Air Force (IAF)
has ruled out any structural modification to the advanced Su-30MKI if it
is to be fitted with the supersonic BrahMos.[66] 10 January 2009 it was
reported that two Indian Air Force (IAF) Sukhoi-30MKI fighter jets
have been sent to Russia for a retrofit program that would enable them to
launch the aerial version of the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile.[67]
On 22 October 2008 A. Sivathanu Pillai, Chief Controller, R&D, DRDO and CEO and managing director of
BrahMos Aerospace, announced that the Indian Air Force would get its own version of BrahMos by 2012. Trials
and tests will be carried out by 2011 and it is expected to be inducted into the IAF by 2012[68]
On 8 August 2009 Alexander Leonov, Director of the Russian Machine Building Research and Production Center
said "we are ready for test launches." He also said the final development and testing of the air-launched version of
the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile will take place soon. A new takeoff engine for launching of the missile in air
and at extreme high altitudes had been developed. He said the initial test firing of the missile would be undertaken
from the Sukhoi-30 MKI, but did not specify the dates. After testing, the IAF would be the launch customers for
the air-launched BrahMos cruise missile.
On 26 February 2012 A. Sivathanu Pillai said that the air-launched version of BrahMos is being developed and wibe tested by the end of 2012. This version of the BrahMos missile will use air breathing scramjet propulsion
technology and would be more fuel efficient than a traditional rocket-powered missile.[69][70]
The purchase of over 200 air-launched BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles for the IAF was cleared by Cabinet
Committee on Security (CCS) on 19 Oct 2012. This proposal is worth over Rs 6,000 crore and involves
sanctioning of funds for the integration and testing of the BrahMos on Su-30MKI of the IAF. As per plans, the firs
test of the air-launched version of the missile is to be conducted by December-end. Two Su-30MKI of the IAF
would be modified by the HAL at its Nashik facility where they will also be integrated with the missile's aerial
launcher.[71]
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Russia
According to unspecified sources the BrahMos could be fitted to the updated Gorshkov class of frigates which wil
be entering the Russian Navy soon.[72] The defence ministry reported that due to the size and hull specifications of
the BrahMos, few if any of its new ships will be able to accommodate it.[73]
Export
Several countries including Vietnam,[74] South Africa, Egypt, Oman, Brunei have expressed interest in the missile.
In February 2010, it was reported that India was in "serious negotiations" with Chile, Brazil, South Africa and
Indonesia regarding the purchase of the missile.[75] Malaysia is also reported to be considering the purchase of the
missile for use on its Kedah class warships[76] and fighter jets.[77] Informal negotiations are ongoing between India
and Vietnam for the sale of BrahMos missiles.[78]
Future variants
BrahMos-2
BrahMos-2 is a stealth hypersonic cruise missile currently under development[7][79] and is estimated to have a rang
of 290 km.[80] The range of BrahMos-2 has been regulated to 290 km as Russia is a signatory of the Missile
Technology Control Regime (MTCR) which does not allow it to help other countries to develop missiles with
ranges above 300 kilometres.[80] With a speed of Mach 7 it will have a speed double the speed of the current
BrahMos-1, and it has accordingly been branded as the fastest hypersonic missile in the world[81][82]
BrahMos II land variant design has been completed and 4 surface to surface variants are ready to be tested. Rest
of the variants will be tested in the successive years of 201213, design is projected to be completed by October
2011[83] and will arm the Project 15B destroyers of the Indian Navy. Fourth-generation multi-purpose Russian
Naval destroyers (Project 21956) are likely to be equipped with BrahMos II.[84]
UCAV variant
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, an aerospace engineer and former President of India, asked the BrahMos Aerospace to
develop an advanced version of the BrahMos cruise missile to maintain India's lead in the field. He stated:[85]
You should develop a hypersonic version of BrahMos which can be reused [...] meaning that the
missile should be able to deliver its payload and return to base. This will help in maintaining ourleadership in this arena.
This would turn BrahMos into an UCAV.[86][87]
See also
CVS401 Perseus A stealth supersonic cruise missile under development by MBDA with the UK and
France.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBDAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CVS401_Perseushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-si4a-87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-sp4a-86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCAVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-The_Hindu-85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_21956http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_class_destroyerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-83http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-Brahmos2_ria-82http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-brahmos2_eco-81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-brahmos2_official-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-brahmos2_official-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-79http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-indiatimes1-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_missile#Hypersonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-malaysia_buys-77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-upi_brahmos_export-76http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah_class_offshore_patrol_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-dn_brahmos_export-75http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-viet_brahmos_export-74http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-73http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_note-72http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_Sergei_Gorshkov_class_frigate -
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External links
http://warfare.be/?linkid=2544&catid=270http://www.siliconindia.com/shownews/Kalam_for_a_hypersonic_version_of_BrahMos_missile_-nid-84604-cid-1.htmlhttp://www.siliconindia.com/shownews/Kalam_for_a_hypersonic_version_of_BrahMos_missile_-nid-84604-cid-1.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_ref-si4a_87-0http://www.stratpost.com/work-on-brahmos-hypersonic-version-to-begin-this-year-russian-officialhttp://www.stratpost.com/work-on-brahmos-hypersonic-version-to-begin-this-year-russian-officialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_ref-sp4a_86-0http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/13/stories/2011061355831200.htmhttp://www.hindu.com/2011/06/13/stories/2011061355831200.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_ref-The_Hindu_85-0http://indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?issueid=97&id=32769&option=com_content&task=view§ionid=4http://indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?issueid=97&id=32769&option=com_content&task=view§ionid=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_ref-84http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/94740-0/http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/94740-0/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_ref-83http://en.rian.ru/russia/20110612/164581169.htmlhttp://en.rian.ru/russia/20110612/164581169.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_ref-Brahmos2_ria_82-0http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-10/news/30611918_1_brahmos-aerospace-air-version-brahmos-missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economic_Timeshttp://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-10/news/30611918_1_brahmos-aerospace-air-version-brahmos-missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_ref-brahmos2_eco_81-0http://www.brahmos.com/newscenter.php?newsid=102http://www.brahmos.com/newscenter.php?newsid=102http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_ref-brahmos2_official_80-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_ref-brahmos2_official_80-0http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=735910&publicationSubCategoryId=200http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=735910&publicationSubCategoryId=200http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_ref-79http://www.asianage.com/india/india-sell-brahmos-missile-vietnam-157http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_ref-78http://en.rian.ru/mlitary_news/20111115/168701803.htmlhttp://en.rian.ru/mlitary_news/20111115/168701803.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_ref-malaysia_buys_77-0http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2010/04/27/India-arms-jets-with-BrahMos-missiles/UPI-87681272375563/http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2010/04/27/India-arms-jets-with-BrahMos-missiles/UPI-87681272375563/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_ref-upi_brahmos_export_76-0http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=4500659http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=4500659http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_ref-dn_brahmos_export_75-0http://www.asianage.com/india/india-sell-brahmos-missile-vietnam-157http://www.asianage.com/india/india-sell-brahmos-missile-vietnam-157http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_ref-viet_brahmos_export_74-0http://en.rian.ru/russia/20080620/111481295.htmlhttp://en.rian.ru/russia/20080620/111481295.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos#cite_ref-73http://warfare.be/?linkid=2544&catid=270http://warfare.be/?linkid=2544&catid=270 -
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BrahMos Missile official website (http://www.brahmos.com/home.html)
The Brahmastra (http://week.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/theWeekContent.do?
sectionName=Current+Events&contentId=2350668&programId=1073754900&pageTypeId=10737548
3&contentType=EDITORIAL&BV_ID=@@@)
The IT in Indias cruise missile (http://www.expresscomputeronline.com/20050228/market03.shtml)
BrahMos production status (http://www.india-defence.com/reports/375#274)
Features and advantages of the BrahMos supersonic missile. INFOgraphics
(http://www.en.rian.ru/infographics/20071011/83467144.html)Indian Army To Get World's First Supersonic Cruise Missiles
(http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Indian_Army_To_Get_Worlds_First_Supersonic_Cruise_Missiles_999
html) (SpaceDaily:SpaceWar) 26 Jul 2006
Effect of BrahMos hit on a Petya class frigate (http://img45.imagevenue.com/img.php?
loc=loc63&image=18489_SER.jpg)
Supersonic cruise missile BrahMos inducted into Indian defense forces (http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?
relid=22536) Govt. of India press release 29 Nov 2006
VideoComplete Video of BrahMos Missile Testing and Targeting (http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=zl48bwYBDfA)
BrahMos video (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0np6B33YM30)
BrahMos - Headlines Today (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R1qqYGjFnQo)
Precision Target hit (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R1qqYGjFnQo)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BrahMos&oldid=536504795"
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