BR-main Before Reading 1. Listen and Answer 2. History of English 3. Winston Churchill 4. Julius...

BR-main Before Reading 1. Listen and Answer 2. History of English 3. Winston Churchill 4. Julius Caesar 5. Viking 6. Norman 7. William Caxton 8. Otto Jespersen 9. Renaissance

BR1.1 Listen and Answer Listen to the recording two or three times and then think over the following questions. 1.What is the passage about? 2.Can you give one or two examples to illustrate the messiness of the English language? English is a great language, but it is also a crazy language. Yes. For example, the meaning of your house burns up is the same as that of your house burns down, or you fill in a form is the same as you fill out a form. II

BR1.1 Listen and Answer

BR1.2 Listen to the recording two or three times and then think over the following questions. 3. Are you sure of all the idiomatic usages mentioned in the recorded passage? Some of the more confusing usages are explained here: 1) ship by truck / send cargo by ship: 2) noses that run / feet that smells: The word ship can be used either as a verb or as a noun. The first expression refers to have a running nose ( ), and the second refers to have smelly feet ( ). The first ship means send, the second one a large boat. Listen and Answer

BR1.3 Listen to the recording two or three times and then think over the following questions. 3. Are you sure of all the idiomatic usages mentioned in the recorded passage? Some of the more confusing usages are explained here: 3) a slim/fat chance: 4) a wise guy: a wise man: 5) overlook: oversee: a remote possibility (derogatory) a person who pretends to be much wiser than he/she really is (commendatory) a really wise person fail to see or notice, pay no attention to watch; observe; supervise Listen and Answer

BR1.4 Listen to the recording two or three times and then think over the following questions. 3. Are you sure of all the idiomatic usages mentioned in the recorded passage? Some of the more confusing usages are explained here: 6) hot /cold as hell: 7) burn up: burn down: 8) fill in a form/fill out a form: extremely hot/cold catch fire and flare up be destroyed by fire write all the necessary information on a form Listen and Answer

BR1.5 Listen to the recording two or three times and then think over the following questions. 3. Are you sure of all the idiomatic usages mentioned in the recorded passage? Some of the more confusing usages are explained here: 9) go off: 10) when stars are out: when lights are out: 11) wind up a watch: start an action, usually accompanied by a great noise when stars appear in the sky when lights are turned off tighten the spring of a watch go on: wind up a speech: continue doing something end a speech Listen and Answer

BR2 History of English

BR2_Popwin_The root of English1 The Root of English English began as a west Germanic language which was brought to England by the Saxons around 400 A.D. Old English was the spoken and written language of England between 400 and 1100 A.D. Many words used today come from Old English, including man, woman, king, mother, etc. But Old English was very different from modern English and only a few words can be easily recognized. In the 9th and 10th centuries, when Vikings invaded England, Old Norse words, e.g. sky, take and get and many place names, entered the language. II

BR2_Popwin_The root of English2 The Root of English From the Norman Conquest (1066) until the late 12th century English was replaced as the official language by Norman French, though English was still used by the lower classes. English from about 1300 to 1500 is known as Middle English. It was influenced by French and also Latin in vocabulary and pronunciation. French brought many words connected with government, e.g. sovereign, royal, court, legal and government itself. Latin was the language of religion and learning and gave to English words such as minister, angel, master, school and grammar. Literature began again to be written in English during this period. One of the most famous Middle English works is Chaucers The Canterbury Tales. II

BR2_Popwin_The development of Modern English 1 The Development of Modern English Modern English developed from the Middle English dialect of the East Midlands and was influenced by the English used in London, where a printing press was set up by William Caxton in 1476. English changed a great deal from this time until the end of the 18th century. During the Renaissance, many words were introduced from Greek and Latin to express new ideas, especially in science, medicine and philosophy. They included physics, species, architecture, encyclopedia and hypothesis. In the 16th century several versions of the Bible helped bring written English to ordinary people. The Elizabethan period is also famous for its drama, and Shakespeares plays were seen by many people. II

BR2_Popwin_The development of Modern English 2 The Development of Modern English The development of printing helped establish standards of spelling and grammar, but there remained a lot of variation. Samuel Johnsons A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) was the first authoritative treatment of English. It defined about 40,000 words and gave examples of their use. II

BR2_Popwin_The development of Modern English 3 The Development of Modern English By the 18th century American English was established and developing independently from British English. After colonists arrived in the US new words began to be added from Native American languages, and from French and Spanish. In 1783, soon after Johnsons dictionary was published, Noah Websters The Elementary Spelling Book was published in the US. At first it used Johnsons spellings, but later editions contained many of what have come to be known as American spellings, e.g. harbor and favorite. II

BR2_Popwin_20th Century English 1 20th Century English During the 19th and early 20th centuries many dictionaries and books about language were published. New words are still being added to English from other languages, including Chinese (feng shui) and Japanese (karaoke). Existing words gain new senses, and new expressions spread quickly through television and the Internet. II

BR2_Popwin_20th Century English 2 20th Century English English is now an international language and is used as a means of communication between people from many countries. As a result the influences on the English language are wider than ever and it is possible that World English will move away from using a British or American standard and establish its own international identity. II

BR3 Winston Churchill 1. A Brief Introduction to Winston Churchill 2. Chronology of Winston Churchill

BR3_popwin_ A Brief introduction 1 A Brief Introduction to Winston Churchill As a politician, Winston Churchill is remembered as one of Britains greatest statesmen. He was the son of the Conservative politician Lord Randolph Churchill and his American wife Jennie. As a young man he served as a soldier in India and Egypt, and as a journalist in South Africa, before entering politics. Churchill became Prime Minister and Minister of Defence in 1940. His radio speeches during World War II gave the British people a strong determination to win the war, especially at times of great crisis.

BR3_popwin_ A Brief introduction 2 A Brief Introduction to Winston Churchill Examples of Churchills phrases still often quoted today are I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat, and This was their finest hour. The Conservative Party led by Churchill lost the election of 1945, but he became Prime Minister again from 1951 to 1955 when he retired, aged 80. When he died in Jan 1965 he was given a state funeral.

BR3_popwin_ Chronology of Winston Churchill1 Chronology of Winston Churchill November 30, 1874 October 1, 1911 April 30, 1915 November 6, 1924 Born Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill at Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, near Oxford. Appointed First Lord of the Admiralty in Liberal government. Failure of the Dardanelles Expedition, in World War I, led to his resignation as First Lord of the Admiralty. Baldwin named him Chancellor of the Exchequer.

BR3_popwin_ Chronology of Winston Churchill2 Chronology of Winston Churchill May 10, 1940 July 1945 April 24, 1953 December 10, 1953 January 24, 1965 Appointed to head wartime coalition government. Lost general election. Knighted by Queen Elizabeth II. Awarded Nobel prize for literature in recognition of historical works and biographies as well as his brilliant speeches. Died in London; given a state funeral; buried in the churchyard at Bladon, near Blenheim.

BR4 Julius Caesar (100~44 BC) Julius Caesar was the best- known of all the ancient Roman leaders, and the first one to land in Britain with an army. He did this twice, in 55 and 54 BC, although Britain did not become part of the Roman Empire until nearly a hundred years later.

BR5 Viking Viking was a member of a people from Scandinavia who attacked parts of northern and western Europe, including Britain and Ireland, in the 8th to 11th centuries. In Britain they were also known as Norsemen. They settled on the Scottish islands and in areas of eastern England, and the Danish King Canute ruled England from 1016. The Vikings were feared as violent and cruel, but they were also noted for their skill in building ships and as sailors. They had an important influence on English culture and the English language.

BR6.1 Norman Norman refers to any of the people from Normandy in northern France who settled in England after their leader William defeated the English king at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.

BR6.2 Norman The Normans took control of the country, a process known as the Norman Conquest. They used many of the existing Anglo-Saxon methods of government of the state and the church, but added important aspects of their own and made government much more effective. The language of government became first Latin, and then Norman French, and this caused many new words to be added to the existing English language.

BR7 William Caxton ( c.1422~c.1491) William Caxton was the man who set up the first printing firm in Britain. He printed his first book in 1474. By printing books in English, Caxton had a strong influence on the spelling and development of the language. Many of the books he published were French stories which he translated himself.

BR8 Otto Jespersen (1860~1943) Otto Jespersen was a Danish philologist, grammarian, and educationist. He promoted the use of the direct method in language teaching with the publication of his theoretical work How to Teach a Foreign Language (1904). Other books include his seven-volume Modern English Grammar (1909~1949).

BR9 Renaissance II

GR-main Global Reading 1. Part Division of the Text 2. Further Understanding For Part 1 Pair Discussion For Part 2 English -- the Sea of Language For Part 3 Questions and Answers

GR1 Part Division of the Text Parts Lines Main Ideas 1 2 3 1~17 18~89 90~102 Massive borrowing from other languages is a major feature of the English language. Tells about the history of the English language from the Indo-European parent language to modern English. Tolerance, love of freedom, and respect for the rights of others -- these qualities in the English-speaking people explain the richness of their language.

GR2_Pair Discussion 1 Pair Discussion Look at the picture below. Answer these questions with a partner. 1.What are differences between English and French in borrowing foreign words? English has a vocabulary of about one million words while French has only about 75,000 words. English has borrowed a lot of words from other languages while French hasn't. And the French government even tries to ban words from English.

GR2_Pair Discussion 2 Pair Discussion Look at the picture below. Answer these questions with a partner. 2. What can we infer from the invention of a French word balladeer? In borrowing foreign words, English people are open-minded while French people are conservative. We know the reason why English has become the first truly global language.

GR2_Pair Discussion 3 Pair Discussion Look at the picture below. Answer these questions with a partner. The Japanese put two simple English words together to name their product. 3.How did the word Walkman come into being?

GR2_English the Sea of Language 1 English -- the Sea of Language eye angel sky royal kingly capsule thermometer habitual mahjong water

GR2_Questions and Answers Questions and Answers 1. Who is Otto Jespersen? 2. According to Otto Jespersen, what causes English to become what it is? 3.What is the English language in the authors opinion? He is a Danish scholar. The fact that English people have been for centuries great respecters of the liberties of each individual and that everybody has been free to strike out new paths for himself. English is the tongue of the common man.

After reading-Main 6. Talk about the Pictures 1. Useful Expressions 2. Listening Comprehension 3. Synonyms 4. Body Language 5. Graph Writing After Reading 7. Proverbs and Quotations Brainstorm Listen and Answer

After-1.useful-1 Useful Expressions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. a hit parade strictly speaking the things that really matter to us make a speech for effect

After-1.useful-2 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. a systematic study descend from come up with drift west pass on to us Useful Expressions

After-1.useful-3 11. 12. 13. 14. enjoy oneself rear/raise a child common people a printing press Useful Expressions 15. a wealth of new thinking

After-1.useful-4 16. 17. 18. 19. the European Renaissance be out of control put into practice a respecter of the liberties of each individual Useful Expressions 20. strike out new paths

After-1.useful-5 21. 22. 23. nourish the principles of the rights of man an intellectual elite Useful Expressions

After-2_Brainstorm Brainstorm standard Chinese Han nationality dialect working language United Nation overseas Chinese Work in groups and brainstorm as many words as possible that are related to the topic -- the Chinese Language. mother tongue

After-2_ Respond 1 Listen and Answer Listen to the passage and answer the following questions. 1. What does the Chinese language usually refer to? 2. What is the percentage of the Han nationality in the total population? 3. Why do we say the Chinese language is very important in the world? It refers to the standard language and its dialects. 93.3%. Because it is one of the five working languages in the United Nations. II

After-2_popwin1 Chinese Language -- Our Mother Tongue The Chinese language usually refers to the standard language and its dialects used by the Han nationality which makes up 93.3% of the total population. Most of the minority nationalities in China have their own languages. Both numerically ( ) and in the extent of its distribution, Chinese is the most important language in China and also one of the five official working languages of the United Nations. It is also one of the richest and highly developed languages in the world. Chinese is also spoken by many overseas Chinese: it is the common language of more than 10 million overseas Chinese and persons of Chinese descent in Southeast Asia alone. At present, more than one billion people, approximately 1/5 of the worlds population, speak Chinese as their mother tongue. A written form of the language was developed as early as 6,000 years ago. From the point of view of its origin, it belongs to the Sino- Tibetan languages family( , ).

After-2_ Respond 2 Listen to the passage and answer the following questions. 4. How many overseas Chinese and persons of Chinese decent in Southeast Asia speak the Chinese language? 5. According to this passage, what was the worlds population when the passage was written? 6. How long has the Chinese language been spoken? More than 10 million. About 5 billion. More than 6,000 years. Listen and Answer II

After-2_popwin2 Chinese Language -- Our Mother Tongue The Chinese language usually refers to the standard language and its dialects used by the Han nationality which makes up 93.3% of the total population. Most of the minority nationalities in China have their own languages. Both numerically ( ) and in the extent of its distribution, Chinese is the most important language in China and also one of the five official working languages of the United Nations. It is also one of the richest and highly developed languages in the world. Chinese is also spoken by many overseas Chinese: it is the common language of more than 10 million overseas Chinese and persons of Chinese descent in Southeast Asia alone. At present, more than one billion people, approximately 1/5 of the worlds population, speak Chinese as their mother tongue. A written form of the language was developed as early as 6,000 years ago. From the point of view of its origin, it belongs to the Sino- Tibetan language family ( , ).

After-3_1 Synonyms Choose suitable words from the given pairs to complete the following sentences and try to figure out the differences in meaning. Some words, like wish and want, raise and rear, royal, kingly and sovereign, come very close in meaning but are not interchangeable in some contexts. 1. want/wish a) I you both a very pleasant journey. _______ wish b) Ann, I am sorry. I I had never said that to you. _______ wish c) My parents me to give you their best regards. _______ want d) We do not to waste our money on such worthless things. ___________ wish/want

After-3_2 Synonyms Some words, like wish and want, raise and rear, royal, kingly and sovereign, come very close in meaning but are not interchangeable in some contexts. 2. skin/hide a) This is the best lotion I've ever known for care._______ skin b) "I'm sorry I called you a pig." "My is thick enough; it didn't bother me." _________ hide/skin c) This pair of boots is made of buffalo. They are very durable. _______ hide d) I don't need a knife; I can peel the off with my fingers. ______ skin Choose suitable words from the given pairs to complete the following sentences and try to figure out the differences in meaning.

After-3_3 Synonyms Some words, like wish and want, raise and rear, royal, kingly and sovereign, come very close in meaning but are not interchangeable in some contexts. 3. raise/rear a) The male bird helps the female to the young. _________ rear/raise b) You cannot corn here. The climate is not right for it.________ raise c) The couple agreed that to the children properly they need two incomes. __________ rear/raise d) He worked hard to himself from poverty. ______ raise Choose suitable words from the given pairs to complete the following sentences and try to figure out the differences in meaning.

After-3_4 Synonyms Some words, like wish and want, raise and rear, royal, kingly and sovereign, come very close in meaning but are not interchangeable in some contexts. 4. royal/kingly/sovereign a)The British family has been the focus of media attention in recent weeks. _______ royal b) The young man's bearing ( ) has won him many admirers. __________ kingly/royal c) When did India gain its independence and become a state? __________ sovereign d) With his health restored, he is now ready to resume his duties. __________ royal/kingly Choose suitable words from the given pairs to complete the following sentences and try to figure out the differences in meaning.

After-4_1 Body Language In this part, you can see four pictures and each picture shows the different meanings of body language in China and U.S. At the same time, you can also see the different phrases or expressions showing the meanings of the pictures. Youre required to match the pictures.

After-4_2 Body Language No.1 No.2 No.3 No.4 B C D E F G H Meaning in China Meaning in U. S. No.1 No.2 No.3 No.4 ( ) No.1 No.2 No.3 No.4 A ( ) considered impolite; making people embarrassed, self-conscious applauding oneself; improper, immodest curiosity, sometimes surprise calling for silence thank you; mutual positive feelings giving comfort, consolation or encouragement; also showing affection disapproval, hissing( ) patting the head of children to show affection; patting the head of a teenager or adult causing displeasure

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After-5 Graph Writing 1. An example 3. Homework 2. Some useful expressions in graph writing

After-5_An example An example Write a composition entitled Leading Causes of Road Accidents in China. The composition should be based on the following graph. Motor Vehicles Bicycles Pedestrians Others Percentage of Accidents Your composition should be in three paragraphs:

After-5_An example_popwin1 An example Write a composition entitled Leading Causes of Road Accidents in China. The composition should be based on the following graph. Motor Vehicles Bicycles Pedestrians Others Percentage of Accidents Your composition should be in three paragraphs: 1) introduce the causes; 2) report the information given in the graph; 3) conclude the composition by giving some suggestions.

After-5_An example_popwin2 Leading Causes of Road Accidents in China With the development of the cities, the road accident is becoming a more and more serious problem in China. The information represented in the graph, which depicts the leading causes of road accidents in China, indicates that most accidents are caused by motor vehicles, bicycles, and pedestrians. In the graph we can clearly see that motor vehicles are responsible for the largest part of road accidents, namely about 50% of them. Bicycles account for 35% of the accidents and pedestrians caused nearly 10%. These statistics indicate that motor vehicles have to some extent become a threat to the security of whole society, which endangers peoples lives.

After-5_An example_popwin3 Leading Causes of Road Accidents in China Since we know that motor vehicles are the leading cause of road accidents in China, we should take some measures to improve the situation. First, we should make a law to punish any violators of traffic regulations. Then, cyclists should use hand signals to warn other road users of their intentions. Last but not least, the department concerned should educate ordinary people to walk on a zebra crossing or overpass when they cross a street. All in all, its time for us to attach great importance to this problem.

After-5_Some useful Some useful expressions in graph writing 1) The picture shows 2) This table shows the differences between 3) The diagram represents 4) The chart above indicates 5) The information represented in the graph indicates 6) As can be seen from the chart, 7) As is shown in the bar graph, there were 8) From the diagram it can be seen clearly that 9) From these figures one can easily see that 10) According to the graph given above, we can see that 11) This is an illustration of/a typical example of 12) There was a great/slight increase/rise. 13) There has been a sudden/slow/rapid fall/drop 14) Take the above chart as an example,

After-5_Homework Homework Write a composition entitled Causes of Fires based on the following graph. Smoking Defective Insulation Children Playing With Matches Number of Fires Your composition should be in three paragraphs:

After-5_Homework_popwin Homework Write a composition entitled Causes of Fire based on the following graph. smoking defective insulation children playing with matches number of fire Your composition should be in three paragraphs: 1) introduce the causes; 2) report the information given in the graph; 3) conclude the composition by giving some suggestions.

After-5_Homework_popwin1 Causes of Fires In spite of all the progress that mankind has made over years, fire continues to be a terrible killer in our modern society. From the graph, which depicts the leading causes of fires, we can see that most fires are caused by smoking, defective insulation and children playing with matches. The graph makes it clear that smoking was responsible for most of the fires, namely about 500 of them. Defective insulation resulted in more than 200 fires and children playing with matches caused nearly 100 fires. These results indicate that smoking can thus be regarded as the enemy of the whole society, especially when the public interest is taken into consideration.

After-5_Homework_popwin2 Causes of Fires From the above, we can see that smoking is the leading cause of fires. Therefore we should remind smokers to pay close attention to their cigarette ends when they smoke. On the other hand, we should also educate our children, warning them of the danger of playing with matches. Its time for us to take measures to prevent dangerous fires.

After-6 Talk about the Pictures

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After-7_1 Proverbs and Quotations 1. Speech is silver, silence is gold. 2. Speech is the index/picture of the mind. 3. Speech shows what a man is.

After-7_2 Proverbs and Quotations 4. A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life. -- Karl Marx, German philosopher 5. Grammar must be learned through language, and not language through grammar. -- Johann G. Herdor, German philosopher -- K. -- J.G.

After-7_3 Proverbs and Quotations 6. Speech is a mirror of soul; as a man speaks, so is he. -- Ephraem Syrus, American writer -- E.

Article1_S THE GLORIOUS MESSINESS OF ENGLISH The story of our English language is typically one of massive stealing from other languages. That is why English today has an estimated vocabulary of over one million words, while other major languages have far fewer. French, for example, has only about 75,000 words, and that includes English expressions like snack bar and hit parade. The French, however, do not like borrowing foreign words because they think it corrupts their language.

Article2_S that Walkman is not desirable; so they invent a word, balladeur, which French kids are supposed to say instead -- but they don't. Walkman is fascinating because it isnt even English. Strictly speaking, it The government tries to ban words from English and declares was invented by the Japanese manufacturers who put two simple English words together to name their product. That doesnt bother us, but it does bother the French. Such is the glorious messiness of English.

Article3_S That happy tolerance, that willingness to accept words from anywhere, explains the richness of English and why it has become, to a very real extent, the first truly global language. How did the language of a small island off the coast of Europe become the language of the planet -- more widely spoken and written than any other has ever been? The history of English is present in the first words a child learns about identity (I, me, you); possession (mine, yours); the body (eye, nose, mouth); size (tall, short); and necessities (food, water). These words all come from Old English or Anglo-Saxon English, the core of our language.

Article4_S Usually short and direct, these are words we still use today for the things that really matter to us. Great speakers often use Old English to arouse our emotions. For example, during World War II, Winston Churchill made this speech, stirring the courage of his people against Hitlers armies positioned to cross the English Channel: We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender.

Article5_S Virtually every one of those words came from Old English, except the last -- surrender, which came from Norman French. Churchill could have said, We shall never give in, but it is one of the lovely -- and powerful -- opportunities of English that a writer can mix, for effect, different words from different backgrounds. Yet there is something direct to the heart that speaks to us from the earliest words in our language. When Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 B.C., English did not exist. The Celts, who inhabited the land, spoke languages that survive today mainly as Welsh. Where those languages came from is still a mystery, but there is a theory.

Article6_S Two centuries ago an English judge in India noticed that several words in Sanskrit closely resembled some words in Greek and Latin. A systematic study revealed that many modern languages descended from a common parent language, lost to us because nothing was written down. Identifying similar words, linguists have come up with what they call an Indo-European parent language, spoken until 3500 to 2000 B.C. These people had common words for snow, bee and wolf but no word for sea. So some scholars assume they lived somewhere in north-central Europe, where it was cold. Traveling east, some established the languages of India and Pakistan, and others drifted west toward the gentler climates of Europe.

Article7 Some who made the earliest move westward became known as the Celts, whom Caesars armies found in Britain. New words came with the Germanic tribes -- the Angles, the Saxons, etc. -- that slipped across the North Sea to settle in Britain in the 5th century. Together they formed what we call Anglo-Saxon society. The Anglo-Saxons passed on to us their farming vocabulary, including sheep, ox, earth, wood, field and work. They must have also enjoyed themselves because they gave us the word laughter.

Article8 The next big influence on English was Christianity. It enriched the Anglo-Saxon vocabulary with some 400 to 500 words from Greek and Latin, including angel, disciple and martyr. Then into this relatively peaceful land came the Vikings from Scandinavia. They also brought to English many words that begin with sk, like sky and skirt. But Old Norse and English both survived, and so you can rear a child (English) or raise a child (Norse). Other such pairs survive: wish and want, craft and skill, hide and skin. Each such addition gave English more richness, more variety.

Article9_S Another flood of new vocabulary occurred in 1066, when the Normans conquered England. The country now had three languages: French for the nobles, Latin for the churches and English for the common people. With three languages competing, there were sometimes different terms for the same thing. For example, Anglo-Saxons had the word kingly, but after the Normans, royal and sovereign entered the language as alternatives. The extraordinary thing was that French did not replace English. Over three centuries English gradually swallowed French, and by the end of the 15th century what had developed was a modified, greatly enriched language -- Middle English -- with about 10,000 borrowed French words.

Article10_S Around 1476 William Caxton set up a printing press in England and started a communications revolution. Printing brought into English the wealth of new thinking that sprang from the European Renaissance. Translations of Greek and Roman classics were poured onto the printed page, and with them thousands of Latin words like capsule and habitual, and Greek words like catastrophe and thermometer. Today we still borrow from Latin and Greek to name new inventions, like video, television and cyberspace.

Article11_S As settlers landed in North America and established the United States, English found itself with two sources -- American and British. Scholars in Britain worried that the language was out of control, and some wanted to set up an academy to decide which words were proper and which were not. Fortunately their idea has never been put into practice. That tolerance for change also represents deeply rooted ideas of freedom.

Article12_S Danish scholar Otto Jespersen wrote in 1905, The English language would not have been what it is if the English had not been for centuries great respecters of the liberties of each individual and if everybody had not been free to strike out new paths for himself. I like that idea. Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and rights of man in the modern world. The first shoots sprang up in England, and they grew stronger in America. The English-speaking peoples have defeated all efforts to build fences around their language.

Article13_S Indeed, the English language is not the special preserve of grammarians, language police, teachers, writers or the intellectual elite. English is, and always has been, the tongue of the common man.

Article1_W THE GLORIOUS MESSINESS OF ENGLISH The story of our English language is typically one of massive stealing from other languages. That is why English today has an estimated vocabulary of over one million words, while other major languages have far fewer. French, for example, has only about 75,000 words, and that includes English expressions like snack bar and hit parade. The French, however, do not like borrowing foreign words because they think it corrupts their language.

Article1_W_Popwin_corrupt The story of our English language is typically one of massive stealing from other languages. That is why English today has an estimated vocabulary of over one million words, while other major languages have far fewer. French, for example, has only about 75,000 words, and that includes English expressions like snack bar and hit parade. The French, however, do not like borrowing foreign words because they think it corrupts their language. corrupt: vt. 1) cause errors to appear in The Academy ruled that such foreign expressions were not permitted, as they corrupted the language. Has Japanese been corrupted by the introduction of foreign words? 2) cause to act dishonestly in return for personal gains To our great surprise, the former mayor turned out to have been corrupted by the desire for money and power. To gain more profits, the businessman tried every means to corrupt the officials in the local government. THE GLORIOUS MESSINESS OF ENGLISH

Article1_S_Popwin_THE GLORIOUS The story of our English language is typically one of massive stealing from other languages. That is why English today has an estimated vocabulary of over one million words, while other major languages have far fewer. French, for example, has only about 75,000 words, and that includes English expressions like snack bar and hit parade. The French, however, do not like borrowing foreign words because they think it corrupts their language. THE GLORIOUS MESSINESS OF ENGLISH 1) Translate the title into Chinese. 2) What kind of rhetorical device is used in the title? . The rhetorical device used here is called oxymoron ( ). An oxymoron puts two contradictory terms together to puzzle the reader, luring him/her to pause and explore why. Here Glorious is a commendatory ( ) term, while Messiness is derogatory ( ). As the reader reads on, he/she will know that English is messy, but the messiness reflects some commendable qualities of English, such as tolerance, the love of freedom, and the respect for others rights. At this point the reader cannot but admire the authors ingenuity.

Article2_S_popwin_ which French kids that Walkman is not desirable; so they invent a word, balladeur, which French kids are supposed to say instead -- but they don't. Walkman is fascinating because it isnt even English. Strictly speaking, it The government tries to ban words from English and declares was invented by the Japanese manufacturers who put two simple English words together to name their product. That doesnt bother us, but it does bother the French. Such is the glorious messiness of English. Paraphrase this part of the sentence. French children are expected to say the word balladeur instead of Walkman but they dont say it.

Article2_S_popwin_ Such is the that Walkman is not desirable; so they invent a word, balladeur, which French kids are supposed to say instead -- but they don't. Walkman is fascinating because it isnt even English. Strictly speaking, it The government tries to ban words from English and declares was invented by the Japanese manufacturers who put two simple English words together to name their product. That doesnt bother us, but it does bother the French. Such is the glorious messiness of English. What can we know about the authors attitude towards English from this sentence? He thinks much of it.

Article2_W that Walkman is not desirable; so they invent a word, balladeur, which French kids are supposed to say instead -- but they don't. Walkman is fascinating because it isnt even English. Strictly speaking, it The government tries to ban words from English and declares was invented by the Japanese manufacturers who put two simple English words together to name their product. That doesnt bother us, but it does bother the French. Such is the glorious messiness of English.

Article2_W_Popwin_ban1 that Walkman is not desirable; so they invent a word, balladeur, which French kids are supposed to say instead -- but they don't. Walkman is fascinating because it isnt even English. Strictly speaking, it The government tries to ban words from English and declares was invented by the Japanese manufacturers who put two simple English words together to name their product. That doesnt bother us, but it does bother the French. Such is the glorious messiness of English. ban: 1. vt. forbid (sth.) officially Pattern: ban sth.; ban sb. from sth./doing sth. The local government will ban smoking in all offices later this year. Tom was banned from driving for six months after being caught speeding again. Lady Chatterleys Lover was banned when it was first published.

Article2_W_Popwin_ban2 that Walkman is not desirable; so they invent a word, balladeur, which French kids are supposed to say instead -- but they don't. Walkman is fascinating because it isnt even English. Strictly speaking, it The government tries to ban words from English and declares was invented by the Japanese manufacturers who put two simple English words together to name their product. That doesnt bother us, but it does bother the French. Such is the glorious messiness of English. CF: ban, forbid & prohibit ban The treaty bans all nuclear tests. He forbade his children sweets because he didnt want their teeth to be ruined. In some countries the sale of alcoholic beverages is prohibited. forbid prohibit ban ,

Article2_W_Popwin_ban3 that Walkman is not desirable; so they invent a word, balladeur, which French kids are supposed to say instead -- but they don't. Walkman is fascinating because it isnt even English. Strictly speaking, it The government tries to ban words from English and declares was invented by the Japanese manufacturers who put two simple English words together to name their product. That doesnt bother us, but it does bother the French. Such is the glorious messiness of English. ban: 2. n. a prohibition imposed by law or official decree (followed by on) The government is considering a total ban on cigarette advertising. The ban on human cloning is welcomed by most countries in the world.

Article2_W_Popwin_invent1 that Walkman is not desirable; so they invent a word, balladeur, which French kids are supposed to say instead -- but they don't. Walkman is fascinating because it isnt even English. Strictly speaking, it The government tries to ban words from English and declares was invented by the Japanese manufacturers who put two simple English words together to name their product. That doesnt bother us, but it does bother the French. Such is the glorious messiness of English. invent: vt. 1) make or design (sth. that has not existed before); create (sth.) James Watt invented the steam engine. Walter Hunt and Elias Hone invented the sewing machine Standing still in the teachers office, the boy tried to invent a plausible excuse for his absence from class. 2)give (a name, reason, etc. that doesnt exist or is not true) All the characters in the novel are invented.

Article2_W_Popwin_invent2 that Walkman is not desirable; so they invent a word, balladeur, which French kids are supposed to say instead -- but they don't. Walkman is fascinating because it isnt even English. Strictly speaking, it The government tries to ban words from English and declares was invented by the Japanese manufacturers who put two simple English words together to name their product. That doesnt bother us, but it does bother the French. Such is the glorious messiness of English. CF: invent & discover Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. The planet Pluto was discovered in 1930. discover 1930 invent

Article2_W_Popwin_fascinate that Walkman is not desirable; so they invent a word, balladeur, which French kids are supposed to say instead -- but they don't. Walkman is fascinating because it isnt even English. Strictly speaking, it The government tries to ban words from English and declares was invented by the Japanese manufacturers who put two simple English words together to name their product. That doesnt bother us, but it does bother the French. Such is the glorious messiness of English. fascinating: adj. of great interest or attraction The story of his adventures in the Arctic was fascinating to listen to. I found the discussion about cloning absolutely fascinating. It is fascinating to imagine what might have happened if the US had not declared war against Japan in World War II.

Article2_W_Popwin_Strictly speak that Walkman is not desirable; so they invent a word, balladeur, which French kids are supposed to say instead -- but they don't. Walkman is fascinating because it isnt even English. Strictly speaking, it The government tries to ban words from English and declares was invented by the Japanese manufacturers who put two simple English words together to name their product. That doesnt bother us, but it does bother the French. Such is the glorious messiness of English. strictly speaking: if one uses words, applies rules, etc. in their exact sense Strictly speaking she was not qualified for the job. But we employed her because of her honesty. Hes not strictly speaking an artist; he is more of a performer.

Article3_W That happy tolerance, that willingness to accept words from anywhere, explains the richness of English and why it has become, to a very real extent, the first truly global language. How did the language of a small island off the coast of Europe become the language of the planet -- more widely spoken and written than any other has ever been? The history of English is present in the first words a child learns about identity (I, me, you); possession (mine, yours); the body (eye, nose, mouth); size (tall, short); and necessities (food, water). These words all come from Old English or Anglo-Saxon English, the core of our language.

Article3_S_Popwin_ The history of English That happy tolerance, that willingness to accept words from anywhere, explains the richness of English and why it has become, to a very real extent, the first truly global language. How did the language of a small island off the coast of Europe become the language of the planet -- more widely spoken and written than any other has ever been? The history of English is present in the first words a child learns about identity (I, me, you); possession (mine, yours); the body (eye, nose, mouth); size (tall, short); and necessities (food, water). These words all come from Old English or Anglo-Saxon English, the core of our language. 1. Paraphrase this part. 2. Translate this part into Chinese. The history of English is revealed in the first words a child learns about

Article3_W_Popwin_tolerance That happy tolerance, that willingness to accept words from anywhere, explains the richness of English and why it has become, to a very real extent, the first truly global language. How did the language of a small island off the coast of Europe become the language of the planet -- more widely spoken and written than any other has ever been? The history of English is present in the first words a child learns about identity (I, me, you); possession (mine, yours); the body (eye, nose, mouth); size (tall, short); and necessities (food, water). These words all come from Old English or Anglo-Saxon English, the core of our language. tolerance: n. 1) the quality of allowing other people to say and do as they like, even if you dont agree or approve of it (followed by for) School teachers have to have a great deal of tolerance in order to deal with difficult children. He has no tolerance for people who disagree with him. 2) the ability to bear sth. painful or unpleasant (followed by of/for/to) Human beings have limited tolerance of/to noise. The patient had no tolerance for/to pain. Whenever he was injected he would cry. Collocation display/show tolerance have tolerance tolerance for/of/towards

Article3_W_popwin_to a extent That happy tolerance, that willingness to accept words from anywhere, explains the richness of English and why it has become, to a very real extent, the first truly global language. How did the language of a small island off the coast of Europe become the language of the planet -- more widely spoken and written than any other has ever been? The history of English is present in the first words a child learns about identity (I, me, you); possession (mine, yours); the body (eye, nose, mouth); size (tall, short); and necessities (food, water). These words all come from Old English or Anglo-Saxon English, the core of our language. to a (very real, certain, etc.) extent: to the degree specified I agree with him to some extent but there are still some areas of sharp disagreement between us. To some extent the water pollution has affected local residents. To a certain extent the failure of the restaurant was due to bad management.

Article3_W_popwin_necessilty1 That happy tolerance, that willingness to accept words from anywhere, explains the richness of English and why it has become, to a very real extent, the first truly global language. How did the language of a small island off the coast of Europe become the language of the planet -- more widely spoken and written than any other has ever been? The history of English is present in the first words a child learns about identity (I, me, you); possession (mine, yours); the body (eye, nose, mouth); size (tall, short); and necessities (food, water). These words all come from Old English or Anglo-Saxon English, the core of our language. necessity: n. 1) something necessary or indispensable A lot of people would consider a TV as more of a necessity than a luxury item. The workers wages were so low that they hardly had enough money to buy the bare necessities of life. 2) circumstances that force one to do sth.; the state of being necessary; the need for sth. (followed by of/for) There is absolutely no necessity for you to be involved in the project. Water is a basic necessity of life. Is there any necessity for another election?

Article3_W_popwin_necessilty2 That happy tolerance, that willingness to accept words from anywhere, explains the richness of English and why it has become, to a very real extent, the first truly global language. How did the language of a small island off the coast of Europe become the language of the planet -- more widely spoken and written than any other has ever been? The history of English is present in the first words a child learns about identity (I, me, you); possession (mine, yours); the body (eye, nose, mouth); size (tall, short); and necessities (food, water). These words all come from Old English or Anglo-Saxon English, the core of our language. necessity: n. Collocation feel the necessity of the bare necessities the necessities of life by / of necessity You will of necessity remain silent. I walked home by necessity, because the car broke down.

Article4_W Usually short and direct, these are words we still use today for the things that really matter to us. Great speakers often use Old English to arouse our emotions. For example, during World War II, Winston Churchill made this speech, stirring the courage of his people against Hitlers armies positioned to cross the English Channel: We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender.

Article4_S_Popwin_We shall fight Usually short and direct, these are words we still use today for the things that really matter to us. Great speakers often use Old English to arouse our emotions. For example, during World War II, Winston Churchill made this speech, stirring the courage of his people against Hitlers armies positioned to cross the English Channel: We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender. What kind of rhetorical device is used here? And whats the function of it? The rhetorical device used here is called parallelism ( ). With this device the sentences become more powerful and will leave a deeper impression on listeners or readers.

Article4_W_popwin_arouse Usually short and direct, these are words we still use today for the things that really matter to us. Great speakers often use Old English to arouse our emotions. For example, during World War II, Winston Churchill made this speech, stirring the courage of his people against Hitlers armies positioned to cross the English Channel: We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender. arouse: vt. provoke (a particular feeling or attitude) These educational toys give children a feeling of self-worth by arousing their interest in challenging tasks. The mans strange behavior aroused the policemans suspicions.

Article4_W_popwin_surrender Usually short and direct, these are words we still use today for the things that really matter to us. Great speakers often use Old English to arouse our emotions. For example, during World War II, Winston Churchill made this speech, stirring the courage of his people against Hitlers armies positioned to cross the English Channel: We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender. surrender: v. give in (followed by to) After several weeks of severe attacks, Afghanistans Taliban forces surrendered to the Northern Alliance. After the bombs fell on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Japanese surrendered. Well never surrender to terrorism despite the terrorist attacks. You must surrender your guns to the police.

Article5_W Virtually every one of those words came from Old English, except the last -- surrender, which came from Norman French. Churchill could have said, We shall never give in, but it is one of the lovely -- and powerful -- opportunities of English that a writer can mix, for effect, different words from different backgrounds. Yet there is something direct to the heart that speaks to us from the earliest words in our language. When Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 B.C., English did not exist. The Celts, who inhabited the land, spoke languages that survive today mainly as Welsh. Where those languages came from is still a mystery, but there is a theory.

Article5_W_Virtually Virtually every one of those words came from Old English, except the last -- surrender, which came from Norman French. Churchill could have said, We shall never give in, but it is one of the lovely -- and powerful -- opportunities of English that a writer can mix, for effect, different words from different backgrounds. Yet there is something direct to the heart that speaks to us from the earliest words in our language. When Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 B.C., English did not exist. The Celts, who inhabited the land, spoke languages that survive today mainly as Welsh. Where those languages came from is still a mystery, but there is a theory. virtually: adv. for the most part, almost Its virtually impossible to tell the imitation from the real thing. It has been raining virtually non-stop for the past several days. The dinners virtually ready; I only have to finish the vegetables.

Article5_W_invaded1 Virtually every one of those words came from Old English, except the last -- surrender, which came from Norman French. Churchill could have said, We shall never give in, but it is one of the lovely -- and powerful -- opportunities of English that a writer can mix, for effect, different words from different backgrounds. Yet there is something direct to the heart that speaks to us from the earliest words in our language. When Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 B.C., English did not exist. The Celts, who inhabited the land, spoke languages that survive today mainly as Welsh. Where those languages came from is still a mystery, but there is a theory. invade: vt. enter with armed forces In July 1937 the Japanese army invaded China.

Article5_W_invaded2 Virtually every one of those words came from Old English, except the last -- surrender, which came from Norman French. Churchill could have said, We shall never give in, but it is one of the lovely -- and powerful -- opportunities of English that a writer can mix, for effect, different words from different backgrounds. Yet there is something direct to the heart that speaks to us from the earliest words in our language. When Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 B.C., English did not exist. The Celts, who inhabited the land, spoke languages that survive today mainly as Welsh. Where those languages came from is still a mystery, but there is a theory. The Germans invaded Poland in 1939, leading to the start of World War II. II

Article5_W_mystery1 Virtually every one of those words came from Old English, except the last -- surrender, which came from Norman French. Churchill could have said, We shall never give in, but it is one of the lovely -- and powerful -- opportunities of English that a writer can mix, for effect, different words from different backgrounds. Yet there is something direct to the heart that speaks to us from the earliest words in our language. When Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 B.C., English did not exist. The Celts, who inhabited the land, spoke languages that survive today mainly as Welsh. Where those languages came from is still a mystery, but there is a theory. mystery: n. sth. that people cant, or have not been able to understand or explain The politicians sudden death remains a mystery to us all. pyramid How Egyptian pyramids were built still remains a mystery. No one has ever been able to explain the mystery of the Bermuda Triangle.

Article5_W_mystery2 Virtually every one of those words came from Old English, except the last -- surrender, which came from Norman French. Churchill could have said, We shall never give in, but it is one of the lovely -- and powerful -- opportunities of English that a writer can mix, for effect, different words from different backgrounds. Yet there is something direct to the heart that speaks to us from the earliest words in our language. When Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 B.C., English did not exist. The Celts, who inhabited the land, spoke languages that survive today mainly as Welsh. Where those languages came from is still a mystery, but there is a theory. mystery: n. sth. that people cant, or have not been able to understand or explain Collocation pose a mystery remain a mystery clear up a mystery solve/unravel a mystery shrouded/cloaked/wrapped in mystery

Article6_W Two centuries ago an English judge in India noticed that several words in Sanskrit closely resembled some words in Greek and Latin. A systematic study revealed that many modern languages descended from a common parent language, lost to us because nothing was written down. Identifying similar words, linguists have come up with what they call an Indo-European parent language, spoken until 3500 to 2000 B.C. These people had common words for snow, bee and wolf but no word for sea. So some scholars assume they lived somewhere in north-central Europe, where it was cold. Traveling east, some established the languages of India and Pakistan, and others drifted west toward the gentler climates of Europe.

Article6_W_Popwin_resenble Two centuries ago an English judge in India noticed that several words in Sanskrit closely resembled some words in Greek and Latin. A systematic study revealed that many modern languages descended from a common parent language, lost to us because nothing was written down. Identifying similar words, linguists have come up with what they call an Indo-European parent language, spoken until 3500 to 2000 B.C. These people had common words for snow, bee and wolf but no word for sea. So some scholars assume they lived somewhere in north-central Europe, where it was cold. Traveling east, some established the languages of India and Pakistan, and others drifted west toward the gentler climates of Europe. resemble: vt. be like or similar to John resembles his father very much in all ways. Id say he resembles his mother more than his father.

Article6_W_popwin_descend1 Two centuries ago an English judge in India noticed that several words in Sanskrit closely resembled some words in Greek and Latin. A systematic study revealed that many modern languages descended from a common parent language, lost to us because nothing was written down. Identifying similar words, linguists have come up with what they call an Indo-European parent language, spoken until 3500 to 2000 B.C. These people had common words for snow, bee and wolf but no word for sea. So some scholars assume they lived somewhere in north-central Europe, where it was cold. Traveling east, some established the languages of India and Pakistan, and others drifted west toward the gentler climates of Europe. descend: v. come down (from a source), go down These ideas descend from those of the ancient philosophers. The old lady descended the stairs. The sun descended behind the hills.

Article6_W_popwin_descend2 Two centuries ago an English judge in India noticed that several words in Sanskrit closely resembled some words in Greek and Latin. A systematic study revealed that many modern languages descended from a common parent language, lost to us because nothing was written down. Identifying similar words, linguists have come up with what they call an Indo-European parent language, spoken until 3500 to 2000 B.C. These people had common words for snow, bee and wolf but no word for sea. So some scholars assume they lived somewhere in north-central Europe, where it was cold. Traveling east, some established the languages of India and Pakistan, and others drifted west toward the gentler climates of Europe. CF: descend, fall & drop On turning the corner, we saw that the road descended steeply. fall Large masses of rock are constantly falling into the sea. drop The rain was still dropping from the trees. descend

Article6_W_popwin_establish Two centuries ago an English judge in India noticed that several words in Sanskrit closely resembled some words in Greek and Latin. A systematic study revealed that many modern languages descended from a common parent language, lost to us because nothing was written down. Identifying similar words, linguists have come up with what they call an Indo-European parent language, spoken until 3500 to 2000 B.C. These people had common words for snow, bee and wolf but no word for sea. So some scholars assume they lived somewhere in north-central Europe, where it was cold. Traveling east, some established the languages of India and Pakistan, and others drifted west toward the gentler climates of Europe. establish: vt. 1) cause to be, set up 1905 The school was established in 1905 by an Italian professor. The bank helps people wanting to establish their business. 2) place or settle sb./oneself in a position, an office, etc. Ingrid Bergman established her fame as a film star at the age of 20. Yao Ming established himself in the team soon after he arrived in U.S.

Article6_W_popwin_drift1 Two centuries ago an English judge in India noticed that several words in Sanskrit closely resembled some words in Greek and Latin. A systematic study revealed that many modern languages descended from a common parent language, lost to us because nothing was written down. Identifying similar words, linguists have come up with what they call an Indo-European parent language, spoken until 3500 to 2000 B.C. These people had common words for snow, bee and wolf but no word for sea. So some scholars assume they lived somewhere in north-central Europe, where it was cold. Traveling east, some established the languages of India and Pakistan, and others drifted west toward the gentler climates of Europe. drift: 1. vi. move or go somewhere in a slow casual way Jimmy spent the year drifting around Europe. The football match was over, and the crowds drifted away from the stadium. She just drifts from job to job. 2.n. 1) the movement or course of sth. drifting Nowadays there is a drift of young people from the country to the city. 2) the general meaning Im sorry: I cant catch/get the drift of what youre saying. Did you get/see the drift of the argument?

Article6_W_popwin_drift2 Two centuries ago an English judge in India noticed that several words in Sanskrit closely resembled some words in Greek and Latin. A systematic study revealed that many modern languages descended from a common parent language, lost to us because nothing was written down. Identifying similar words, linguists have come up with what they call an Indo-European parent language, spoken until 3500 to 2000 B.C. These people had common words for snow, bee and wolf but no word for sea. So some scholars assume they lived somewhere in north-central Europe, where it was cold. Traveling east, some established the languages of India and Pakistan, and others drifted west toward the gentler climates of Europe. drift: At last, he drifted into a life of crime. The conversation drifted from one subject to another. Collocation drift along drift apart drift into/toward drift fromto a general drift get/catch the drift of follow sbs drift

Article7_W Some who made the earliest move westward became known as the Celts, whom Caesars armies found in Britain. New words came with the Germanic tribes -- the Angles, the Saxons, etc. -- that slipped across the North Sea to settle in Britain in the 5th century. Together they formed what we call Anglo-Saxon society. The Anglo-Saxons passed on to us their farming vocabulary, including sheep, ox, earth, wood, field and work. They must have also enjoyed themselves because they gave us the word laughter.

Article7_W_Popwin_pass on to Some who made the earliest move westward became known as the Celts, whom Caesars armies found in Britain. New words came with the Germanic tribes -- the Angles, the Saxons, etc. -- that slipped across the North Sea to settle in Britain in the 5th century. Together they formed what we call Anglo-Saxon society. The Anglo-Saxons passed on to us their farming vocabulary, including sheep, ox, earth, wood, field and work. They must have also enjoyed themselves because they gave us the word laughter. pass (sth.) on to (sb.): hand or give (sth.) to (sb.) When you have finished reading the novel, please pass it on to Laura. The King passed on much of his fortune to the princess.

Article8_W The next big influence on English was Christianity. It enriched the Anglo-Saxon vocabulary with some 400 to 500 words from Greek and Latin, including angel, disciple and martyr. Then into this relatively peaceful land came the Vikings from Scandinavia. They also brought to English many words that begin with sk, like sky and skirt. But Old Norse and English both survived, and so you can rear a child (English) or raise a child (Norse). Other such pairs survive: wish and want, craft and skill, hide and skin. Each such addition gave English more richness, more variety.

Article8_W_Popwin_addition The next big influence on English was Christianity. It enriched the Anglo-Saxon vocabulary with some 400 to 500 words from Greek and Latin, including angel, disciple and martyr. Then into this relatively peaceful land came the Vikings from Scandinavia. They also brought to English many words that begin with sk, like sky and skirt. But Old Norse and English both survived, and so you can rear a child (English) or raise a child (Norse). Other such pairs survive: wish and want, craft and skill, hide and skin. Each such addition gave English more richness, more variety. addition: n. 1) a person or thing added (followed by to) The baby is a welcome addition to the Smith family. He will be a valuable addition to our basketball team. 2) the act of adding, esp. adding numbers together Before I entered the primary school, my mother taught me to do addition and subtraction. Collocation do addition make an addition in addition In addition to his salary, he earns a lot from giving lectures. You need money and time. In addition, you need diligence. in addition to

Article9_W Another flood of new vocabulary occurred in 1066, when the Normans conquered England. The country now had three languages: French for the nobles, Latin for the churches and English for the common people. With three languages competing, there were sometimes different terms for the same thing. For example, Anglo-Saxons had the word kingly, but after the Normans, royal and sovereign entered the language as alternatives. The extraordinary thing was that French did not replace English. Over three centuries English gradually swallowed French, and by the end of the 15th century what had developed was a modified, greatly enriched language -- Middle English -- with about 10,000 borrowed French words.

Article9_S_popwin_French for the nobles Another flood of new vocabulary occurred in 1066, when the Normans conquered England. The country now had three languages: French for the nobles, Latin for the churches and English for the common people. With three languages competing, there were sometimes different terms for the same thing. For example, Anglo-Saxons had the word kingly, but after the Normans, royal and sovereign entered the language as alternatives. The extraordinary thing was that French did not replace English. Over three centuries English gradually swallowed French, and by the end of the 15th century what had developed was a modified, greatly enriched language -- Middle English -- with about 10,000 borrowed French words. What kind of rhetorical device is used here? The rhetorical device used here is called metonymy ( ). Here the word churches stands for religious institutions and those who are involved in religious practices. For another example, in the sentence The kettle boils., the word kettle stands for the water in the kettle.

Article9_W_popwin_conquer1 Another flood of new vocabulary occurred in 1066, when the Normans conquered England. The country now had three languages: French for the nobles, Latin for the churches and English for the common people. With three languages competing, there were sometimes different terms for the same thing. For example, Anglo-Saxons had the word kingly, but after the Normans, royal and sovereign entered the language as alternatives. The extraordinary thing was that French did not replace English. Over three centuries English gradually swallowed French, and by the end of the 15th century what had developed was a modified, greatly enriched language -- Middle English -- with about 10,000 borrowed French words. conquer: vt. take possession and control of (a country, city, etc.) by force; defeat Afghanistans Northern Alliance conquered Kabul a month ago. She has conquered the hearts of many men. There has been a tremendous international effort to conquer cancer.

Article9_W_popwin_conquer2 Another flood of new vocabulary occurred in 1066, when the Normans conquered England. The country now had three languages: French for the nobles, Latin for the churches and English for the common people. With three languages competing, there were sometimes different terms for the same thing. For example, Anglo-Saxons had the word kingly, but after the Normans, royal and sovereign entered the language as alternatives. The extraordinary thing was that French did not replace English. Over three centuries English gradually swallowed French, and by the end of the 15th century what had developed was a modified, greatly enriched language -- Middle English -- with about 10,000 borrowed French words. CF: conquer, beat & defeat The Romans conquered parts of Britain in the first century B. C. conquer: beat: She beat her brother at tennis. defeat: He was defeated by 165 votes against 132. 132 165

Article9_W_popwin_alternative1 Another flood of new vocabulary occurred in 1066, when the Normans conquered England. The country now had three languages: French for the nobles, Latin for the churches and English for the common people. With three languages competing, there were sometimes different terms for the same thing. For example, Anglo-Saxons had the word kingly, but after the Normans, royal and sovereign entered the language as alternatives. The extraordinary thing was that French did not replace English. Over three centuries English gradually swallowed French, and by the end of the 15th century what had developed was a modified, greatly enriched language -- Middle English -- with about 10,000 borrowed French words. alternative: 1. n. one of two or more possibilities (followed by to) His father gave John the alternative of staying in high school or going to work. Im afraid I have no alternative but to report you to the police. NB: We have several alternatives to chose from.

Article9_W_popwin_alternative2 Another flood of new vocabulary occurred in 1066, when the Normans conquered England. The country now had three languages: French for the nobles, Latin for the churches and English for the common people. With three languages competing, there were sometimes different terms for the same thing. For example, Anglo-Saxons had the word kingly, but after the Normans, royal and sovereign entered the language as alternatives. The extraordinary thing was that French did not replace English. Over three centuries English gradually swallowed French, and by the end of the 15th century what had developed was a modified, greatly enriched language -- Middle English -- with about 10,000 borrowed French words. adj. (of two things) that may be used, had, done, etc. instead of another; other We returned by an alternative road. NB: alternate alternative They had an alternate/alternative plan. ) alternative 2.

Article9_W_popwin_enrich Another flood of new vocabulary occurred in 1066, when the Normans conquered England. The country now had three languages: French for the nobles, Latin for the churches and English for the common people. With three languages competing, there were sometimes different terms for the same thing. For example, Anglo-Saxons had the word kingly, but after the Normans, royal and sovereign entered the language as alternatives. The extraordinary thing was that French did not replace English. Over three centuries English gradually swallowed French, and by the end of the 15th century what had developed was a modified, greatly enriched language -- Middle English -- with about 10,000 borrowed French words. enrich: vt. 1) make rich or richer That once poor coastal village has been enriched by the profits from tourism. The discovery of oil has enriched many Arabian countries. 2) improve It is important to enrich the soil prior to planting. Music can enrich your whole life.

Article10_S_Popwin_Translations of Greek Around 1476 William Caxton set up a printing press in England and started a communications revolution. Printing brought into English the wealth of new thinking that sprang from the European Renaissance. Translations of Greek and Roman classics were poured onto the printed page, and with them thousands of Latin words like capsule and habitual, and Greek words like catastrophe and thermometer. Today we still borrow from Latin and Greek to name new inventions, like video, television and cyberspace. What is the Chinese version of this part? . What kind of rhetorical device is used here? The author uses personification ( ) in this part.

Article10_S_Popwin_Today we still borrow Around 1476 William Caxton set up a printing press in England and started a communications revolution. Printing brought into English the wealth of new thinking that sprang from the European Renaissance. Translations of Greek and Roman classics were poured onto the printed page, and with them thousands of Latin words like capsule and habitual, and Greek words like catastrophe and thermometer. Today we still borrow from Latin and Greek to name new inventions, like video, television and cyberspace. Where are the two words television and cyberspace from? The word television is formed by tele (Greek, meaning far off) and vision (Latin, meaning to see). The word cyberspace is formed by cyber (Greek, meaning to steer) and space (Old French, Latin).

Article11_W As settlers landed in North America and established the United States, English found itself with two sources -- American and British. Scholars in Britain worried that the language was out of control, and some wanted to set up an academy to decide which words were proper and which were not. Fortunately their idea has never been put into practice. That tolerance for change also represents deeply rooted ideas of freedom.

Article11_S_Popwin_Fortunately their idea As settlers landed in North America and established the United States, English found itself with two sources -- American and British. Scholars in Britain worried that the language was out of control, and some wanted to set up an academy to decide which words were proper and which were not. Fortunately their idea has never been put into practice. That tolerance for change also represents deeply rooted ideas of freedom. What can we infer from this sentence about the authors attitude towards English? The author prefers what English is today to what some British scholars wanted it to do.

Article11_W_popwin_source1 As settlers landed in North America and established the United States, English found itself with two sources -- American and British. Scholars in Britain worried that the language was out of control, and some wanted to set up an academy to decide which words were proper and which were not. Fortunately their idea has never been put into practice. That tolerance for change also represents deeply rooted ideas of freedom. source: n. 1) a place from which sth. comes or is obtained Tourism, which is a major source of income for the city, has been seriously affected by SARS. Do you have any other source of income apart from your job? 2) the place where a stream of water starts Where is the source of the Amazon River?

Article11_W_popwin_source2 As settlers landed in North America and established the United States, English found itself with two sources -- American and British. Scholars in Britain worried that the language was out of control, and some wanted to set up an academy to decide which words were proper and which were not. Fortunately their idea has never been put into practice. That tolerance for change also represents deeply rooted ideas of freedom. CF: source & origin They had to find a new source of income. origin : This practice owes its origin to the Chinese. There are a number of words in the English language which were French in origin. source:

Article11_W_popwin_out of control As settlers landed in North America and established the United States, English found itself with two sources -- American and British. Scholars in Britain worried that the language was out of control, and some wanted to set up an academy to decide which words were proper and which were not. Fortunately their idea has never been put into practice. That tolerance for change also represents deeply rooted ideas of freedom. out of control: no longer under the regulation, domination, or command of another The fire was out of control by the time the second fire engine arrived. There was nothing they could do about it. The situation was out of control.

Article11_W_popwin_put into practice As settlers landed in North America and established the United States, English found itself with two sources -- American and British. Scholars in Britain worried that the language was out of control, and some wanted to set up an academy to decide which words were proper and which were not. Fortunately their idea has never been put into practice. That tolerance for change also represents deeply rooted ideas of freedom. put into practice: carry out, start to perform They werent allowed to put into practice in their daily lives the teachings they received. Having delayed several times, we must put this plan into practice now.

Article12_W Danish scholar Otto Jespersen wrote in 1905, The English language would not have been what it is if the English had not been for centuries great respecters of the liberties of each individual and if everybody had not been free to strike out new paths for himself. I like that idea. Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and rights of man in the modern world. The first shoots sprang up in England, and they grew stronger in America. The English-speaking peoples have defeated all efforts to build fences around their language.

Article12_S_POPWIN_I like that idea. Danish scholar Otto Jespersen wrote in 1905, The English language would not have been what it is if the English had not been for centuries great respecters of the liberties of each individual and if everybody had not been free to strike out new paths for himself. I like that idea. Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and rights of man in the modern world. The first shoots sprang up in England, and they grew stronger in America. The English-speaking peoples have defeated all efforts to build fences around their language. What does that idea refer to? It refers to the opinion that the English language today results from the great respect English people show for the liberties of each individual and his freedom to strike out new paths for himself.

Article12_S_Popwin_Consider that the Danish scholar Otto Jespersen wrote in 1905, The English language would not have been what it is if the English had not been for centuries great respecters of the liberties of each individual and if everybody had not been free to strike out new paths for himself. I like that idea. Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and rights of man in the modern world. The first shoots sprang up in England, and they grew stronger in America. The English-speaking peoples have defeated all efforts to build fences around their language. What kind of rhetorical device is used in these sentences? The rhetorical device used in these sentences is called metaphor. Here the author uses a sustained metaphor: the cultural soil, the first shoots sprang up, grew stronger, build fences around their language. In this case the English language is compared to plants, and the various cultures influencing it are compared to the soil, while users of English are compared to gardeners. Besides this, the author employs many other metaphors in this text, such as core of English (Para. 4), another flood of new vocabulary (Para. 14), and the special preserve of grammarians (Para. 19).

Article12_W_popwin_strike out Danish scholar Otto Jespersen wrote in 1905, The English language would not have been what it is if the English had not been for centuries great respecters of the liberties of each individual and if everybody had not been free to strike out new paths for himself. I like that idea. Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and rights of man in the modern world. The first shoots sprang up in England, and they grew stronger in America. The English-speaking peoples have defeated all efforts to build fences around their language. strike out: start being independent; start doing what one wants to do in life After working for his father for about ten years, he decided to strike out on his own. John quit his job and struck out as a traveling salesman.

BR-main Before Reading 1. Listen and Answer 2. History of English 3. Winston Churchill 4. Julius...

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Transcript of BR-main Before Reading 1. Listen and Answer 2. History of English 3. Winston Churchill 4. Julius...