Bryophytes. Bryophytes are nonvascular plant; examples are mosses and their relatives.
Botany : Entrance Exam Study Material - · PDF fileLytic and Lysogenic Life cycle of a phage -...
Transcript of Botany : Entrance Exam Study Material - · PDF fileLytic and Lysogenic Life cycle of a phage -...
Botany : Entrance Exam Study
Material
BIODIVERSITY
-:- Taxonomy and Phylogeny - Click Here
-:- Two Kingdom System of Classification - Click Here
-:- The Five Kingdom System of Classification - Click Here
-:- Viruses - Introduction And General characteristics - Click Here
-:- Viruses : Size, Shape And Structure of a Virus - Click Here
-:- Classification of virus - Click Here
-:- Lytic and Lysogenic Life cycle of a phage - Click Here
-:- Plant viral disease : Bunchy top of banana, HIV, cancer, SARS
Virion - Click Here
-:- A new disease called SARS Virion - Click Here
-:- Bacteria : Introduction, Occurrence, Size - Click Here
-:- Classification of bacteria based on the shape and arrangement -
Click Here
-:- Flagellation in Bacteria - Click Here
-:- Nutrition in Plant Bacteria - Click Here
-:- Respiration in Plant Bacteria - Click Here
-:- Reproduction of Bacteria - Click Here
-:- Harmful activities of Bacteria in Plants, Animal, Human beings -
Click Here
-:- Beneficial Activities of Bacteria - Click Here
-:- Fungi : Salient and Distinguishing Features, Structure, Nutrition,
Saprotrophs - Click Here
-:- Fungai : Saprotrophs and Parasites - Click Here
-:- Fungi Symbiosis - Click Here
-:- Classification of Fungi - Click Here
-:- Economic importance of Fungi : Useful and Harmful aspects of
fungi - Click Here
-:- Mucor : Occurrence, Reproduction, Somatic structure - Click
Here
-:- Algae : Salient Features, Occurrence and Distribution, Thallus
organization - Click Here
-:- Algae : Cell Structure & Pigmentation - Click Here
-:- Algea : Arranagement of Flagella - Click Here
-:- Algea Reproduction : 1. Vegetative 2. Asexual 3. Sexual - Click
Here
-:- Classification of Algea - Click Here
-:- Economic Importance of Algae - Food, Agriculture, Industry,
space travel, Single cell protein, Sewage Disposal - Click Here
-:- Harmful effects of Algae - Click Here
-:- Spirogyra : Detail, Occurrence, Structure - Click Here
-:- Algea : Reproduction - Click Here
-:- Bryophytes : Salient and Distinguishing features of Bryophytes -
Click Here
-:- Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations - Click Here
-:- Classification of Bryophyta - Click Here
-:- Riccia And The structure of mature gametophyte - Click Here
-:- Reproduction of Riccia - Click Here
-:- Riccia - Fertilization, Sporophyte Generation - Click Here
-:- Life cycle of Riccia - Click Here
-:- Pteridophytes : Salient features and Salient features - Click Here
-:- Characteristics of Pteridophytes and Economic importance -
Click Here
-:- Morphology of sporophyte - Click Here
-:- Anatomy of Nephrolepsis - Click Here
-:- Reproduction of Nephrolepsis - Click Here
-:- Nephrolepsis : Fertilization - Click Here
-:- Classification and Characteristic of
Spermatophytes(Gymnosperms) - Click Here
-:- Salient features and Distinguishing features of Gymnosperms -
Click Here
-:- Cycas - Morphology of sporophyte - Click Here
-:- Anatomy of Cycas - Click Here
-:- Cycas - Reproduction - Click Here
CELL BIOLOGY
-:- A brief history about the discovery of cells - Click Here
-:- Dynamic nature of cell , Difference Between Plant Cell And
Animal cell - Click Here
-:- Development of Cell Theory And Exception to cell Theory -
Click Here
-:- prokaryotic cell And Ultra structure of a prokaryotic cell - Click
Here
-:- Eukaryotes - Click Here
-:- Different Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell (Plant Cells)
- Click Here
-:- Light Microscope and Electron Microscope (TEM -
Transmission Electron Microscopy & SEM - Scanning Electron
Microscope ) - Click Here
-:- Formation of the cell wall - Click Here
-:- Structure of the cell wall - Click Here
-:- Plasmodesmata, pits and Functions of cell wall - Click Here
-:- Ultra structure of the cell membrane - Fluid mosaic Model,
Lipids, Proteins - Click Here
-:- Functions of plasma membrane - Click Here
-:- Cell Membrane Transport - Click Here
-:- List of Plant Cell Organelles - Click Here
-:- Plant Cell Nucleus And Functions of Plant Cell Nucleus - Click
Here
-:- Plant Cell Mitochondria - Power house of the cell - Click Here
-:- Plant Cell Plastids - chloroplasts, chromoplasts and leucoplasts -
Click Here
-:- Plant Cell : Ribosomes - Click Here
-:- Plant Cell Division - Cell Cycle 1.Amitosis 2.Mitosis 3. Meiosis
- Click Here
-:- Cell Division : Mitotic cell cycle : 1.Prophase 2. Metaphase
3.Anaphase 4. Telophase - Click Here
-:- Cell Division - Meiosis Cell Cycle : Prophase, Metaphase,
Anaphase and Telophase - Click Here
PLANT MORPHOLOGY
-:- Morphology of flowering plants or Angiosperms - short notes -
Click Here
-:- Plant - Root System : Regions of a typical root and General
Characteristic features of the root -Click Here
-:- Types of Root System And Functions of roots - Click Here
-:- Root Modifications for Taproot, adventitious roots - Click Here
-:- Characteristic features and Functions of the stem - Click Here
-:- Modifications of stem : 1. Aerial modifications 2. Sub aerial
modifications 3. Under ground modifications - Click Here
-:- Parts of a Leaf : 1. Leaf base 2. Petiole 3. Lamina - Click Here
-:- Leaf Venation : Reticulate, Parallel : Pinnately, Palmately -
Click Here
-:- Leaf Modification - Click Here
-:- Inflorescence : Racemose, Cymose, Mixed and Special types -
Click Here
-:- FLOWER - A Metamorphosed Shoot : Evidences to support that
flower is a modified shoot -Click Here
-:- Description of a flower - Click Here
-:- Types of Placentation : Axile,Marginal, Parietal, Basal,
Superficial Placentation - Click Here
-:- Androecium And Gynoecium - Click Here
-:- Plant Aestivation And Types of Aestivation - Click Here
-:- Corolla : Shape of the petals in the corolla and Forms of Corolla
- Click Here
-:- Calyx : Variations and Duration of calyx - Click Here
-:- The receptacle (thalamus) : Variation of the Receptacle,
Insertion of floral leaves on the thalamus - Click Here
-:- Parts of a flower - Click Here
-:- Fruit : Types and Structure of fruit - Click Here
-:- Simple fleshy fruits : baccate,drupaceous - Berry, Drupe,
Hesperidium, Pepo, Pomo - Click Here
-:- Simple Dry Fruits - .1. Dehiscent 2. Schizocarpic 3. Indehiscent
- Click Here
-:- aggregate and multiple or composite fruits - Click Here
-:- Structure and Types of Seed - Click Here
-:- Structure of gram seed - Click Here
-:- Structure of Maize Grain - Click Here
GENETICS
-:- GENETICS : Concept of Heredity and Variation - Click Here
-:- Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance - Click Here
-:- Intermediate Inheritance (Incomplete Dominance) - Click Here
-:- Epistasis - Gene Interaction - Click Here
-:- Inheritance Laws of Mendel - Click Here
-:- Biography of Mendel And Mendel's Experiments on Mendel's
Laws of Inheritance - Click Here
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
-:- Cell as a Physiological Unit - Click Here
-:- Properties of Protoplasm : The Physical and Chemical Nature -
Click Here
-:- Cell - Water Relations - Click Here
-:- Cells : Absorption and Movement - Imbibition, Diffusion - Click
Here
-:- Demonstration of Osmosis - Potato Osmoscope - Click Here
-:- Plasmolysis and Significance of Plasmolysis - Click Here
-:- Plant Cells : Permeability and Water Potential - Click Here
-:- Water Transport in Plant - Click Here
-:- Transpiration Pull Theory in plant water transport - Click Here
-:- Factors Affecting Rate of Transpiration in Plant - Click Here
-:- Structure of Stoma and Mechanism of Stomatal Opening and
Closing - Click Here
-:- Factors Affecting Stomatal Movement - Click Here
-:- Functions of Minerals Nutrition - Click Here
-:- Hydroponics : Advantages and Disavantagges of Hydroponics -
Click Here
-:- Essential Major Elements and Trace Elements for Plant - Click
Here
-:- Plant Physiological Role and Deficiency Symptoms of Mineral
Elements - Click Here
-:- Theories of Translocation for Plant : Passive absorption and
Active Absorption - Click Here
-:- Plant Physiology : Translocation of Solutes - Click Here
-:- Plant Physiology : Nitrogen Metabolism - Click Here
-:- Plant Movements : Movements of locomotion and curvature -
Click Here
-:- Geotropism - Click Here
-:- Phototropism And Turgor Growth Movements - Click Here
REPRODUCTION BIOLOGY
-:- Reproduction in Angiosperms : Vegetative Propagation - Click
Here
-:- Natural Methods of Vegetative Propagation : Root, Stem,
Leaves - Click Here
-:- Advantages of Vegetative propagation - Click Here
-:- Artificial Method of Vegetative Propagation : Cuttings, Grafting
- Click Here
-:- Reproduction in Angiosperm : Micropropagation - Click Here
-:- Self Pollination - Sexual Reproduction : 1. autogamy 2.
geitonogamy - Click Here
-:- Cross Pollination (Xenogamy, Allogamy) - Sexual Reproduction
- Click Here
-:- Development of male and female gametophyte - Click Here
-:- Development of female gametophyte : Megasporophyll,
Megasporangium or ovule, Megasporogenesis - Click Here
-:- Types of Plant Ovule - Click Here
-:- Plant Reproduction : Double fertilization - Click Here
-:- Development of dicot embryo - Click Here
-:- Parthenogenesis and parthenocarpy - Click Here
-:- Germination of Seed : Parts of Seed - Click Here
-:- Process of seed germination - Click Here
-:- Types of seed germination : Epigeal, Hypogeal germination,
Vivipary - Click Here
-:- Factors necessary for seed gamination - Click Here
-:- Abscission and Importance of Abscission - Click Here
-:- senescence : Types, Physiology , Importance of senescence -
Click Here
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
-:- Organisms and their Environment - Click Here
-:- Organisms : Environmental Climatic Factors - Click Here
-:- Organisms : Environment : Edaphic Factors - Click Here
-:- Organisms : Environmental factors - Climatic, Edaphic, Biotic -
Click Here
-:- Relationships among Organisms : Positive and Negative
Interactions - Click Here
-:- Hydrophytes And Classification of Hydrophytes - Click Here
-:- Morphological and Anatomical adaptations of Hydrophytes -
Click Here
-:- Xerophytes and Classification of Xerophytes - Click Here
-:- Morphological, Anatomical and Physiological Adaptations of
Xerophytes - Click Here
-:- Mesophytes - Click Here
-:- natural resources and Types of natural resources - Click Here
-:- Sources of Energy resources - Click Here
-:- Conservation of Energy - Click Here
-:- Forest Resources - Click Here
-:- Social Forestry and Conservation of Forests - Click Here
-:- Conservation of Water and Types of Harvesting Rainwater -
Click Here
TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS
-:- TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS : Types of classification -
Click Here
-:- Biosystematics nomenclature - Click Here
-:- Binomial nomenclature - Click Here
-:- Herbaria and uses, Importance of Herbaria - Click Here
-:- Bentham and Hooker's classification of plants : Dicotyledonae,
Gymnospermae and Monocotyledonae - Click Here
-:- Merits and Demerits of Bentham and Hooker's classification of
plants - Click Here
-:- DICOT FAMILIES : MALVACEAE - the cotton family - Click
Here
-:- Botanical description of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis - Click Here
-:- FABACEAE - the bean family - Click Here
-:- Botanical description and Economical of Clitoria ternatea - Click
Here
-:- RUBIACEAE - the coffee family - Click Here
-:- Botanical description and Economic Importance of Ixora
coccinea - Click Here
-:- ASTERACEAE - the sunflower family - Click Here
-:- Botanical description and Economic importance of Tridax
procumbens - Click Here
-:- SOLANACEAE - the potato family - Click Here
-:- Botanical description and Economic importance of Datura metal
- Click Here
-:- EUPHORBIACEAE - the castor family - Click Here
-:- Botanical description and Economic importance of Ricinus
communis - Click Here
-:- MUSACEAE - the banana family Systematic position - Click
Here
-:- Botanical description and Economical importance of Musa
paradisiaca - Click Here
-:- ARECACEAE - the palm family - Click Here
-:- Botanical description and Economic importance of Cocos
nucifera - Click Here
PLANT ANATOMY
-:- Classification and Characteristics of meristematic cells - Click
Here
-:- Classification of permanent tissue : Simple and Complex tissue -
Click Here
-:- Permanent Simple tissue Types : parenchyma, collenchyma and
sclerenchyma - Click Here
-:- Permanent Complex tissue and Types : Xylem, Phloem - Click
Here
-:- Phloem : Sieve elements, Companion cells, Phloem parenchyma,
Phloem fibres - Click Here
-:- Epidermal tissue system and its functions - Click Here
-:- Vascular tissue system - Click Here
-:- Ground or fundamental tissue system - Click Here
-:- Primary structure of monocotyledonous root - Maize root - Click
Here
-:- Primary structure of dicotyledonous root - Bean root - Click
Here
-:- Primary structure of monocot stem - Maize stem - Click Here
-:- Primary structure of dicotyledonous stem - Sunflower stem -
Click Here
-:- Anatomy of a dicot leaf - Sunflower leaf - Click Here
-:- Anatomy of a monocot leaf - Grass leaf - Click Here
-:- Secondary growth in dicot stem - Click Here
CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS
-:- Structure of chromosome - Click Here
-:- Types of chromosomes - Click Here
-:- Special types of chromosomes - Click Here
-:- Gene and genome - Click Here
-:- Linkage and crossing over - Click Here
-:- Significance of crossing over and Uses of gene mapping - Click
Here
-:- Recombination of chromosome - Click Here
-:- Gene mutation : Significance, Classification, Mutagenic agents -
Click Here
-:- Numerical and Structural chromosomal aberrations - Click Here
-:- Numerical and Structural chromosomal aberrations - Click Here
-:- Hereditary role of DNA - Bacterial transformation - Click Here
-:- Structure of DNA - Click Here
-:- Function and Replication of DNA - Click Here
-:- Structure of RNA and its types - Click Here
-:- Characteristics of genetic code and Central dogma of molecular
biology - Click Here
BIOTECHNOLOGY
-:- Recombinant DNA technology - Click Here
-:- Gene transfer in plants - Click Here
-:- How DNA is cut? - Click Here
-:- Transgenic plants : foreign gene, Transgenic (modified) plants -
Click Here
-:- Practical application of genetic transformation - Click Here
-:- Use of genetically engineered bacterial strain - Click Here
-:- Concept of Plant tissue culture - Click Here
-:- Applications of plant tissue culture - Click Here
-:- Basic techniques of plant tissue culture - Click Here
-:- Protoplast fusion : Isolation of protoplast - Mechanical and
Enzymatic method - Click Here
-:- Single cell protein (SCP) - Click Here
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
-:- Enzymes : Classification, Properties of Enzymes - Click Here
-:- Theories explaining the mechanism of enzyme action - Click
Here
-:- Significance of photosynthesis - Click Here
-:- Site of photosynthesis - Click Here
-:- Photochemical and biosynthetic phases, Mechanism of
photosynthesis - Click Here
-:- EXPERIMENTS ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS : 1.Ganong's light
screen 2.Test tube and funnel experiment - Click Here
-:- Plant Mode of nutrition - Click Here
-:- Chemosynthesis - Chemosynthetic autotrophs and heterotrophs -
Click Here
-:- Plant Respiration and structure of ATP - Click Here
-:- Plant Respiration : Glycolysis - Click Here
-:- Plant Respiration : Krebs cycle and Significance of Krebs cycle -
Click Here
-:- Plant Respiration : Electron transport chain - Click Here
-:- Plant Respiration : Pentose phosphate pathway - Click Here
-:- Kuhne's fermentation tube experiment - Click Here
-:- Plant growth and Measurement of plant growth - Click Here
-:- auxins and Physiological effects of auxin - Click Here
-:- Gibberellins and Physiological effects of gibberellin - Click Here
-:- Physiological effects of cytokinin, ethylene, abscisic acid - Click
Here
-:- Photoperiodism and vernalization - Click Here
BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE
-:- BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE : Food production - Click
Here
-:- Plant breeding : Aims, Major Aspects of plant breeding - Click
Here
-:- Plant Breeding : Selection - Click Here
-:- Plant Breeding : Hybridization, Mutation breeding - Click Here
-:- Plant breeding : Genetic engineering - Click Here
-:- Role of biofertilizers and Benefits from biofertilizers - Click
Here
-:- Plant Disease in Rice - Oryza sativa - Click Here
-:- Plant Tikka disease in Groundnut or peanut - Arachis hypogea -
Click Here
-:- Citrus canker and Tungro disease of rice - Click Here
-:- Biopesticides and Biocontrol of insect pests - Click Here
-:- Genetically modified food : Edible, Edible, Edible antibodies -
Click Here
-:- Bio-war - Click Here
-:- Bio-piracy - Click Here
-:- Bio-patent - Click Here
-:- Sustained agriculture - Click Here
-:- Medicinal plants including microbes - Click Here
-:- Commonly available medicinal plants and microbes - Click Here
-:- Economic importance Plants : Food, Rice, Oil, Fibre, Timber
yielding plant - Click Here