Bovine diseases
-
Upload
suny-ulster -
Category
Health & Medicine
-
view
3.405 -
download
5
description
Transcript of Bovine diseases
Bovine Diseases
Shipping Fever Complex
• IBR- Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis ( rednose)
• P13- Parainfluenza Type 3• BSRV- Bovine Syncytial Respiratory Virus• +/- Pastuerella multocida ( bacterial infection
secondary to viral infection)
• Symptoms- Fever 103-105, duration 3-5 days- Loss of appetite- Dry hacking cough ( +/- tracheal reaction with
palpation)- Serous nasal/ocular discharge- +/- rhinitis/conjunctivitis
• Treatment- In uncomplicated cases, treatment is rarely
necessary• Transmission- aerosol, morbidity directly related to management techniques
• Prevention- vaccination, preconditioning program• Note: recovery from natural infection with
IBR/P13/BRSV results in lifelong immunity• Economic impact- Weight loss, decreased rate of gain/carcass devaluation
• Epidemiology- High ( 80%) rate of exposure/antibody
production- Morbidity 50-70%- Mortality <5%
Bovine Viral DiarrheaBVD
• Infection can result in immunosuppression, may be factor in susceptibility to other diseases
• Symptoms- mild, transient diarrhea, many subclinical- 80% of cattle >1yr have antibodies to BVD- High morbidity( 100%) low mortality (0%)- 1-2 % viremic for life, resevoirs of infection
BVD Mucosal disease
• Low morbidity (5-10%), high mortality ( 95-100%)
• Symptoms:- Excessive salivation/oral erosion- Oral mucosa has cooked appearance- Watery diarrhea with blood/mucus/sloughed
intestinal mucosa- Smells like parvo diarrhea
BVD continued
• Treatment – fluid replacement +/- antibiotics• Prevention- vaccination
Rotavirus/coronavirus
• Virus is ONLY in the intestinal tract, does not enter body
• Symptoms- profuse watery/yellow diarrhea +/- flecks of blood
• Treatment- fluid, electrolyte replacement
Rotavirus/coronavirus cont’
• Prevention- Sanitation at calving- Maternal vaccination pre-calving- Protection is dependent on the presence of
colostral antibodies in the lumen of the intestine. Serum antibodies are of no benefit as virus does not leave GI tract
- Stimulate calf’s immunity with oral vaccine at birth
Fluid management of diarrhea in calves
• Colostrum requirement 1 pint per 20 lbs of body weight within 1 hour of birth and repeat within 12 hours
• Maintenance milk requirement 10% of the calf’s body weight in milk or milk replacer/day
• Maintain 2 hour interval between milk feedings and oral electrolyte replacement requirements
Dehydration
• 5% dehydration: dehydration, no other clinical signs, calf nursing normally
• 7% dehydration: eyes slightly sunken, skin losing elasticity
• 9% dehydration: eyes sunken, gums tacky, calf depressed
• 12% dehydration: skin tents, calf recumbent, non-responsive
Dehydration cont’
• Multiply percentage of dehydration by weight of calf( in Kg ) to determine the number of liters of electrolyte solution required for replacement
• NOTE: replacement fluids are administered in addition to the calf’s maintenance requirement for milk
Infectious Bovine KeratitisPinkeye
• Bacteria: Moraxella bovis• Transmission- Flying insects- Solar radiation and environmental conditions
(dust) exacerbating factors• Symptoms- tearing, blepharospasm, photophobia- Corneal opacity
Pinkeye cont’
• Duration of symptoms- 3-5 weeks- Note: weaning weight may be decreased by
10% as a result of pinkeye infection• Treatment- Subconjunctival penicillin and dexamethasone- Eye patch
Pinkeye cont’
• Prevention- Insect control- Natural infection confers immunity for 12
months- Vaccine is available but of questionable
efficacy
Esophageal obstructionChoke
• Symptoms- excessive salivation (loss of bicarbonate>acidosis) dehydration
• Treatment- Relieve obstruction, sedation- Head position is critical to avoid aspiration pneumonia- Lavage/probing ( has corkscrew end to try and snag
obstruction)- Fluid/electrolyte replacement as necessary- Warning: symptoms of choke may resemble those of
rabies, always assume rabies first
Urethral Calculiwater belly
• Symptoms- Straining to urinate, urine dribbling- Ventral subcu edema/fluid accumulation ( post
urethral rupture)• Causes- early castration reduces urethral
diameter, stress at weaning, inadequate conditioning, environmental factors lack of water, frozen water tanks
• Treatment- urethrostomy at location of calculi
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
• Cause- solar radiation and unpigmented skin like in Hereford cattle
• Treatment- enucleation• Economic impact- cost of veterinary care and
carcass devaluation
Traumatic reticulitis/pericarditisHardware disease
• Incidence- cattle eating hay made from or grazing on field containing old rusting fences, baling wire, or in vicinity of a building that was torn down
• Symptoms- sharp drop in milk production, arched back, grunting when pressure is exerted on the xiphoid process
Hardware disease
• Treatment- rumen magnets, traumatic pericarditis may require surgery, rib resection and pericardial drainage
• Prevention- monitor quality of feeds and pasture
Rumenal tympanyBloat
• Incidence-- cattle turned out on lush pasture, frothy bloat- Cattle fed a diet with low roughages to
concentrate ratio, gas bloat• Symptoms- Distension of left flank, dyspnea, collapse,
sudden death- If untreated, death occurs within 3-4 hours of
onset of symptoms
Bloat
• Treatment- Surfactants administered via stomach tube- Trocharization of rumen- Rumenotomy• Prevention- Restrict access to new pasture- Feed hay before turning cattle out on new pasture- Prophylactic use of antifoaming agents
Clostridial diseases
• Anaerobic bacteria- Gas producing, toxin producing, spore
producing- Sensitive to penicillin - Unbiquitous in environment- Speciation variation in susceptibility
Clostridial diseases of cattle
• Cl chauvei- blackleg• Cl. Septicum- malignant edema• Cl. Novyi- Blacks disease• Cl. Hemolyticum- Redwater disease• Cl. Perfringen Type C- Hemorrhagic enteritisPrevention- vaccination
Leptospirosis
• Agent- spirochete• Transmission- organisms in urine of affected
animals, may be asymptomatic• Symptoms- Chronic infection, abortions, stillbirths, weak
calves- Acute infection, jaundice, fever, death
Lepto con’t
• Treatment- Acute infection, antibodies- Chronic infection, no treatment• Prevention- vaccination
Post parturient paresisMilk Fever
• Incidence- Usually within 72 hours of calving• Symptoms- unsteadiness, sternal recumbency with head
displaced to the side, intestinal stasis, loss of anal tone and death
Milk Fever Con’t
• Diagnosis- symptoms, interval post calving- Blood calcium levels 3-7 mg/dl ( normal 10
mg/dl)• Treatment – IV calcium• Prevention- Dry period nutrition- Calcium supplementation,
Displace Abomassum
• Abomassum becomes distended with gas and or fluid and shifts to an abnormal position between the rumen and left abdominal wall
• Incidence- occurs withing 2 weeks of calving, associated with high concentrate level in diet during dry period
• Diagnosis- abdominal percussion, ping sound• Treatment- roll cow, surgery
Ketosis
• Symptoms- inappetance, constipation, mucus covered feces, decreased milk production, breath has acetone odor
• Incidence- usually secondary to other disease• Diagnosis- ketonuria, ketonemia, ketones in
milk• Treatment- glucocorticoids, address
precipitating conditions
BrucellosisBang’s disease
• Brucella abortus• Symptoms- abortion, infertility, birth of weak
calves, enlarged, arthritic joints• Transmission- bacteria shed in milk, aborted
fetus, placenta or reproductive tract discharges
Brucellosis Control
• Brucellosis Eradication Program• Surveillance- Bulk milk tank screening with Brucellosis Ring
Test- Non milk producing animals tested at market
or slaughter with Brucellosis Card Test
Eradication program con’t
• Disease identification- Herd quarantined, movement to slaughter
only• Prevention- vaccination, strain 19, Strain RB51- Test all replacement animals, quarantine
before admission to general population
Johne’s disease
• Mycobacterium paratuberculosis• Symptoms- Chronic diarrhea- Weight loss, unthriftiness, emaciation• Transmission- Oral bacteria excreted in feces and milk including colostrum
Johnes Control
• Avoid feeding raw, unpasteurized milk• Do not permit offspring to nurse off infected dam• Maintain colostrum from Johne’s negative
females• Do not pool colostrum from multiple animals• Avoid manure contamination of feed
bunks/water troughs• Premise disinfection, chemicl tuberculoid• NOTE: will take 5+ years to eliminate Johne’s
ActinobacillosisWooden Tongue
• Normal inhabitant of the bovine mouth an rumen that Actinobacillosis lignieresii that enters wound in the mouth, especially the tongue
• Symptoms- inability to prehend food, excessive salivation, anorexia, tongue protrudes ( make sure not rabies)
• Treatment- sodium iodide 70 mg/kg IV repeat in 1 week
ActinomycesLumpy Jaw
• Caused by Actinomyces bovis which is a normal inhabitant of the bovine mouth which enters a wound
• Symptoms- hard immoveable painless mass on mandible and may cause loose teeth
• Treatment- sodium iodide 70 mg/kg IV or penicillin 10,000 U/kg in valuable animals BID, treat any fistulas tracts that develop