Both Living and Nonliving Things are composed of molecules made from chemical elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and n

Cellular Structure & Function

Name:___________________________________________Period:_____Date:____________

_______ – the basic unit of life!

I. Basic HISTORY:

· _________________living thing-from the tiniest bacterium to the largest whale-are made of one or more cells!

· Before the seventeenth century, no one knew that ____________existed.

· Most cells are too __________to be seen with the______________________.

· Not discovered until after the invention of the_____________________ in the early 17th century.

II. IMPORTANT SCIENTISTS:

· A Dutch drapery storeowner________________________________, became the __________ person to OBSERVE and DESCRIBE MICROSCOPIC ORGANISMS and LIVING CELLS.

· 1665: the English Scientist ________________________________used a microscope to examine a thin slice of ___________and described it as consisting of "a great many little boxes".  It was after his observation that Hooke called what he saw "cells". They looked like "little boxes" and reminded him of the small rooms in which monks lived. So he called them "____________".

· 1824: the French scientist Henri Dutrochet concluded that ____________and ____________ tissue were always made up of cells

· 1831: Robert Brown named the _____________________

· In 1838: German Botanist Matthias Schleiden concluded that all__________ are made of cells

· 1839: German Zoologist Theodor Schwann reported that ___________are also made of cells

· 1845: Felix Dujardin- studied the living cell and noted it contained a material called________________________.

· In 1855: German Physician Rudolf Virchow induced that ALL cells come from __________________cells.

· The COMBINED work of Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow make up what is now known as the modern_______________________.

III. The Cell Theory Consists of 3 Principles:

1. All living things are _______________of one or more____________.

2. __________are the basic units of ____________and ___________in an organism.

3. Cells come __________from the _________________of_____________________ cells.

IV. TWO TYPES of CELLS:

1. _______________________________= cell that contain a ___________________and ___________________________________________

~Ex: ____________,fish, mammals, _____________and ______________

2. ____________________________= cell that ______________a _________________and ___________________________________________

~Ex: _____________________organisms such as __________________and their relatives

V. CELL DIVERSITY:

· Not all cells are_____________. 

· Cells within the same organism show enormous diversity in___________, __________, and ____________________________. 

· Your body contains at least ___________different cell types!

VI. CELL SIZE:

· A few types of cells are large enough to be seen by the ______________eye. 

· ____________________is the_________________ cell in the body, and can be seen without the aid of a microscope.

· Most cells are visible only with a____________________.

· Most cells are small for 2 reasons:

1. Cells are limited in size by the _____________between their _____________________ and their _________________. 

· As a cell’s size increases, its volume increases much faster than its surface area.  (see picture below)

2. The cell’s nucleus (the brain) can only control a certain amount of living, active cytoplasm.

VII. CELL SHAPE:

· ________________of shapes.

· The ______________of the cell depends on its ___________________

· Ex: _________________that carry information from your toes to your brain are long and threadlike.

· Ex: ____________________are shaped like round disk that can squeeze through tiny blood vessels.

VIII. CELLULAR ORGANIZATION:

· ________________________are made up of many cells, each of which is specialized to perform a distinct function.

· Digestion, movement, respiration, filtering, etc…

· ____________________DO NOT carry out ALL life functions, but rather depend on each other

· ______________= a group of cells functioning together to perform and activity

· Ex: muscle and nerve tissues

· Ex: Plant tissues = stem and root

· _____________________= groups of two or more tissues that function together

· Stomach, leaf of a plant

· Cooperation among organs makes life functions within an organism efficient

· SUMMARY: ________________________________

2

Summary of the Organelles

Organelles

Appearance

Location

Function

-Large, oval

-varies

-Control center for all cell functions

-Clear fluid

-Inside cell membrane

-Suspends organelles; site of chemical reactions

-Round structure inside nucleus

-Inside the nucleus

-Site of RNA synthesis

-Produces ribosomes

-Surrounds cell

-Plant: inside cell wall

-Animal: outer layer

-Semipermeable

-Composed of lipids & proteins

-Control materials in & out of the cell

-Mesh of hollow sheets with ribosomes attached

- Connected to the nucleus and plasma membrane

-Acts like a conveyer belt and transports proteins

-Mesh of hollow sheets

- Connected to the nucleus and plasma membrane

-produces lipids

-Small, dense granules

-Contain RNA

-Made in the nucleus and pass into the cytoplasm

- Free in cytoplasm

- Attached to the ER

-proteins made are used by the cell or moved out and used by other cells

-Synthesize proteins

-Flattened sacs

-Near ER

-Temporary storage, packaging, and secretion of proteins & fats

-Produces Lysosomes

- Usually bean shaped with folded membranes (greater surface area hence -more energy)

- Many mitochondria in a cell!

- Concentrated in areas of increased metabolism

-Centers of cellular respiration

-Own DNA

- Power house of the cell (energy production ATP)

-cavities filled with fluid

-Plant: usually 1 large water-filled (maintains structure)

-Animal: many tiny vacuoles

- Storage of water, starch, fats, etc.

Types:

-contractile vacuole: removes water and wastes

-Food vacuole: breaks down food

Organelles

Appearance

Location

Function

-Egg shaped-membrane bound structures

-Produced by the Golgi apparatus

- ONLY found in animal cells

-Contain digestive enzymes that break down molecules

-Aid in the digestion of nutrients

-Break down destructive cells (bacteria)

-Network of thin, fibrous proteins (microtubules & microfilaments)

-Entire cell

-Acts as a sort of scaffold to provide support for organelles

-Helps maintain cells shape

-Long, threadlike proteins

-A part of cytoskeleton

-Associated with muscle contractions in larger organisms

-Associated with cell movement

-Thin, hollow cylinders of protein

-A part of cytoskeleton

-Provide shape and rigidity to the cell

-Assist organelles to move from place to place within the cell

-thin hair-like projections

Formed from specialized microtubules

- Attached to outside of cell

-Aid in movement and locomotion (intestinal cells)

-Whip-like tails

-Formed from specialized microtubules

- Attached to outside of cell

-Aid in movement and locomotion (sperm)

-Strings of “spaghetti”

- Inside nucleus

-Uncoiled DNA

-Involved in duplicating the cell

· Coils into chromosomes during cell division

-Coiled chromatin

-Inside nucleus

-Contains genetic information (DNA)

-Two small structures

-Found inside the centrosome

(only in animal cells)

-Moves chromosomes during cell division

-varies

-Have own DNA

- Only in plants

-Based on type: leucoplast (store starch), chromoplasts (store pigment), chloroplasts

-Small, circular, green (contains chlorophyll-green pigment

-Only in plants

-Site of photosynthesis

-made of cellulose

-rigid, strong, stiff structure

-surrounds cell membrane (only in plants)

-Support & protection

-Allows H2O, O2, CO2 to pass into and out of cell

NOTE:

· All the ___________________________work together!

· For example, after some proteins are made by the ___________________________, the rough ER transports these proteins to the ______________________________, then the golgi makes vesicles that can fuse with the cell’s plasma membrane to release proteins to the ________________________ outside the cell or used within the cell

History of the Cell & Organelle Worksheet

Part 1: Cell Theory:

1. ____________________ is the basic unit of life.

2. Who was the first person to observe cells using a microscope? _______________________________

3. Which scientist coined the name “cell”? ________________________________________________

4. List the 3 principles of the Cell Theory.

5. What are the two types of cells?

a. ____________________________________ and ____________________________

6. What is the difference between the two types of cells?

7. The shape of the cell depends on its __________________________________

8. What is the relationship between organs, cells and tissue?

Part 2: Cell Structure:

All cells are enclosed by a cell membrane. Within the membrane is the nucleus and the cytoplasm, which consists of all the material outside the nucleus and inside the cell membrane. Within the cytoplasm are organized structures that perform specific functions. These structures are called organelles.

Cell Membrane: The cell membrane or plasma membrane surrounds the cell. It plays an active role in determining which substances enter and which substances leave the cell. Because some substances can pass freely through the cell membranes and others cannot, the membrane is said to be selectively permeable, or semipermeable. The permeability of the plasma membrane varies from one cell type to another and from time to time in the same type of cell, depending on the state of metabolic activity. The cell membrane is composed of lipids and proteins, known as the phospholipid bilayer.

1. Describe the function of the cell membrane?

2. The cell membrane is composed of ______________________ and ____________________.

3. Why is the cell membrane described as “semipermeable”?

Nucleus: The nucleus is the control center for all cell functions. It is usually the largest structure within the cell. It is surrounded by a semipermeable membrane, called the nuclear membrane. The nucleus contains chromatin, uncoiled DNA. During cell division, chromatin coils and folds to form compact chromosomes. The nucleolus is located in the nucleus and is a site of RNA synthesis, as well as, the production of ribosomes.

1. The control center of the cell is the __________________.

2. What are the functions of the nucleolus?

Cytoplasm: The material in the cell outside the nucleus is called the cytoplasm. Although it contains thousands of substances, it consists mainly of water and within the cytoplasm are the various organelles of the cell. The cytoplasm provides the environment in which the organelles carry on the life processes of the cell.

1. What is the main function of the cytoplasm?

2. The cytoplasm consists mainly of _________________.

Mitochondria: Mitochondria (plural) are slipper-shaped organelles found in the cytoplasm. They are enclosed by a double membrane and the inner layer is highly folded. This large surface area provides a way for a small organelle to produce a lot of energy. There are usually many mitochondria in a cell. Each mitochondrion contains its own genetic material, which is separate and distinct from the genetic material found in the nucleus of the same cell. Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration, resulting in the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the main source of energy in cells. Because of its role in producing ATP, it is often referred to as the “powerhouse of the cell”.

1. What is the function of mitochondria?

2. ___________ is the main source of energy in cells.

3. Why do you think heart and muscle cells have a lot of mitochondria? (think about energy needs and what mitochondria produce)

Ribosomes: Ribosomes are small, dense granules found free in the cytoplasm, the nucleus, and lining of the membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes are composed mainly of RNA and are the centers of protein synthesis in the cell. At the ribosomes amino acids are bonded together to form proteins.

1. Where are ribosomes located in the cell?

Rough ER

2. What are the functions of ribosomes?

3. What happens to amino acids at the ribosomes?

Endoplasmic reticulumS: The endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane-bound system of channels or tubes through which materials are transported within the cell. The membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum may also serve as sites for biochemical reactions. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum—smooth and rough. The rough, or granular, appearance of some endoplasmic reticulum is due to the presence of ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Rough endoplasmic reticulum is found mainly in cells involved in protein synthesis. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which has no ribosomes on its membranes. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is found mainly in cells involved in synthesis of fats (lipids).

1. The two types of endoplasmic reticulum are _______________ and _______________.

2. What is the function of each endoplasmic reticulum?

Golgi bodies: The Golgi body is made up of a series of membrane- enclosed sacs, and it is usually found near the endoplasmic reticulum. This organelle processes, packages, and ships the fats and proteins produced by the ER. Through enzymatic activity, the Golgi body modifies proteins and lipids received from the endoplasmic reticulum and repackages and exports them to new locations within the cell or sends them to the cell’s surface. Simply, it packages and stores chemicals.

1. What are the functions of the Golgi body?

2. Why do you think cells that make a lot of chemicals, such as saliva and digestion, would have lots of golgi bodies?

Lysosomes: Lysosomes are “packages” or sacs that contain digestive enzymes. Lysosomes, which are found only in animal cells, are egg- shaped structures enclosed by a membrane. They keep the enzymes separated from the rest of the cell contents until they are needed. These digestive enzymes break down large molecules stored in the vacuoles (fats, proteins) into smaller constitutes. Lysosomes also serve many other functions. For example, they can break down destructive cells (bacteria) or cells and tissues that are no longer necessary for an organism’s developments (cells that form a tadpole’s tail). Because of this ability to digest, destroy, and clean out, lysosomes are sometimes referred to as the “garbage men of the cell.”

1. What are the functions of lysosomes?

Vacuoles: Vacuoles are membrane- enclosed structures that store materials such as water, starch, fats, etc. They are formed from a piece of membrane that breaks loose from the cell membrane, Golgi apparatus, or ER. In animals, there are usually several small vacuoles. In plants, there is usually only one large vacuole. Much of the inside of a typical green plant cell is filled with a large vacuole. The pressure created by the vacuole helps to maintain the rigid structure of the cell and of the plant. In protists, there are food vacuoles in which food is digested so that the cell can use it. In some fresh water protozoa there are water vacuoles that remove excess water from the cell and discharge it back into the environment.

1. In protozoans, such as the ameba, digestion occurs within _________________ vacuole.

2. How are vacuoles formed?

3. What is the function of the large vacuole present in the cells of green plants?

Microtubules: Microtubules are long hollow cylindrical structures a part of the cytoskeleton. Microtubules are composed of a protein called tubulin. They give shape and rigidity to the cell. Cilia and flagella are hair-like and whip-like extensions, respectfully. They are formed from specialized microtubules. Cilia and flagella aid cells in locomotion. In larger, many-celled organism, cilia also move substances across the surface of cells.

Microfilaments: Microfilaments are long threadlike strands of proteins that are a part of the cytoskeleton. They are associated with cell movement, and in larger organism area associated with muscle contraction.

1. What are microtubules composed of?

2. _______________ and ___________ aid in locomotion of cells.

Centrosomes: Centrosomes are small organelles found just outside the nucleus in animal cells. Within the centrosome are two small structures called centrioles, which are necessary for the movement of chromosomes during cell division. Centrioles are only found in animal cells.

1. Centrioles are found only in __________________ cells.

2. What are the functions of centrioles?

Organelles found ONLY in PLANT cells:

Cell walls: Cell walls are structures found outside the cell membrane in plant cells and functions in both support and protection. The cell wall is considered to be a “nonliving” part of the cell since it does not take part in any of the functions of the cell. The cell wall is made chiefly of cellulose, is relatively rigid, and provides support for the cell. Cellulose is in the cell walls of many whole grains and is a source of dietary fiber.

1. What are the functions of the cell wall?

2. What are cell walls composed of? _____________________________

Plastids: Plastids, found in most plant cells, have their own DNA and can replicate themselves independently of nuclear DNA. There are thee types of plastids: leucoplasts (store starch), chromoplasts (store pigment), and chloroplasts (site of photosynthesis). Chloroplasts, found in plant cells and in some protists, contain the green pigment chlorophyll, which carries on the process of photosynthesis. In photosynthesis, light energy is used for the manufacture of food (carbohydrate).

1. The source of energy for photosynthesis is _________________

2. The most important pigment in chloroplasts is _______________

3. What are three structural differences between a typical animal cell and a typical green plant cell?

8

“A Cell Is Like A City”

Name:________________________________________________________Period:_____________

To get an idea of how a cell works, compare it to a city. Both a city and a cell act

as their own environments, with many parts working together. Parts of the cell are

like parts of the city. In some ways, cell parts and city parts are alike in the way

they work.

Try to figure out which parts of the cell are like which parts of the city. First, write the functions of the cell

parts listed below. Then look at the list of parts of a city. Think about how each part of the city works.

Finally, next to each cell part write the letter that goes with the part of the city that has the most similar

function.

Parts of a City:

A. power plant E. warehouse

B. fence around the city with gates F. city hall with planning department

C. storage company G. factories

D. streets H. wrecking company

_____ Cell Membrane __________________________________________________________________

_____________________________ __________________________________________________

_____ Nucleus________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_____ Cytoskeleton _______________ _____________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_____ Ribosomes ______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_____ Golgi bodies_____________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_____ Mitochondria____________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_____ Lysosomes______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_____ Vacuoles _______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

“A Cell Is Like A City”Name:________________________________________________________Period:_____________

To get an idea of how a cell works, compare it to a city. Both a city and a cell act as their own environments, with many parts working together. Parts of the cell are like parts of the city. In some ways, cell parts and city parts are alike in the way they work.

Try to figure out which parts of the cell are like which parts of the city. First, write the functions of the cell parts listed below. Then look at the list of parts of a city. Think about how each part of the city works. Finally, next to each cell part write the letter that goes with the part of the city that has the most similar function.

Parts of a City:

A. power plantE. warehouse

B. fence around the city with gatesF. city hall with planning department

C. storage companyG. factories

D. streetsH. wrecking company

_____ Cell Membrane __________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_____ Nucleus________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_____ Cytoskeleton ____________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_____ Ribosomes ______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_____ Golgi bodies_____________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_____ Mitochondria____________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_____ Lysosomes______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_____ Vacuoles _______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________