Botanical Nomenclature Monocotyledons and … · Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons Life Cycle of...

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Botanical Nomenclature

Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons

Life Cycle of Flowering Plants Seeds

WHMF121

Session Three

(Photograph with permission - Wendy Williams)


Today’s Topic


Understand the difference between the 2 types of

flowering plants:

Monocotyledons & Dicotyledons

The process of germination

We will start some seeds germinating in class

Seasonal variation in plants



• Phylogeny (evolutionary or ancestral

relationships between organisms) is the basis of

taxonomy (system of organising living things), in

which the species is the basic unit.

• This is essential to the understanding of

taxonomy.

• Nomenclature is defined as: “The procedure of

assigning names to the kinds and groups of

organisms listed in a taxonomic classification”.



• Taxonomy is the group of plants – this occurs

first – to what Family do they belong to?

• Nomenclature then happens – the plant is given

its name

• Common names for plants are as diverse as

the environments in which they grow. The

names can vary by region and nation



• Carl von Linné / Linnaeus (1707 – 1778) was the man who pioneered the system of classifying all living organism

• Binomial nomenclature is the system of naming plants – 2 names

• Linnaeus based his plant classification on floral characteristics

• Linneaus implemented this change in 1753 with his system, of which is still used – the L. at the end of plant names.



• Nomenclature is a Science – it is governed

by the International Code of Nomenclature

(ICN) – for fish, animals, insects, bacteria,

plants etc

• Latin is used because that was the

language used by scholars during the 18th

century when many of the species were

first identified and named. Greek is also

sometimes used…



Modern taxonomy combines a number of

techniques to classify plants:

o Traditional classification as a starting point

oComparative DNA

oComparative morphology & anatomy

oComparison of chemical compounds

Modern taxonomy has been the basis of name

changes as you will see further on



A Latin binomial by convention is written in italics and

consists of two words:

1.Generic name

o - Always has a capital letter.

o - Is the name of the genus to which the species

belongs.

2.Specific epithet

o - Does not have a capital letter

o - Is specific to, or defines the species within the

genus.


Botanical Nomenclature• The Universality of Language – the base of which is Latin

• Within the ICN there is Botanical Nomenclature –

• Binomal is the Latin with two names aka Scientific names

• The common names vary depending on many things

• A plant will only have one Generic/Scientific name, however at times of change or transition the previous name is sometimes in brackets preceded by prev.

• How to write the plants names is always the same way, for all your future assignments or articles it will be the same Family species or Family species

• The International Code is revised every six years, the last time was in Melbourne in 2011

• Check out the resource page for the link to ICBN



How the herb ‘Chamomile' is botanically classified:

• Kingdom: Plantae

• Phylum: Magnoliophyta

• Class: Magnoliopsida

• Order: Compositae

• Family: Asteraceae

• Genus: Matricaria

• Species: recutita.



o Variations from that previously as chamomile =- aka

Matricaria chamomilla

o Every plant has this breakdown.

o Sometimes you may see written in books the Generic /

Scientific name is just an initial capitalized e.g., M. recutita

o That abbreviation would only occur after the full name has

been mentioned – one of the rules in Academic / Scientific

writing



• Specific epithets may be used in combination with

different generic names to name different species. It will

often describe the species in some way:

• “piperita” means peppery

• “vulgaris” means common

• “sativa” means “of the fields”

• “tinctora” means it was used as a dye

• “longa” describing the length of leaf, stem etc

• “alba” meaning white

• “odorata” meaning fragrance

• “nigrum” meaning black



o Where did the Latin come from? Botanical Latin is usually

Greek based.

o The early botanical writers, from Pliny the Elder (23-49AD)

through Dioscorides utilised Latin until the printing press

came into use in 1450. The monks had control of the

written documents and the Benedictines used Latin –

therefore it is the ‘lingua franca’ or scientific language.

o The first herbals were medically focussed, then they

changed into creating more botanical texts.



•Hundreds of herbs have the specific epithet “officinalis”

or “officinale”

• This is because they were official medicines included in

published official Materia Medica or Pharmacopeoia

(books that tell you how the use the herbs) at the time

Linnaeus set about to give each species on earth it’s

own specific name.

• Taraxacum officinale

• Zingiber officinale

• Rosmarinus officinalis

• Symphytum officinale


Activities to consider…

o Refer to the reading:

o “Botanical Latin - The Poetry of Herb Names”

• Find 6 medicinal plants you know, find their Botanical

names and the meaning of their names

• Why does the spelling of the word officinalis / officinale

differ?


Hybrid Plants• Plants of two different species do not usually interbreed

• When interbreeding does occur the offspring is said to be a hybrid.

• Hybrid species have not evolved like other species but have been bred by crossing parents of different species.

• Hybrids are named using both parents names separated by “x”

• Digitalis lutea crossed with Digitalis purpurea would be “Digitalis lutea x D.purpurea.


Hybrid Plantso Another term for cross breed,

o These are a subspecies, that come about due to intentional plant breeding

o It occurs when the best traits of each parent plant are cross pollinated

o As you can see the written terminology also has its own format

o Peppermint is Mentha x piperita and Spearmint is Mentha xspicata

o And Pennyroyal, another member in the Mint (Mentha) family, pennyroyal is Mentha x pulegium


Hybrid Plants

o International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated

Plants (ICNCP), also known as the Cultivated Plant

Code, is a guide to the rules and regulations for naming

plants whose origin or selection is primarily due to

intentional human activity – namely cultivars.



• Herbalists do not use common names and always use the

herbs scientific name to avoid confusion.

• Dirr’s Manual of Woody Landscape Plants, 5th Edition.

• White Waterlily has:

• 15 common names in English

• 44 common names in French

• 81 common names in German

– but only one Latin name Nymphaea alba L.



• As a Naturopathic student, start now and always use the

herbs scientific name to avoid any confusion.

o Nomenclature is separate from Taxonomy - The body of

rules prescribing which name applies

o Botanical Nomenclature is the crossing over between

specialities –

o Horticulture + Botanist + Herbalist +


The International Code of

Nomenclature for algae, fungi and

plants (ICN)• Most plants have a common name which varies from country to

country and regionally within countries.

• The ICN formalises the convention for the scientific or botanical naming of plants, especially the names of species.

• Formed in 1867, it regularly meets every six years to discuss changes to plant names or the naming of new species.

• According to the ICN, Latin names used in print are either italicised or underlined.

o Example: Mentha x piperita or Mentha piperita


The International Code of

Nomenclature for algae, fungi and

plants (ICN)o The International Rules came into play in 1906

o The most recent collaboration was in Schenzhen, China in 2017, previous to that it was in Melbourne 2011 – therefore it is anticipated there may be some name changes being implemented in the near future.

o The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants(ICN) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names.

o It was formerly called the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature(ICBN); according to the Melbourne Code.


Botanical Names can Change•Classification and names can be changed for 3 reasons:

1. To be consistent with new conventions

2. More information or material becomes available

3. Information is reinterpreted or a different opinion

becomes accepted.

•More information regarding ICN:http://courses.washington.edu/bot113/summer/WebReadings/PdfReadings/BOTANICAL_NOMENCLATURE.pdf

4/7/16

http://courses.washington.edu/bot113/summer/WebReadings/PdfReadings/BOTANICAL_NOMENCLATURE.pdf


Botanical Names can Changeo Prior to the Botanical Congress, there are four days dedicated just to

Nomenclature – the changes are then taken to the Congress, where it

then gets turned into a rule.

o Digitizing of everything is doing away with the plant specimens that

have ben used for hundred of years…

o An important change was implemented in 2012, whereby New plants

no longer require a Latin name.

o New species now only need to be described and published in a

scientific journal where anyone can access the information and digital

versions are acceptable.

o The DNA determinants of the plant also need to be sent to Kew for

verification that it is indeed a new species


These names changed at the last meeting of the ICBN in

2012 in Melbourne & validated by the Australian Register of

Therapeutic Goods as the correct medicinal plant names.

Old Name New Authenticated Name

Aloe barbadensis Aloe vera

Anthemis nobilis Chamaemelum nobile

Cassia senna Senna alexandrina

Cimicifuga foetida Actaea cimicifuga

Cimicifuga heracleifolia Actaea heracleifolia

Cimicifuga racemosa Actaea racemosa

Pulsatilla vulgaris Anemone pulsatilla


Changes to naming of Plant

Families

o Even the plant families can be changed, as well

as plants getting reassigned to different families.

o This has come about as the DNA is being

compared and there is more details known

about each plant.

o Again the terminology sometimes is slow to

change


Changes to naming of Plant

Families

Common name Former name Current name Typical genus

Parsely family Umbelliferae Apiaceae Apium

Daisy family Compositae Asteraceae Aster

Cabbage family Cruciferae Brassicaceae Brassica

Bean family Leguminosae Fabaceae Faba

Mint family Labiatae Lamiaceae Lamium

Grass family Graminae Poaceae Poa


Flowering PlantsThe Division Anthophyta/Magnoliaphyta (Angiosperms) is divided into two very different classes:

• Class Monocotyledones (Liliopsida)• Have one seed leaf “mono”=one;” “cotyledon”=seed

leaf.• Often called monocots.• Approximately 62,000 species.• e.g. Grasses, Lilies, Irises, Orchids, Palms.

• Class Dicotyledones (Magnoliopsida)• Have two seed leaves “di”=two; “cotyledon”=seed leaf• Often called dicots• Approximately 290,000 species• e.g. Trees, Bushes, Herbs


Monocots & Dicots

Plant Parts Monocotyledons Dicotyledons

Seeds 1 cotyledon 2 cotyledons

Roots Fibrous root system Tap root system

Vascular Tissue Scattered bundles Bundles in a ring

Stems Usually herbaceous Herbaceous or woody

Leaves Typically parallel

venation

Typically reticulate

venation

Flowers Parts usually in 3’s Parts usually in 4’s or

5’s


Monocotyledon

• Monocots seeds have

only one seed leaf or

cotyledon inside the

seed coat.

•

• It is often only a thin leaf,

because the endosperm

to feed the new plant is

not inside the seed leaf.

• As it germinates it

produces 1 seed leaf -

‘mono’ meaning one (1)


Monocotyledon

•Monocots seeds have an outer layer

- Pericarp

•Endosperm is the food/energy source

•Within the embryo are the plumule

and radicle.

• Plumule - enclosed in the coleoptile

that will grow into the stem

•Radicle - enclosed in the coleorhiza

that will grow into the root

•Many medicinal & foods are seeds -

Poaceae family [wheat, oats, corn] as

well as Sesame, sunflower, pumpkin,

celery, linseed. Nuts are also seeds


Dicotyledons• Dicots seeds have two seed

leaves or cotyledons inside

the seed coat.

• They are usually rounded

and fat, because they contain

the endosperm to feed the

embryo plant.

• As it germinates, it produces

two seed leaves - ‘di’ means

two (2)


Dicotyledons

• Dicots seeds

Outside coast of the seed is called

the Testa

Hilium – is the attachment scar,

where the seed was joined in the

ovary to the seed stalk in the ovary

Micropyle – is the hole where the

pollen entered


Can you identify the monocot?

(Halasz, n.d. https://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2013/phillips_reb2/classification.htm)

https://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2013/phillips_reb2/classification.htm


Monocotyledons• The stems of monocots

are usually unbranched

and fleshy.

• The vascular tissue is

scattered

• They do not grow thicker

from year to year.

• New leaves often grow

wrapped in a protective

sheath formed by the

older leaf - grasses

• The roots are fibrous



• The stems of dicots are

usually tough.

• They can grow wider each

year and are often

branched.

• The vascular tissue is

bundled in a ring

• The root is often a single

long tap root with smaller

feeder roots growing from

it.

Dicotyledons



Can you spot the Dicotyledon?

(http://apbio-werle.wikispaces.com/Plants)

vascular bundles

http://apbio-werle.wikispaces.com/Plants


Monocotyledon

• The leaves of monocots are often long and narrow, with their veins in straight lines up and down the leaf.

• Sometimes, the veins run from the centre of the leaf to the edge, parallel to one another.

(Photographs with permission - Wendy Williams)


• The leaves of dicots come in many different shapes and sizes.

• The veins go from the central midrib to the edge of the leaf, crossing and joining to form a netted pattern all over the leaf.

Dicotyledons



Monocotyledons

o Monocot flowers are in

multiples of threes.

o Sepals are often the same

colour as the petals.

o Usually the same number

of stamens as petals.



o Dicot flowers are usually in multiples of

• fours or fives.

Dicotyledons



Monocots and Dicots

Fill in the Blanks

Plant Parts Monocotyledons Dicotyledons

Seeds

Roots

Vascular Tissue

Stems

Leaves

Flowers


(https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monocot_vs_Dicot.svg)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monocot_vs_Dicot.svg


Seeds

• The gymnosperms and angiosperms together comprise

the spermatophytes or seed plants.

• The ancestors of flowering plants diverged

from gymnosperms around 245–202 million years ago,

and the first flowering plants known to exist are from 140

million years ago.

• They diversified enormously during the Lower

Cretaceous period and became widespread around 100

million years ago, but replaced conifers as the dominant

trees only around 60-100 million years ago.


Seeds

• All plants produce an embryo after fertilisation but the

presence of food gives the embryo greater chances of

survival.

• The coat protects the embryo from unfavourable conditions

and the food source allows the embryo to wait until

environmental factors are suitable for germination.

• This allows the gymnosperms and angiosperms (the seed

plants) a greater evolutionary advantage over other plants,

as many primitive divisions produce an unprotected embryo

only.


Seeds

• The Gymnosperms form a group of

• seed-bearing plants.

• “Gymnosperm” comes from the Greek word gymnospermos, meaning "naked seeds", after the unenclosed condition of their seeds (called ovules in their unfertilised state).

• These include: Conifers, Cycads, Ginkgo and Gnetales.

• Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scale or leaf-like appendages of cones, or at the end of short stalks (Ginkgo).

(https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Plants#mediav

iewer/File:L%C3%A4rchenzapfen.jpg)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Plants#mediaviewer/File:L%C3%A4rchenzapfen.jpg


Ginkgo biloba

male strobili

Photograph with permission – David Stelfox

female ovules

Male & female trees, the ovules

develop into nuts

(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba#mediavi

ewer/File:Ginkgo_biloba_-_female_flower.JPG)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba#mediaviewer/File:Ginkgo_biloba_-_female_flower.JPG


Ginkgo biloba - nuts

A dissected Ginkgo seed showing the embryo

(Clark, n.d.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ginkgo_emb

ryo_and_gametophyte.jpg)

(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/

Ginkgo_biloba#mediaviewer/File:Gin

kgo_biloba_007.jpg)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ginkgo_embryo_and_gametophyte.jpg

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba#mediaviewer/File:Ginkgo_biloba_007.jpg


Seeds

• The flowering plants (angiosperms, also known

as angiospermae) are the most diverse group of land

plants.

• They can be distinguished from the gymnosperms by

a series of derived characteristics:

• Seeds or ovules are enclosed during pollination.

• Flowers

• Endosperm within the seeds

• Production of fruits that contain the seeds.


Life Cycle of a Flowering Plant• The cycle of a flowering plant starts with:

• Fertilisation of the flower

• Fruit develops

• Seeds are produced

• Germination occurs

• Plant starts to develop

• Flowering takes place

• The cycle begins over again


Botany – the big picture

The Story of Flowers - a botanical animation

Enjoy -

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDpFyHmt0

AE

Directed by : Azuma Makoto

Illustration by : Katie Scott

Animation by : James Paulley

Visual Supervisor : Shunsuke Shiinoki

Project Management by : Eri Narita

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDpFyHmt0AE


Terminology for Seeds• Testa - seed coat or pericarp - protects the seed

• Embryo - immature plant inside the seed

• Hilum - scar of attachment where the seed stalk joined inside the

ovary

• Micropyle - where the pollen tube entered to fertilise ovule.

• Plumule - immature shoot

• Coleoptile - encloses the plumule


Terminology for Seeds

• Radicle - immature root

• Coleorhiza - encloses the radicle

• Hypocotyle - embryonic stem - between the radicle & plumule

• Endosperm - a source of nourishment for germinating seed

• Cotyledon - seed leaves

See The Glossary in readings


Monocot Seed


A picture demonstrating the testa, micropyle, hilum and the point

from which the radicle emerges inferior of the hilum.


(https://au.pinterest.com/pin/523402787919613988/)

https://au.pinterest.com/pin/523402787919613988/


Germination• Germination is the transition state between quiescent

embryo (dormancy) and a new photo-synthetically active plant. (Gimeno-Gilles et al., 2009)

• The most common example of germination is the sprouting of a seedling from a seed.

• Growth of hyphae (feeding part of fungus) from fungal spores, is also germination.

• Generally speaking, germination can imply anything expanding into something greater from a small existence or germ.


Radicle and Plumule

(https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bean_germination.jpg)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bean_germination.jpg


Germination

• The seed of a plant is a small package produced in

a fruit or cone after the union of male and female sex cells.

• All fully developed seeds contain an embryo and, in most

plant species some store food reserves, wrapped in a seed

coat.

• Most plants produce some seeds that do not contain

embryos, these are called empty seeds and never germinate.

• You can check for this by placing dicot seeds in water – those

that float to the top are empty.


Germination

• Most seeds go through a period of dormancy -

quiescence.

• Dormant seeds are ripe seeds that do not germinate

because they are influenced by environmental conditions

that prevent the initiation of metabolic processes and cell

growth.

• Once the seed has favourable conditions it begins to

germinate and the embryonic tissues resume growth,

developing towards a seedling.


Germination

• Plants need different circumstances for successful seed

germination.

• Depends on the individual seed variety and is closely

linked to the plant's natural habitat.

• Plants which grow in cold climates produce seeds that

need cold storage before germination.

• The cold temperature ensures germination will not occur

until ideal survival conditions are met e.g. bulbs.


2 Types of Seed Germination

Hypogeous or Hypogeal

• The cotyledons remain in the ground during

germination e.g peas

• Watch time-lapse video of germination filmed over 1 week:

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-Z53GVinpk• Permission given from Neil Bromhall

http://www.mastergardenerssandieg

o.org/newsletter/article.php?ID=26

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-Z53GVinpk


2 Types of Seed Germination

Epigeous or Epigeal

• The cotyledons elevate above ground during germination

before they fall away e.g. beans

• Watch time-lapse video of dicot germinating:

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2RuVxdr0mA• Permission given from Neil Bromhall

https://gardenerdy.com/bean-plant-facts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2RuVxdr0mA

https://www.youtube.com/user/neilbromhall


Germination

• The resumed growth (germination) of

the embryo depends on the right

combination of:

• Water

• Oxygen

• Warmth

• Particular triggers such as

light or darkness

• Hormone control

(https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Date_Seed_sprouting-002.jpg)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Date_Seed_sprouting-002.jpg


Germination - Water

• Water is required for germination as mature seeds are often extremely dry.

• Absorption of water activates enzymes in the seed that stimulate cellular metabolism. Deactivate enzyme inhibitors.

• The uptake of water by seeds leads to the swelling and the breaking of the seed coat.

• Most seeds store a food reserve such as starch, proteins, or oils.

• This food reserve provides nourishment to the growing embryo.


Germination - Water

• After the seedling emerges from the seed coat and

starts growing roots and leaves, the seedling's food

reserves become exhausted.

• At this point photosynthesis provides the energy

needed for continued growth.

• The seedling now requires a continuous supply of

water, nutrients, and light for it’s continued

development.


Germination - Oxygen

• Oxygen is needed by the germinating seed for

metabolism.

• Oxygen is used in cellular respiration, the main source

of the seedling's energy until it grows leaves.

• Oxygen is found in soil pore spaces.

• If a seed is buried too deeply within the soil or the soil

is waterlogged, the seed can be oxygen starved.


Germination - Temperature

• Temperature affects cellular metabolic and growth rates.

• Seeds from different species and even seeds from the same plant germinate over a wide range of temperatures.

• Seeds often have a temperature range within which they will germinate, and they will not do so above or below this range.

• Some seeds germinate when the soil is cool (-2 - 4 C), and some when the soil is warm (24-32 C).

• Some seeds require exposure to cold temperatures to break dormancy.


Germination - Temperature• Seeds in a dormant state will not germinate even if

conditions are favourable.

• Seeds that are dependent on temperature to end

dormancy have a type of physiological dormancy.

• For example:

• Seeds requiring the cold of winter are inhibited from

germinating until the ground temperature starts to

heat up and they take in water in spring / summer.

• Some seeds will only germinate after hot

temperatures during a forest fire which cracks their

seed coats (Banksia spp.)


Germination - After fire

Banksia telmatiaea

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B_telmatiaea_25_gnangarra.jpg)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B_telmatiaea_25_gnangarra.jpg


Germination - Light

• Most seeds are not affected by light or darkness.

• Some species found in forest / jungle settings, will not

germinate until an opening in the canopy allows sufficient

light for growth of the seedling.

(https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jungle_stream_(La_Selva_Biological_Station).jpg)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jungle_stream_(La_Selva_Biological_Station).jpg


Germination - Animal assisted

• Some seeds need

to be passed

through an

animal's digestive

tract to weaken the

seed coat enough

to allow the

seedling to

emerge.

Mistletoe

(https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mistletoe#mediaviewer/File:200501_Gui_I.JPG)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mistletoe#mediaviewer/File:200501_Gui_I.JPG


• The bird’s stomach

acid helps soften

the seed coat &

faeces cement the

seed to the tree

branch and provide

moisture for the

germinating seed.

Viscum album

(https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mistletoe#mediaviewer/File:Viscum-album-germination.JPG)

Germinating seeds on the branch of a tree after they have

been through the digestive tract of a bird.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mistletoe#mediaviewer/File:Viscum-album-germination.JPG


Germination - Hormones

Factors affecting seed dormancy include the presence of

the plant hormones:

• Abscisic acid

– Inhibits germination

– Stops seeds from spontaneously germinating

• Gibberellin

– Ends seed dormancy

– Biosynthesis precursors

– Gardeners often soaking seeds overnight before planting to

speed up germination

– Helps fruit ripen and mature


Monocot Germination

• In monocot seeds, the radicle and plumule are

covered by a coleorhiza and coleoptile, respectively.

• The coleorhiza is the first part to grow out of the seed,

followed by the radicle.

• The coleoptile is then pushed up through the ground

until it reaches the surface.

• There, it stops elongating and the first leaves emerge.


Dicot Germination• The part of the plant that first emerges from the seed is the

embryonic root, the radicle or primary root.

• It allows the seedling to become anchored in the ground and

start absorbing water. After the root absorbs water, an

embryonic shoot emerges from the seed.

• This shoot comprises three main parts:

• The cotyledons (seed leaves)

• The section of shoot below the cotyledons (hypocotyl)

• The section of shoot above the cotyledons (epicotyl)

• The way the shoot emerges differs among plant groups.


3 Phases of Germination

• 1st Phase: characterized by a passive increase in water

content of the dry and mature seed.

• 2nd Phase: the water content remains constant and the

synthesis of new mRNAs and proteins start developing.

• 3rd Phase: the embryo axis elongates and radicle

emerges. A further increase in water uptake occurs

afterwards during post-germination growth and seedling

establishment.


Rice seed germinating, notice the time frame of the 3

different phases

(http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpls.2013.00246/full)

http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpls.2013.00246/full


Millenium Seed Bank

• Watch video – Jonathon Drori:

http://www.ted.com/talks/jonathan_drori_

why_we_re_storing_billions_of_seeds

What do you know of local Seed Saving Efforts?

http://www.ted.com/talks/jonathan_drori_why_we_re_storing_billions_of_seeds


Seasonal Variation in Plants

• The earth tilts on its axis at 23.50 as it rotates around the

sun

• One revolution of the sun takes a year

• Depending on the tilt of the planet as is circles the sun,

we can have 4 seasons on planet earth:

o Temperate regions on earth have 4 seasons

o The North Pole and the South Pole only have 2

seasons, summer and winter

o The equator only has one season, summer


(https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Seasons_on_Earth#media

viewer/File:Earth-lighting-equinox_EN.png)

Earths Axis – Seasonal Tilt

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Seasons_on_Earth#mediaviewer/File:Earth-lighting-equinox_EN.png


(https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Seasons_on_Earth#media

viewer/File:Earth-lighting-equinox_EN.png)

Applying the 23.50Tilt

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Seasons_on_Earth#mediaviewer/File:Earth-lighting-equinox_EN.png


• Winter

• Daylight hours greatly

reduced

• Ground temperature cools

down

• Signalling no growth period

in the plant

• Deciduous trees are

dormant

• Non-deciduous trees shed

some leaves to reduce their

photosynthetic ability eg.

Gum trees


(https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Trees

_in_winter#mediaviewer/File:Bare_Tree_Sunset.jpg)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Trees_in_winter#mediaviewer/File:Bare_Tree_Sunset.jpg



Spring

• Daylight hours start to increase

• Ground temperature begins to

warm up

• Signalling end of the dormancy

• Plants start switching on their

growth hormones

• New growth

• Leaves start to shoot on

deciduous trees

• Underground bulbs start to swell

and shoot

• Flower buds start developing (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spring#mediav

iewer/File:Prunus_dulcis_LC0009.jpg)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spring#mediaviewer/File:Prunus_dulcis_LC0009.jpg



• Summer

• Period of real expansion - long daylight hours

• Flowers open to release scents which can attract

pollinators

• Fruit developing

(Photographs with permission – Wendy Williams)



Autumn

• Daylight hours start to

reduce

• Ground temperature starts

to cool down

• Signalling plant hormones

• Sugars will be pulled out of the

leaves to the roots

• This accounts for the change

in leaf colour of some species

as chlorophyll is replaced by

carotenoids - yellow & orange

pigments

(Photo permission of Wendy Williams)


Climate Change & Plants

Effects on Plant Diversity - Please consider…

• Species becoming extinct as they are unable to change

distribution fast enough.

• Species with long life cycles and/or slow dispersal are

particularly vulnerable.

• Isolated species are particularly vulnerable - arctic & alpine

species

• Coastal species which will be 'squeezed' between human

settlements and rising sea levels.

(http://www.bgci.org/climate/climate_change_effects/)

http://www.bgci.org/climate/climate_change_effects/


Climate Change & Plants

• Coastal species which will be 'squeezed' between

human settlements and rising sea levels.

• Plant genetics may change in response to climate

change - natural selection

• Increased invasions as conditions become more

suitable for exotic species as native species become

less well suited

• Many plant communities act as 'sinks' (store carbon),

which helps to offset carbon emissions.

http://www.bgci.org/climate/climate_change_effects/)

http://www.bgci.org/climate/climate_change_effects/


Foraging

• Please watch the video as it may help

you choose your plants for your

projects:

• http://www.eatthatweed.com

From the Weed Foragers Website -

http://www.eatthatweed.com/


Tutorial / Practical Session

• We are going to start some seeds germinating in damp

cotton wool in disposable cups:

Monocots & Dicots

– The seeds may have been soaking over night, why?

– Which type of seed will start to photosynthesise first,

the monocot or dicot and why?


Avocado Seed Diagram

• How many plumules will an avocado

produce & why?


Botany - Labelling

• Label the diagram on the next slide accordingly:

• Cotyledons, embryo, testa, plumule and radicle

• Indicate where you would expect to find coleoptile and coleorhiza

• Which seed is the monocot and which is the dicot?

• What are the differences between angiosperms & gymnosperms?


Label the Diagrams

(https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AMonocot_dicot_seed.svg)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monocot_dicot_seed.svg


Botany Next Week

• Preparation:

– Read through the slides for session 5 – Roots

– Read through the chapter on roots in your

textbook

– Read the 2 readings attached for the session


Suggested ReadingsChase, M.W. (2004). Monocot relationships: An overview. American Journal of

Botany 91(10): 1645–1655. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1645.

Read pp. 1645-1646 and pay particular attention to the structural differences between the monocots and dicots.

Clarke, I., & Lee, H. (1987). Name that flower: The identification of flowering plants. (p. 36). Carlton, Vic: Melbourne University Press.

Dicots (pp.117, 172-4, 189, 769-80)

Mauseth, J. (2014). Botany: An introduction to plant biology (5th ed.). (pp. 440-459). MASS: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

Tan, E. (2013). Botany of the flowering plants (4th ed.). (pp. 18-19). Preston, Vic: Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE.

These readings will be elaborated on in the tutorial session and prior reading is essential to participate.


ReferencesClarke, I. & Lee, H. (1987). Name that flower: The identification of flowering plants.

Victoria, Australia: Brown Prior Anderson for Melbourne University Press.

Gimeno-Gilles, C., et al. (2009). ABA-Mediated inhibition of germination is related to

the inhibition of genes encoding cell-wall biosynthetic and architecture:

Modifying enzymes and structural proteins in Medicago truncatula embryo

axis. Molecular Plant, 2(1), 108-119. Retrieved

from http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mp/ssn092

He, D., & Yang, P. (2013). Proteomics of rice seed germination. Front. Plant Sci. 09

July 2013. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00246

Tan, E. (2004). Herbal preparations laboratory manual. Preston, VIC: Northern

Melbourne Institute of TAFE.

Tan, E. (2013). Botany of the flowering plants (4th ed.). Preston, VIC: Northern

Melbourne Institute of TAFE.

Wohlmuth, H. (1992). An Introduction to botany and plant identification (2nd ed.).

Lismore, NSW: MacPlatypus Productions.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mp/ssn092

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00246


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