Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified
-
Upload
ellane-barcelon -
Category
Education
-
view
1.429 -
download
1
description
Transcript of Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified
![Page 1: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Diversity And Classification of Flowering Plants:
Eudicots: Asterids
Michael G. Simpson
![Page 2: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Asterids
• Very large, diverse group
• 10 orders, many families
• Putative apomorphies:– iridoid compounds– sympetalous corolla– ovules: unitegmic (one integument),
tenuinucellate (megasporangium 1-cell thick)
![Page 5: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Ovules unitegmic, tenuinucellate
![Page 6: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Apocynaceae, s.l. - Dogbane/Milkweed family (Greek for "away from dog," in reference to past use of some taxa as a dog poison). 411 genera / 4,650 species.
The Apocynaceae, s.l. are distinctive in being lianas, trees, shrubs, or herbs with a 5-merous perianth/androecium, the gynoecium usually with 2 carpels, the ovaries distinct in some taxa with styles connate (in Asclepiadoids androecium adnate to single stigma forming a gynostegium and pollen fused to form pollinia, each half derived from an adjacent anther), the fruits variable, but a schizocarp of follicles in the Asclepiadoids.
K (5) C (5) A 5 or (5) G (2) [(-8)], superior, rarely half-inferior.
![Page 13: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
retinaculum
![Page 19: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
pollinium
![Page 20: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
2 ovaries, 2 styles, 1 stigma
![Page 22: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Rubiaceae — Coffee family (after rubia, name used by Pliny for madder)
630 genera / 10,200 species.The Rubiaceae are distinctive in being trees, shrubs, lianas, or
herbs with simple, entire, usually decussate leaves and connate stipules, the stipules often with mucilage-secreting colleters, the inflorescence usually a cyme, flowers usually bisexual, the perianth dichlamydeous, perianth and androecium often 4 –5-merous (calyx absent in some), the ovary usually inferior (rarely superior), often with an apical nectariferous disk, ovules with a funicular obturator, the fruit a berry, capsule, drupe, or schizocarp.
K (4-5) [0] C (4-5) [(3,8-10)] A 4-5 [3,8-10] G (2) [(3-5+)], usually inferior, rarely superior.
![Page 23: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Rubiaceae — Coffee family (after rubia, name used by Pliny for madder)
630 genera / 10,200 species.
The Rubiaceae have a mostly worldwide distribution,
more concentrated in tropical regions. Economic
importance includes Cinchona, the source of quinine
used to treat malaria, Coffea arabica and other
species, the source of coffee, Pausinystalia johimbe,
the source of the sexual stimulant yohimbine, some
timber trees, fruiting plants, dye plants (such as Rubia,
madder), and ornamental cultivars (e.g., Pentas,
among others).
![Page 24: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Acanthaceae — Acanthus family (from Acanthus, prickly-one).229 genera / 3450 species.
The Acanthaceae are distinctive in having simple,
opposite leaves with zygomorphic, bracteate,
usually bilabiate flowers, the fruit an explosively
dehiscent, loculicidal capsule with distinctive
funicular retinacula ( jaculators) that function in
seed dispersal, the funicular retinacula a presumed
apomorphy of the family.
K (5) [(4,6)] C (4-5) A 2,4,or 5 G (2), superior.
![Page 29: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Acanthaceae — Acanthus family (from Acanthus, prickly-one).229 genera / 3450 species.
Members of the Acanthaceae are distributed from the
tropics to temperate regions. Economic importance
includes several cultivated ornamentals, such as
Acanthus mollis, Aphelandra, and Justicia [including
Beloperone]
![Page 30: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Lamiaceae (=Labiatae) - Mint family (Lamium, gullet, after the shape of the corolla tube or old Latin name
used by Pliny). 251 genera / 6,700 species.
The Lamiaceae are distinctive in being herbs or shrubs, often
aromatic with ethereal oils, with usually 4-sided stems, opposite [or whorled] leaves, a verticillaster or thyrse inflorescence [flowers solitary and axillary in some], and zygomorphic [rarely actinomorphic], usually bilabiate flowers having a superior, deeply 4-lobed ovary (by formation of "false septa") and gynobasic style, the fruit a schizocarp of usually 4 nutlets.
K (5) C (5) [(4)] A 4 or 2 [+2 staminodes] G (2), superior, hypanthium absent.
![Page 33: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Economic importance includes medicinals, herbs (e.g., Mentha,
mint; Ocimum, basal; Rosmarinus, rosemary; Salvia, sage;
Thymus, thyme), fragrance plants (e.g., Lavandula, lavender;
Pogostemon, patchouli), and a number or cultivated
ornamentals.
![Page 34: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Leaves opposite; stems 4-sided
![Page 35: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Inflorescence a thyrse or verticillaster (usu.)
![Page 36: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Flowers zygomorphic; corolla sympetalous, bilabiate
![Page 37: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
carpels 2; style gynobasic
![Page 38: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Fruit a schizocarp of nutlets
![Page 39: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Ocimum basilicum BASIL
![Page 40: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Rosmarinus officinalis ROSEMARY
![Page 41: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Salvia apiana WHITE SAGE
enantiostylous flowers
![Page 42: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Pogogyne abramsii MESA MINTFed/Cal. endangered species
![Page 43: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Salvia columbariae CHIA
![Page 44: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Solanaceae - Nightshade family (Latin for sleeping or comforter, after narcotic properties of
some). 94 genera / 2,950 species.
The Solanaceae are distinctive in being herbs, shrubs, trees, or lianas with internal phloem, spiral leaves, a usually actinomorphic, 5-merous perianth and androecium (corolla plicate in bud), a usually bicarpellate, syncarpous gynoecium, and usually numerous ovules per carpel, the fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule.
K (5) C (5) [(4),(6)] A 5 [4 or 2+2 staminodes] G (2) [(3-5)], superior, hypanthium absent.
![Page 47: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Members of the family have mostly worldwide distributions, concentrated in South America.
Economic importance includes many edible plants, such as Capsicum (peppers), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), Physalis philadelphica (tomatillo), Solanum tuberosum (potato), Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco); alkaloids from various taxa have medicinal properties (e.g., atropine from Atropa belladona), hallucinogenic properties (e.g., Datura, Jimson weed), or are deadly poisons (e.g., Datura, Solanum spp.) or known carcinogens (e.g., Nicotiana tabacum); some used as ornamental cultivars, others are noxious weeds.
![Page 48: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Flowers actinomorphic,
plicate (in bud)
![Page 49: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Flowers actinomorphic,
plicate (in bud)
![Page 50: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Fruit a berry or capsule
![Page 53: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Physalis ixocarpa Tomatillo
![Page 54: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Asteraceae (Compositae)
Characteristics:
Vegetatively variable.
Inflorescence a head (capitulum): (usu.) many flowers arising from a compound receptacle, subtended by inflorescence bracts: involucral bracts or phyllaries, collectively termed the involucre.
Calyx modified as pappus.
Stamens syngenesious.
K pappus C 5 A (5) G(2), inferior, 1 basal ovule
Fruit an achene.
![Page 58: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Asteraceae (=Compositae) - Sunflower family
(after Aster, meaning star). 1,528 genera / 22,750 species.
The Asteraceae are distinctive in being herbs, shrubs, vines, or trees, the inflorescence a head (capitulum) subtended by an involucre of phyllaries, flowers either bilabiate, disk, or ray/ligulate, (heads of many taxa a mixture of central disk flowers and peripheral ray flowers), with the calyx, termed a pappus, modified as scales, awns, or capillary bristles (or absent), the androecium syngenesious, and with an inferior ovary with a single, basal ovule, the fruit a multiple of achenes.
![Page 59: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Asteraceae (=Compositae) - Sunflower family
(after Aster, meaning star). 1,528 genera / 22,750 species.
Economic importance includes some food plants (e.g., Cynara scolymus, artichoke, and Helianthus annuus, sunflower), a number of ornamental cultivars, and various species used locally or industrially; the prickly fruits of Arctium lappa (burdock) are purported to have been the model for invention of velcro.
![Page 60: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Argyroxiphium sandwicense, SilverswordMaui
![Page 61: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Argyroxiphium sandwicense, SilverswordMaui
![Page 62: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Asteraceae (=Compositae) - Sunflower family
(after Aster, meaning star). 1,528 genera / 22,750 species.
K 0-∞ (pappus)
C (5) [(4)] or (3) in some ray flowers
A (5) [(4)]
G (2), inferior, hypanthium absent.
![Page 63: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Asteraceae: floral variationThree types of flowers:
1) Bilabiate: zygomorphic (bilateral) with 2 lips2) Ray (ligulate): zygomorphic (bilateral) with 1
lobe3) Disk: actinomorphic (radial), usu. 5-lobed
![Page 64: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Five types of heads:
1) discoid, with only disk flowers;
2) disciform, with central disk flowers and marginal, eligulate female flowers;
3) radiate, with central (bisexual or male) disk flowers and peripheral (female or sterile) ray flowers;
4) ligulate, with all ray flowers (typically with 5-toothed corolla apices);
5) bilabiate, with all bilabiate flowers.
![Page 65: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Bilabiate flower
Acourtia microcephala Trixis californica
posterior lip anterior lip
![Page 66: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
ligulate / raydisk
![Page 67: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
syngenesious
anthers connate
![Page 68: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Ray flowers (heads ligulate = all rays)
Rafinesquia neomexicana Malacothrix californica
ligulate corolla
![Page 69: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Disk flower: heads discoid
Palafoxia arida Psathyrotes ramosissima
disk corolla
Chaenactis gabriuscula
![Page 70: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Disk flowers: heads disciform(2 types of disk fls.,
same or different heads)
male heads
Ambrosia chamissonis
female heads
![Page 71: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Xylorhiza orcuttii Encelia farinosa
Heads radiate: inner disk & outer ray fls.
ray flowers disk flowers
![Page 72: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Encelia californica
ovary
Some heads are "chaffy"
chaff : bracts subtending flowers
disk flower
![Page 73: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Involucre morphology
one whorl two whorls many whorls
Senecio vulgaris Coreopsis maritima Encelia californica
![Page 74: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Circium vulgare Silybum marianum
Phyllaries spiny
Involucre morphology
Phyllaries spiny & squarrose
![Page 75: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Pappus: modified calyx
capillary bristles: barbellate
capillary bristles: plumose
beak
capillary bristles, borne atop "beak"
![Page 76: Botany Lecture Ch8cmodified](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102610/55532fecb4c90555308b4914/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Pappus: modified calyx