Bottle Water
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Transcript of Bottle Water
Content• What is bottled water• Types of bottled water• Origin of bottled water• Bottled water containers• Major suppliers and marketing approaches• Process of water bottling• Disinfection methods• Microbiological quality testing• Health hazards in bottled water• Quality Standards for bottled water.• References
Bottled water can be defined as any potable
water intended for human consumption.
(http://www.suite101`.com/content/the cost of bottled water.)
What is bottled water?
(http://www.suite101`.com/content/the cost of bottled water.)
• Spring water: This comes from an underground formation and must flow naturally to the earth surface.• Mineral water: Typically from a spring, contains dissolved solid like Ca2+,Mg2+ ,Na+,K+,Si & CO3-3 .• Purified drinking water: Water has been processed to remove Cl-,Mg2+,Ca2+ .• Sterile water: Water from any source, But free from all
microbes
Containers
– Bottle– Water cooler– Counter-top spigot– Gallon jug– Other
Source: (Manual of PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference Bottled Water)
Materials
−Plastic−Glass
Types
Major Suppliers and Marketing Approaches
• Leading Global Suppliers:–Nestlé –Danone–Coca-Cola –PepsiCo
Water bottling plant
Starting Material
Conway BeltsMaking Bottles
Filling
Quality controllerStorage
Sealing
Labeling
Disinfection methods for bottled drinking water.
• Ozonation•Ultraviolet(UV) Radiation•Distillation• Reverse Osmosis•Micron Filtration
• Ultraviolet (UV) light -water is passed through UV light, which kills most microbes, depending on dosage applied
Water inlet
Water outlet
Source:(Http://www.nsf.org)
UV Lamp
• Distillation - water is boiled, and the steam is condensed to remove salts, metals, minerals, asbestos, particles, and some organic materials.
Heat Source
Cooling Water
RawWater
TreatedWater
Ste
am
Source:(Http://www.nsf.org)
Reverse OsmosisReverse Osmosis• force water through membraneforce water through membrane• removes many contaminantsremoves many contaminants
• Micron Filtration - water is filtered through screens with microscopic holes. The smaller the filter holes, the more contaminants the filter can remove.
Source:(Http://www.nsf.org)
Heterotrophic plate count bacteria (HPC) are commonly used to assess the general microbiological quality of bottled water
Microbiological quality testing of bottled water
HPC limit
World wide recommendation 50 cfu/cm3
Total Coliforms 0-10 cfu/100cm3
Fecal Coliforms 0 cfu/100cm3
Table 01: Drinking water quality specifications in bottled water
Methods of detecting total & fecal coliforms
Conventional methods Membrane filtration (MF) method Most probable number (MPN) method
Modern methods Colilert method m-Coli Blue 24 method
http://www2.m-techmicro.com/
products/chromagar/ecc/ecc.jpg
http://www.kcare.ksu.edu/DesktopModules/IM.aspx?I=2604&M=0
m-ColiBlue24® Method
Mix the broth by inverting the ampoules
Pour the contents evenly over the absorbent pad in a Petri dish
Passes the water sample through a membrane filter
Transfer the filter to the absorbent pad with slight rolling motion
Replace the Petri dish lid
Invert the Petri dish and incubateat 35 ± 0.5 °C for 24 hours
Red colonies = Total coliforms Blue colonies = Fecal coliforms
Advantages of m-Coli Blue 24 method
Detection and Identification Within 24 Hours & no confirmation requiredLess expensive
Easy to read
Easy to interpret
Backed by Millipore technical support
EPA acceptedhttp://www.millipore.com/publications.nsf/a73664f9f981af8c852569b9005b4eee/
9272b9b78e06210385256bff004f2359/$FILE/PF196EN00.pdf
Sri lanka Quality Standards for bottled water.
SLS 1021:1994 & SLS 1211:2001 are hygienic practices for collecting and processing bottled water.
SLS 894:2003 & SLS 1038:2003 are specifications for bottled drinking water.
Health hazards in bottled waterTe
mpe
ratu
re
Phathalate level in bottled water
Temperature
Leaching Phathalate into water form plastic bottle
Phathalates[PET]•Low water solubility•Possible carcinogen and endocrine disruptor
Source: Johns Hopkins University Research Lab (http://www.jhsph.edu/dioxins)
References• C.L. Abayasekara, W.H.M.A.T. Herat, R.Chandrajith, S.C.Illapperuma, A.D.
Sirisena and S.G. Rajapura (2007)Quality of Bottled Water in Sri Lanka: A Preliminary Survey ,Proceedings of the Peradeniya University Research Sessions, Vol.12, Part I, 49-50
• B. Oram, Environmental Sciences and Engineering Department Center for Environmental Quality Wilkes Barre,PA18766 http://www.water-research.net(570) 408-4619
• L. Ling, Bottle Water Consumption Jumps, World Watch Institute. November 8, 2007
• WHO (2001) Guidelines for drinking water quality (2nd Edition) Vol 1: Microbiological Methods, World Health Organization, Geneva.