Bp presentation, IFRS large and small icpas presentation september 24 2009 20090912

ICPAS Fox River Trail Chapter Barrett Peterson, C.P.A.September 24, 2009 Manager, Accounting Standards, Procedures, and Analysis , TTX

Full IFRS and IFRS for SMEs

IFRS: Large and SmallWhy IFRSWhy not IFRS yet for US CompaniesIFRS overviewKey differences – full IFRS and US GAAPIFRS for SMEs compared to full IFRSWhat to do nowA short list of additional resources

September 24, 2009 ICPAS Fox River Trail Chapter Presentation 2

Why IFRS?• Global Efficiency for Multi-National Companies

– Financial operations and reporting efficiency– Reduce risk of errors– Increased control over financial reporting

• High Quality set of Standards– Facilitate global financial system– Common language for global business transactions

including joint ventures, outsourcing, financing• Uniform/Comparable, Transparent

– “Principles Based”– Globally consistent and comparable for investors– Minimize cost of capital


Adopting IFRS – Managing ExpectationsExpectation Challenge

Global set of high quality standards Increased comparability

Increased transparency

More resistant to fraud

Principles based standards superior to rules based

Minimize cost of capital

US GAAP too complex

US GAAP recognized as high quality Fewer rules, and more judgments likely

to decrease as much as increase comparability

Transparency affected by country specific cultural norms, legal practices, and business and ownership structures

Fraud has occurred in IFRS countries as well as under US GAAP, although more frequently under US GAAP

Difference exaggerated: US standards are principles based with a substantial number of rules; IFRS are principles based with far fewer [but some] rules

US already enjoys the world’s lowest cost of capital. Likely to aid other countries.

Rules and legal structures make US complex; judgments make IFRS complex


Transparency in Accounting Standards


Standards and Frauds – a Short Digression

Both US GAAP and IFRS depend significantly upon the ethical practices of both business executives and their auditors. The “rules” in US GAAP are intended to alleviate this dependence. But…

Fraud and Accounting irregularities are driven primarily by ego issues: Aspiration for money

Bookkeeper level – Gucci bag or a Cadillac rather then a Chevrolet Executive level – Brioni suit, stock options and bonus payments, and a

Mercedes Mogul level – Homes in St. Barts and London, a yacht, and a jet to get to the

yacht Status – the drive for bragging rights

Company profitability Company growth rate Meet investment analysts [Wall Street] expectations


Why not yet for US CompaniesNo significant non-US operations reduces

statutory, covenant, or other requirementsLimited global capital market access requiredNon-Standard Standards; Country variationsLimited understanding by US banks and

credit ratersLack of comparability if not universally

required and usedTraining and skills – staff, auditors, others


IFRS Overview• Governance and Process

– Governance structure– Due Process

• Standards Literature Comprised Of:– Preface to IFRS– IASB Framework– Standards – full IFRS– Interpretations – full IFRS– IFRSs for SMEs – Adopted July, 2009, Effective

immediatelySeptember 24, 2009 ICPAS Fox River Trail Chapter Presentation 8

IFRS Governance Structure

Source: Deloitte IASPlus website


IFRS Standards Literature - Preface• Describes IASB’s Objectives• Describes scope of IFRS• Describes IASB’s due process procedures• Describes policies on effective dates• Describes format used in Standards

– Principles in bold – “Black”– Guidance not bolded type – “Gray”

• Identifies English as the official language of IFRS


IFRS Standards Literature - Framework

Contains definitionsDescribes recognition criteria and

measurement concepts for:Assets and liabilitiesIncome and expenses

Required to be considered for resolving accounting issues not directly addressed by a standard [by IAS 8.11]


IFRS Standards Literature - Standards

Encompasses standards issued by the current IASB [IFRSs]and the predecessor IASC [IASs] still outstanding

The IASB has issued 8 IFRSsThe predecessor IASC issued 41 IASs, of

which 29 are still outstanding. The remainder have been superseded by IFRSs or withdrawn.

Similar to US GAAP, IFRS Standards are primarily by topic.


IFRS Standards Literature - Interpretations

• Authoritative interpretations are issued by the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee [IFRIC] when approved by the IASB, and the predecessor Standing Interpretations Committee [SIC]

• IFRIC has issued 18 interpretations, 15 of which remain in effect

• SIC issued 31 interpretations, 11 of which remain in effect


Selected Differences between full IFRS and US GAAP

LIFO prohibited under IFRS. Inventory write downs can be reversed

No “extraordinary items” and fewer “discontinued operations” under IFRS

Some development costs [R&D] capitalized under IFRS

Advertising costs expensed as incurred – little “prepaid”

Contingency recognition threshold is lower and amount recognized may be higher under IFRS

Securities considered equities in the US with contingent redemption provisions accounted and reported for as debt under IFRS


Selected Differences between full IFRS and US GAAP, Continued

Revaluation of property, plant, and equipment and intangibles permitted under IFRS

Impairment testing model likely to produce more impairments under IFRS

Option available under IFRS to record benefit plans’ actuarial gains and losses directly to equity and permanently exclude from regular net income – SoRIE required. Return and interest components can be classified as financing costs. Return calculated on actual, not average, asset value.

Component depreciation is required when applicable and appropriate

All deferred income taxes must be classified as non-current


Selected Differences Between Full IFRS and US GAAP, Continued

• Revenue recognition standards are less rules based and may alter timing of revenue recognition under IFRS

• Consolidations rules may be very different under IFRS– More entities will be required to be consolidated under the

control model. FAS 166 and 167 will reduce the differences.– Proportional consolidation permitted for certain joint venture

investments• The timing and amounts recorded for share-based

payments will differ under IFRS• The classification of debt on the balance sheet is NOT

affected by post balance sheet date refinancing or covenant waiver agreements under IFRS


Comparison of US GAAP and IFRS - InventoriesUS GAAP IFRS

Permits a variety of costing methods including FIFO, LIFO, average, and specific identification.

Requires reduction to lower of cost or market. Reserves cannot be reversed.

Permits a variety of costing methods including FIFO, average, and specific identification. LIFO not permitted.

Reserves for market value declines can be reversed, but not above cost.


Comparison of US GAAP and IFRS – PP&EUS GAAP IFRS

Historical cost is the prescribed model for measurement.

Revaluations not permitted.

Component depreciation not specified and not used often.

Useful life, residual value, and depreciation methods reviewed only when “needed”.

Historical cost is the primary model, but a revaluation model is permitted.

Revaluation amounts can be adjusted and are recorded through “revaluation surplus” in equity.

Component depreciation required.

Useful life, residual value, and depreciation method required to be reviewed at least as of each balance sheet date.


Comparison of US GAAP and IFRS - IntangiblesUS GAAP IFRS

Research and development expensed as incurred except certain software development costs.

Revaluation not permitted.

Costs of other than direct response advertising expensed or deferred until when advertising first used. Direct response advertising may be eligible for deferral and amortization.

Development costs permitted to be capitalized. Software development costs treated the same for internal use or for sale software.

Intangibles permitted to use a revaluation model adjusted through “revaluation surplus” in equity.

Advertising costs expensed as incurred unless prepaid before right to access the goods or services.


Comparison of US GAAP and IFRS – Impairment Testing of long-lived assets

US GAAP IFRS Two step test and

measurement Carrying amount compared to

undiscounted cash flows Adjust to fair value if carrying

amount below undiscounted cash flows

Reversals of impairments are not permitted.

A one step assessment is used. The carrying amount is compared to the higher of fair value less selling costs or value in use calculated as discounted cash flows.

Reversals of impairments are permitted if certain criteria are met.

Impairments of revalued assets recorded directly in “revaluation surplus” to the extent of prior upward revaluations.


Comparison of US GAAP and IFRS – Contingency Provisions

US GAAP IFRSRecognition occurs if a

contingent liability arising from a past event is probable, usually considered 75% likely to require settlement.

Measurement guidance not provided, but if a range of outcomes exists, the low end is used.

Recognition of a contingent loss from a past event required if a loss is probable, usually considered 50%, and capable of being estimated.

Measurement is best estimate or the midpoint of a range or outcomes.


Comparison of US GAAP and IFRS – Debt Classification

US GAAP IFRS Compound securities generally not

addressed in US GAAP.

Most equity type securities with contingent redemption provisions are recognized as equity. US GAAP requires debt classification for unconditional provisions.

Warrants settled in net shares are recognized as equity.

Debt can be classified as non-current if agreements completed subsequent to the balance sheet date to refinance or waive covenant violations are completed. Disclosure required.

Bifurcation required of compound securities containing both equity and debt features with the debt reflected at fair value using discounted cash flows for the component.

Securities with a contingent redemption provision [changes in control, e.g.] are required to be recognized as debt. Distributions are finance costs, not dividends.

Warrants settled in net shares are derivative instruments recognized at fair value through profit and loss.

Amounts classifiable as current are not affected by post balance sheet date agreements to refinance or waive breaches of loan covenants. Disclosure required.


Comparison of US GAAP and IFRS – Deferred Income Taxes

US GAAP IFRSClassification follows the

related non-tax asset or liability for financial reporting purposes.

FIN 48 prescribes detailed rules for recognition and disclosures, including a roll-forward in the footnotes.

Accounting policy choice, required to be disclosed, to classify as income tax expense or in pre-tax expenses.

The net liability for a taxing jurisdiction is reflected as non-current.

No detailed requirements for uncertain tax positions exist, although the concept is acknowledged.

Interest and penalties classified as either interest expenses or other operating expenses, with disclosure of choice.


Comparison of US GAAP and IFRS – Revenue Recognition

US GAAP IFRS SEC regulations prescribe general

requirements with significant detail for agreements with multiple deliverables and for specific industries.

Recognition criteria include requirement that persuasive evidence of the existence of an arrangement.

Multiple deliverable rules prohibit estimated cost plus margin, and reverse residual method.

Discounting of revenues required only in limited circumstances and industries.

Revenue standards of four transaction categories:

Sale of goods Rendering of services Others’ use of an asset [lessor, lender] Construction contracts

Recognition criteria include a less strict requirement than in US, including “probable” flow of economic benefits . Other requirements are similar

Multiple deliverable rules permit a cost plus reasonable margin approach, and reverse residual method permitted in some circumstances.

Discounting revenue required when revenue deferred.


Comparison of US GAAP and IFRS – Revenue Recognition; Continued

US GAAP IFRS Customer loyalty programs have

divergent criteria by industry, and often reflect the incremental method.

Sales of services prohibit percentage complete method. Generally proportional performance or deferral until complete.

Construction contract revenue measurement can use percent completion, zero profit, or completed contract methods. Combining and segmenting contracts is permitted, but not required.

Contingent consideration not recognized until contingency resolved [SAB topic 13]

Specific guidance for customer loyalty programs generally reflecting multiple deliverable practices [IFRIC 13].

Sales of services requires percentage of completion. Revenue may be deferred in certain cases.

Construction contract revenue prohibits completed contract. Percentage completion and zero profit are permitted. Combining and segmenting contracts required in some cases.

Contingent consideration recognized if benefit to selling entity probable.


Comparison of US GAAP and IFRS – Accounting for Employee Benefits

US GAAP IFRS Defined benefit multi-employer plan

accounted for as a defined contribution plan.

Group administration [multiple employer plans] accounted for as a defined benefit plan.

“Funded status” is net of obligation and fair value of assets. Actuarial gains and losses and past service costs recognized in profit and loss or included in equity[AOCI].

All actuarial gains and losses eventually reflected in profit and loss, usually by amortization after initial recording in AOCI in equity

Defined benefit multi-employer plan accounted for as a defined benefit plan if required information available; defined contribution plan otherwise.

Group administration plans accounted for as either a defined benefit or a defined contribution plan.

“Funded status” is net of obligation and fair value of assets reduced or increased by net unrecognized actuarial gain and losses and past service cost [US funded status plus or minus US AOCI].

Actuarial gain and losses can be reflected outside net income in comprehensive income if recognized in full each year. A “SoRIE’ – statement or recognized income and expense - required


Comparison of US GAAP and IFRS – Accounting for Employee Benefits, ContinuedUS GAAP IFRS

Actuarial gains and losses can be amortized using a “corridor” approach over remaining service life or life expectancy.

Past service costs amortized over remaining service life or life expectancy.

No limit on funded status asset size. Measurement frequency required

annually on balance sheet date. Return component calculated on

“market-related” average value of a period up to five years, a “smoothing” device.

Actuarial gains and losses can be amortized to profit and loss using a “corridor” approach similar to US. Amounts differ by year for any of a wide array of amortization choices.

Past service cost recognized immediately if vested, or recognized over the vesting period.

Funded status net asset limited in size. No specified measurement frequency.

Return component required to be based on fair value of assets [more volatile than US].


Comparison of US GAAP and IFRS – Consolidated Entities

US GAAP IFRSConsolidation of certain

entities based on a two step evaluation of variable interests then voting control. FAS 166 and 167 move US closer to IFRS with power to control emphasis.

Proportional consolidation used only for unincorporated entities in specific industries. Rare in the US.

Consolidation based on control based, in turn, on ability to determine operations, not just voting rights.

Proportional consolidation permitted for certain jointly controlled entities.


Comparison of US GAAP and IFRS – Income Statement Presentation

US GAAP IFRS Generally follows SEC

requirement that expenses be presented by function [e.g. cost of goods sold], with depreciation [nature] being permitted as a separate line item.

Permitted to use a single-step method or a multiple-step method separating operating and non-operating before pre-tax income.

Extraordinary items defined as infrequent and unusual. Rare in practice.

Entities can present expense either by function or by nature. Additional disclosure by nature required if function chosen. The two methods should not be mixed.

Required disclosure of specific items including revenue, finance expense, tax expense, and share of post tax results applicable to affiliates accounted for by the equity method.

Exceptional items not defined. Extraordinary items prohibited.


IFRS for SMEs The IASB Standard International Financial Reporting for Small and

Medium-sized Entities [SMEs] is a separate standard from the “full” IFRS standards and interpretations. Standard is 232 pages vs. 2,700 pages for full IRS. Examples and implementation guide an additional 65 pages.

Small and Medium Size entities is a misleading title. The distinction is based on the absence of public accountability. Entities are SMEs, regardless of size, if they have no publically held debt or equity securities outstanding and do not hold funds for others in a fiduciary capacity as a regular part of their business operations.

IFRS for SMEs differs from full IFRS in that: Certain full IFRS topics are omitted Options under full IFRS are replaced with a single, simpler option Many principles for recognizing assets, liabilities, income, and expenses are

simplified. Required disclosures are significantly fewer and simpler many resulting from the

omitted and simplified items.


IFRS for SMEs – Omitted Topics

Earnings per shareInterim financial reportingSegment reportingSpecial accounting for assets held for sale


IFRS for SMEs – Reduced OptionsProportionate consolidation not permitted.Revaluation option not permitted for either

property, plant, and equipment, or intangible assets.

Investments in financial securities carried at amortized costs except equities with a readily identifiable market value which are carried at fair value with changes recorded in profit and loss.

Investment property measurement is driven by circumstances rather than a choice between the cost and fair value models.


IFRS for SMEs – Simplified Recognition and Measurement

Investments in financial instruments meeting certain criteria are measured at cost or amortized costs. All others measured at fair value through profit and loss.

All research and development costs expensed as incurred. Goodwill and other indefinite life intangibles always amortized

over estimated useful life or ten years. Investments in joint ventures at cost unless there is a published

price, in which case fair value is required. Borrowing costs must be recognized as expenses Annual review of PPE lives, residual value, and depreciation

method NOT required. For defined benefit post-employment plans:

Recognize all past service costs immediately in profit and loss Recognize all actuarial gains and losses immediately in profit

and loss or other comprehensive income – through SoRIE. No “corridor” amortization option.


IFRS for SMEs Compared to Full IFRSSection in the IFRS for SMEs Full IFRS

Preface Preface1. Small and Medium Sized Entities2. Concepts and Pervasive Principles IASB Framework, IAS 1, Presentation of

Financial Statements

3. Financial Statement Presentation IAS 14. Statement of Financial Position IAS 15. Statement of Comprehensive Income

and Income StatementIAS 1

6. Statement of Changes in Equity and Statement of Comprehensive Income and Retained Earnings

IAS 1

7. Statement of Cash Flows IAS 7, Statement of Cash Flows8. Notes to the Financial Statements IAS 19. Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements

IAS 27, Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements

10. Accounting Policies, Estimates and Errors

IAS 8, Accounting Polices, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors


IFRS for SMEs Compared to Full IFRS

Section in the IFRS for SMEs Full IFRS11& Basic Financial Instruments and Other 12 Financial Instruments Issues

IAS 32, Financial Instruments: PresentationIAS 39, Financial Instruments: Recognition and MeasurementIFRS 7, Financial Instruments: Disclosures

13 Inventories IAS 2, Inventories14 Investments in Associates IAS 28, Investments in Associates15 Investments in Joint Ventures IAS 31, Investments in Joint Ventures16 Investment Property IAS 40, Investment Property17 Property, Plant and Equipment IAS 16, Property, Plant and

Equipment18 Intangible Assets Other than Goodwill

IAS 38, Intangible Assets

19 Business Combinations and Goodwill IFRS 3, Business Combinations20 Leases IAS 17, Leases21 Provisions and Contingencies IAS 37, Provisions, Contingent

Liabilities and Contingent AssetsSeptember 24, 2009 ICPAS Fox River Trail Chapter Presentation 35


Section in the IFRS for SMEs Full IFRS22 Liabilities and Equity IAS 1, IAS 3223 Revenue IAS 11, Construction Contracts

IAS 18, Revenue24 Government Grants IAS 20, Accounting for Government

Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance

25 Borrowing Costs IAS 23, Borrowing Costs26 Share-based Payment IFRS 2, Share-based Payment27 Impairment of Assets IAS 2, IAS 36, Impairment of Assets28 Employee Benefits IAS 19, Employee Benefits29 Income Tax IAS 12, Income Taxes30 Foreign Currency Translation IAS 21, The Effects of Changes in

Foreign Exchange Rates31 Hyperinflation IAS 29, Financial Reporting in

Hyperinflationary Economies



Section in the IFRS for SMEs Full IFRS32 Events after the End of the Reporting Period

IAS 10, Events after the Reporting Period

33 Related Party Disclosures IAS 24, Related Party Disclosures34 Specialized Activities IAS 41, Agriculture

IFRS 6, Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources

35 Transition to the IFRS for SMEs IFRS 1, First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards


Comparison of Full and SMEs IFRS - ObjectivesFull IFRS IFRS for SMEs

Purposes Report financial position Report performance Report changes in financial

position Attributes

Accrual basis Going concern Understandability Relevance Reliability – requires prudence Comparability

Purposes Report financial position Report performance Report cash flows

Attributes Relevant Reliable Comparability Complete Prudence Reflect substance over form Accrual basis Presumes going concern Materiality Timeliness


Comparison of Full and SMEs IFRS – Required Financial Statements

Full IFRS IFRS for SMEs

Statement of Financial Position [required name]

Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income

Statement of Changes in Equity. If SoRIE used for comprehensive income, equity changes required in notes.

Statement of Cash Flows Notes to Financial Statements

Statement of Financial Position – may be called “Balance Sheet”

Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income

Statement of Changes in Equity. A combined statement of income and retained earnings permitted if earnings and dividends are the only activity

Statement of Cash Flows Notes to Financial Statements


Comparison of Full and SMEs IFRS – Financial Instruments

Full IFRS IFRS for SMEsFour categories of financial

instruments Financial assets or

liabilities at fair value through profit and loss

Held-to-maturity investments

Loans and receivables Available-for-sale assets

Two topics in IFRS for SMEs Basic financial

instruments, generally reflected at amortized cost.

Complex financial instruments generally reflected at fair value through profit and loss.


Comparison of FULL and SMEs IFRS – Property, Plant, and Equipment

Full IFRS IFRS for SMEsAccounting policy choice

between historical cost and revaluation models.

Component depreciation required.

Annual review of useful life, residual value, and depreciation rate required.

Historical cost model only. Revaluation model not permitted.

Component depreciation required only if major parts of a PP&E item have “significantly different patterns of consumption of economic benefits”.

Review of useful life, residual value, and depreciation rate only if there is a significant change in the asset or its use.


Comparison of Full and SMEs IFRS – Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures

Full IFRS IFRS for SMEs Investments in associates

Accounted for by equity method

Cost and fair value models not permitted except in separate company statements

Investments in joint ventures Proportionate consolidation

or Equity method Cost and fair value models

not permitted

Investments in associates or jointly controlled entity may be accounted for by: The cost model [less any

impairments] The equity method The fair value model

through profit and loss


Comparison of Full and SMEs IFRS - Intangibles


Provides an accounting policy choice between the cost model and the revaluation model

Useful life either finite or indefinite. Indefinite life intangibles, including goodwill, are not amortized, but an annual impairment test is required.

Some development costs are capitalized.

Some borrowing costs are capitalized.

The cost model is required and the revaluation model is prohibited.

All intangible assets are amortized over their useful life or ten years.

All research and development costs expensed as incurred.

All borrowing costs expensed as incurred.


Comparison of FULL and SMEs IFRS – Defined Benefit Pension Plans

Full IFRS IFRS for SMEs Actuarial gains and losses

Choice to recognize immediately in profit and loss, or

Recognize immediately in comprehensive income without ever going through profit and loss, or

Deferred and amortized through profit and loss over estimated service life [corridor approach].

Calculation of liability Unit credit method required.

Recognition of past service cost Immediately if vested Over remaining vesting period

for unvested amounts

Actuarial gains and losses Choice to recognize immediately

in profit and loss, or Recognize immediately in other

comprehensive income Deferral and amortization

[corridor approach] not permitted.

Calculation of liability

Use unit credit method, or simplify calculation by ignoring: Future salary increases Future service of current employees Possible in-service mortality

Recognize past service cost immediately in profit and loss.


Comparison of Full and SMEs IFRS – Income TaxesFull IFRS IFRS for SMEs

A deferred tax asset is recognized only if it is probable there will sufficient future profit to realize the tax asset.

No specific guidance on uncertain tax positions. In practice a liability established at either the single best estimate or a probability weighted average amount of all possible outcomes.

Recognize a valuation allowance to reduce the net asset to an amount more likely than not to be realized.

Recognize the effect of the possible outcomes of a review by tax authorities using the probability weighted average of all possible outcomes.


Comparison of Full and SMEs for IFRS – Business Combinations


Transaction costs are excluded from acquisition costs.

Contingent consideration is recognized in acquisition costs regardless of the probability of payment.

Transaction costs are included in acquisition costs.

Contingent consideration is included as part of the acquisition costs if it is probable the amount will be paid and the amount can be measured reliably.


Next Steps - Preparation for Adoption of IFRS Accounting systems

Data collection procedures for information and attributes not currently captured

Redesign of sales contracts and procedures Software requirements

Loan, lease , outsourcing, and other contract covenants – IFRS “aware” Tax planning Business unit and corporate metrics – dashboard revisions Incentive [cash, stock] compensation plan provisions – base and award

factors included in computations Documentation of controls over financial reporting, and other processes Staff training needs – identify and arrange Timing to provide two years of comparable basis data in the year of

adoption Development of plan for conversion including resources required


Comparison of FULL and SMEs IFRS – Selected Additional Resources

IASB Website: www.iasb.co.ukAICPA’s IFRS website: www.ifrs.comDeloitte website: www.iasplus.comPWC website: www.pwc.com/usifrsBooks from Wiley – available from Wiley and on

Amazon.com, where they are less expensive


http://www.iasb.co.uk/

http://www.ifrs.com/

http://www.iasplus.com/

http://www.pwc.com/usifrs

Bp presentation, IFRS large and small icpas presentation september 24 2009 20090912

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