Bpr 06 Process Modeling Tools

Business Process Re-engineering06 – Process Modeling Tools; Analysis Tools and Techniques

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Modeling Tools

• ABC Flowcharter (Micrographx)– launches applications e.g. spreadsheets from processes – limited facilities to capture properties notes

• IDEF0 - International DEFinition – documents the process of manufacturing– show information and resources required at each step– captures input, control, output and mechanism

• Process Modeller (ORACLE Designer 2000)– links to ORACLE repository for systems design– full multimedia support– process animation is possible

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Modeling with Process Modeler

• Process– activities, tasks

• Flows– data and information flows– materials flows

• Stores– data and information stores (Oracle dB etc.)– material stores and inventory

• Organisational structure– departments, functions– roles and skills

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Modeling with Process Modeler

• Trigger: an external event that causes a process or process step to occur:– e.g. customer sends P.O. (Purchase Order) to

purchase equipment or service

• Outcome: the primary observable result of having completed a process:– e.g. customer has received and installed equipment

or service

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Analysing with Process Modeler

• Capture activity wait, processing and elapsed times– perform critical path analysis– animate the process

• Capture fixed and variable cost data– produce activity based costing reports– export to spreadsheets

• Capture process inefficiencies and “root causes”– associate free text with activities– export to spreadsheets

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Process mapping conventions

Process mapping conventions (or symbols) include:

ASME symbology (symbols)

– Representation of process steps and flows with diagrams – rectangles, arrows etc.

• Iconic (icons)

– As above but with “pictures” representing process steps

• Pictorial (images)

– Use of images to present full process on a single page

• Textual (text)

– Conventional “bullet” style activity descriptions

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IDEF process mapping concept

• Process activity graphics representation• Conciseness• Communication• Strict and accurate• Consistent methodology• Organisation and function

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Analysis tools & techniques

Tools or techniques to analyse processes include:

1. Workflow tracing

2. Activity based costing (ABC) analysis

3. Cycle-time analysis

4. Problem analysis– Structured brainstorming – Ishikawa (cause-effect) analysis

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Workflow tracing

• Indicates information and materials flow• Show time dependencies between activities• Shows who performs each activity• Similar to data flow diagrams

– information or material flow implies time dependencies

• Illustrates sequential/ concurrent nature of processes• Highlights departmental hand-offs and boundaries of

responsibility

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Workflow tracing

• “Walk through the process - with someone who knows it!!• Tag a document or work item and follow it through the

process - note times, decisions, problems etc.• Avoid skewing results

– the items you are following should not get preferential treatment

This is very time consuming: use only when other methodsdon’t provide enough information

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Activity-based Costing

• First build the process model by activity• Use the model to build an activity dictionary• In workshop(s) assign “rough cut” costs to activities• Use supervisors to assign costs

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Cycle time analysis

• Total cycle time for a process = first activity + to the last activity

• Time is assigned to all activities including store and hold• Operators collect time for every level• Preparation of activity sheet needs careful planning

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Cycle time analysis

Customers

SalesClerks

Sales Managers

Financial Managers

Financial staff

Warehouse

Call to placean order

Acceptorder terms

Negotiateorder changes

Input orderdetails

Confirm availability andaccept terms

Approveorder

Call customer tochange order

Approve order

Inventoryreport

Process creditcard information

Order sent towarehouse

Average elapsed time for order:3 hoursFull time equivalent employees:

42First time approvals (no errors)

85%Order promises kept

92%

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Problem analysis

Objectives:• to identify “root causes” of the weaknesses identified in

current processes• to identify opportunities for improvement

Techniques for problem analysis include:• structured “brainstorming”• Ishikawa (cause and effect)

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Structured Brainstorming

Rules for brainstorming:

• Focus on the topic • Any idea is allowed • Build on previous ideas• No criticism of any idea - there are no bad ideas• Leader keeps ideas flowing • Capture every idea

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Ishikawa (Fishbone Analysis)

Materials Manpower

Machines Methods

Effect

Causes

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Ishikawa (Fishbone Analysis)

• Define the problem accurately in few words• Use brainstorm method as a warm-up technique to list

as many causes as possible • Review causes and group them into major categories• Label each “bone” on the diagram and list with causes• Make a further check up to confirm the root causes

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Opportunities for improvement

The results of process analysis is opportunities for improvement, some of which are :

• Identifying problems– attack root causes

• Recognising process analysis patterns– redundant activities (not used)– duplicate activities– time delays (documents waiting to be processed)– lack of clear responsibility (i.e. no process owner)

Bpr 06 Process Modeling Tools

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