BOTANI KLASIFIKASI
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SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION | 1
SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION
In this unit you have learnt that:
Classification of organisms is the basic method, employed by us to organise the external world.
The various systems of classification are grouped into artificial, natural and phylogenetic ones. The system
proposed by Linnaeus is one of the best examples of artificial system. In all, Linnaeus recognised 24
classes in his system.
In natural system of classification, two British Botanists namely Bentham and Hooker proposed a system of
classification, which is chiefly based on the Form-Relationship. In all 202 families were recognised in this
system. The starting family being Ranunculaceae and Poaceae (Graminae) being the ending family of the
system.
Phylogenetic system of classification are those where plants are grouped according to their evolutionary
and genetic affinities. The most popular systems under this category are the systems of classification by
two German Botanists, Engler and Prantl, British Botanist, John Hutchinson and Russian Botanist,
Takhtajan.
In the case of Engler and Prantl system of classification, unisexual, naked flowers in catkin are considered
as the most primitive type of flowers. In this system the position of Gymnosperms just before the
Angiosperms is an important point of merit. As a whole 303 families of flowering plants are recognised in
this system.
Hutchinsonsy stem is mainly based on 24 phyletic dicta. He traced 2 lines of development of Dicots viz
Lignosae (Woody Plants) and Herbaceae (Herbaceous plants). As a whole 111 osders and 420 families are
included in this system.
Takhtajan proposed the system of classification in 1942 and then revised and modified several times. The
most recent version of the system appeared in 1980. He coined new terms for Dicots and Monocots and
named them Magnoliopsida and Liliopsida respectively. He recognised 419 families of flowering plants in
his system of classification.
A. MICHEL ADANSON (1727-1806)
A French botanist was first to formulate a natural system of classification.in his book families des plant
(1973) Adanson considered different characters and also affinities among various group while
arranging and classifying plants. He was poinner in identifying ORDERs and families.Adanson also
known for his contribution in the field of numerical taxonomy and described as the father of numerical
taxonomy
B. ROBERT BROWN (1773-1858)
Robert Brown was an English botanis,who did not purpose a classification of his own but demonstrated
that Gymnosperm were a group discrete from dicotyledons and had naked ovules.He also clarified the
floral morphology and pollination of asclepiadaceae, morphology of grass flower structure of cyathium in
euporbiaceae and etabilished several families
C. WETTSTEIN (1862-1931)
A system of plant taxonomy, the Wettstein system recognised the following main groups.
According to R. Wettstein (4th edition, 1935). Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik.
I. phylum Schizophyta 1. classis Schizophyceae
2. classis Schizomycetes
II. phylum Monadophyta
III. phylum Myxophyta
IV. phylum Conjugatophyta
V. phylum Bacillariophyta
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SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION | 2
VI. phylum Conjugatae
VII. phylum Rhodophyta 1. classis Bangieae
2. classis Florideae
VIII. phylum Euthallophyta
1. classis Chlorophyceae
2. classis Fungi
A. Eumycetes
1. subclassis Phycomycetes
2. subclassis Ascomycetes
3. subclassis Basidiomycetes
B. Lichenes
1. subclassis Ascolichenes
2. subclassis Basidiolichenes
IX. phylum Cormophyta I. divisio Archegoniatae
1. subdivisio Bryophyta
1. classis Musci
2. classis Hepaticae
2. subdivisio Pteridophyta
1. classis Psilophytinae
2. classis Lycopodiinae
3. classis Psilotinae
4. classis Articulatae
5. classis Filicinae
II. divisio Anthophyta
1. subdivisio Gymnospermae
1. classis Pteridospermae
2. classis Cycadinae
3. classis Benettitinae
4. classis Cordatinae
5. classis Ginkgoinae
6. classis Coniferae
7. classis Gnetinae
2. subdivisio Angiospermae
1. classis Dicotyledones
1. subclassis Choripetalae
A. Monochlamideae
B. Dialypetalae
2. subclassis Sympetalae
2. classis Monocotyledones
Gymnospermae
1. subdivisio
Gymnospermae
1. classis
Pteridospermae (fossil
only)
2. classis Cycadinae
1. familia Cycadaceae
2. familia Zamiaceae
3. classis Benettitinae
(fossil only)
4. classis Cordatinae
(fossil only)
5. classis Ginkgoinae
1. familia
Ginkgoaceae
A. Monochlamideae
1. ordo Verticillatae
familia Casuarinaceae
2. ordo Fagales
1. familia Betulaceae
2. familia Fagaceae
3. ordo Myricales
familia Myricaceae
4. ordo Leitneriales
familia Leitneriaceae
5. ordo Juglandales
1. familia Julianiaceae
2. familia Juglandaceae
6. ordo Salicales
familia Salicaceae
7. ordo Batidales
familia Batidaceae [sic, now Bataceae]
8. ordo Balanopsidales
familia Balanopsidaceae [sic, now
Balanopaceae]
9. ordo Urticales
1. familia Moraceae
2. familia Cannabaceae
3. familia Ulmaceae
4. familia Eucommiaceae
5. familia Rhoipteleaceae
6. familia Urticaceae
10. ordo Piperales
familia Piperaceae
incertae sedis
familia Saururaceae
familia Chloranthaceae
familia Lacistemonaceae
11. ordo Proteales
familia Proteaceae
12. ordo Santalales
1. familia Santalaceae
2. familia Grubbiaceae
3. familia Opiliaceae
4. familia Octoknemaceae
5. familia Olacaceae
6. familia Myzodendraceae
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SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION | 3
6. classis Coniferae
1. familia
Taxaceae
2. familia
Cupressaceae
3. familia
Abietaceae
7. classis Gnetinae
1. familia
Ephedraceae
2. familia
Gnetaceae
3. familia
Welwitschiaceae
Angiospermae
2. subdivisio
Angiospermae
1. classis
Dicotyledones
1. subclassis
Choripetalae
7. familia Loranthaceae
8. familia Balanophoraceae
9. familia Cynomoriaceae
13. ordo Polygonales
familia Polygonaceae
14. ordo Centrospermae
1. familia Chenopodiaceae
2. familia Amaranthaceae
3. familia Phytolaccaceae
4. familia Thelygonaceae
5. familia Nyctaginaceae
6. familia Aizoaceae
7. familia Cactaceae
[sic]
9. familia Portulacaceae
10. familia Basellaceae
11. familia Caryophyllaceae
15. ordo Tricoccae
1. familia Euphorbiaceae
2. familia Daphniphyllaceae
3. familia Dichapetalaceae
4. familia Buxaceae
5. familia Callitrichaceae
16. ordo Hamamelidales
1. familia Hamamelidaceae
2. familia Cercidiphyllaceae
3. familia Eupteleaceae
4. familia Platanaceae
5. familia Myrothamnaceae
[sic]
B. Dialypetalae
18. ordo Polycarpicae
1. familia Magnoliaceae
2. familia Trochodendraceae
3. familia Lactoridaceae
4. familia Himantandraceae
5. familia Eupomatiaceae
6. familia Anonaceae [sic, now:
Annonaceae]
7. familia Myristicaceae
8. familia Canellaceae
9. familia Aristolochiaceae
10. familia Rafflesiaceae
11. familia Hydnoraceae
12. familia Calycanthaceae
13. familia Gomortegaceae
14. familia Monimiaceae
15. familia Lauraceae
16. familia Hernandiaceae
17. familia Menispermaceae
18. familia Lardizabalaceae
19. familia Ranunculaceae
20. familia Berberidaceae
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SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION | 4
21. familia Nymphaeaceae
22. familia Ceratophyllaceae
incertae sedis
23. familia Nepenthaceae
24. familia Cephalotaceae
25. familia Sarraceniaceae
19. ordo Rhoeadales
1. familia Papaveraceae
2. familia Tovariaceae
3. familia Capparidaceae [sic, now
Capparaceae]
4. familia Cruciferae
5. familia Resedaceae
6. familia Moringaceae
20. ordo Parietales
1. familia Cistaceae
2. familia Bixaceae
3. familia Cochlospermaceae
4. familia Tamaricaceae
5. familia Fouquieriaceae
6. familia Frankeniaceae
7. familia Elatinaceae
8. familia Droseraceae
9. familia Violaceae
10. familia Flacourtiaceae
11. familia Stachyuraceae
12. familia Turneraceae
13. familia Malesherbiaceae
14. familia Passifloraceae
15. familia Achariaceae
16. familia Caricaceae
17. familia Loasaceae
18. familia Begoniaceae
19. familia Datiscaceae
20. familia Ancistrocladaceae
21. ordo Guttiferales
1. familia Dilleniaceae
2. familia Actinidiaceae
3. familia Ochnaceae
4. familia Strassburgeriaceae
5. familia Eucryphiaceae
6. familia Caryocaraceae
7. familia Marcgraviaceae
8. familia Quiinaceae
9. familia Theaceae
10. familia Guttiferae
11. familia Dipterocarpaceae
22. ordo Rosales
1. familia Crassulaceae
2. familia Saxifragaceae
3. familia Cunoniaceae
4. familia Brunelliaceae
5. familia Myrothamnaceae
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SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION | 5
6. familia Pittosporaceae
7. familia Byblidaceae
8. familia Roridulaceae
9. familia Bruniaceae
10. familia Podostemonaceae
11. familia Hydrostachyaceae
12. familia Rosaceae
13. familia Crossosomataceae
14. familia Chrysobalanaceae
15. familia Connaraceae
16. familia Mimosaceae
17. familia Papilionaceae
23. ordo Myrtales
1. familia Penaeaceae
2. familia Geissolomaceae
3. familia Oliniaceae
4. familia Thymelaeaceae
5. familia Elaeagnaceae
6. familia Lythraceae
7. familia Heteropyzidaceae
8. familia Sonneratiaceae
9. familia Rhizophoraceae
10. familia Alangiaceae
11. familia Nyssaceae
12. familia Lecythidaceae
13. familia Combretaceae
14. familia Myrtaceae
15. familia Punicaceae
16. familia Melastomataceae
17. familia Oenotheraceae
18. familia Halorrhagidaceae [sic: now
Haloragaceae]
19. familia Gunneraceae
incertae sedis
familia Hippuridaceae
24. ordo Columniferae
1. familia Malvaceae
2. familia Bombacaceae
3. familia Tiliaceae
4. familia Sterculiaceae
5. familia Elaeocarpaceae
incertae sedis
familia Chlaenaceae
familia Gonystylaceae
familia Scytopetalaceae
25. ordo Gruinales
1. familia Linaceae
2. familia Humiriaceae
3. familia Oxalidaceae
4. familia Geraniaceae
5. familia Limnaceae
6. familia Tropaeolaceae
7. familia Erythroxylaceae
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SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION | 6
8. familia Malpighiaceae
9. familia Zygophyllaceae
incertae sedis
familia Cneoraceae
26. ordo Terebinthales
1. familia Rutaceae
2. familia Simarubaceae [sic: now
Simaroubaceae]
3. familia Burseraceae
4. familia Meliaceae
5. familia Tremandraceae
6. familia Polygalaceae
7. familia Xanthophyllaceae
8. familia Trigoniaceae
9. familia Vochysiaceae
10. familia Anacardiaceae
11. familia Sapindaceae
12. familia Akaniaceae
13. familia Aextoxicaceae
14. familia Aceraceae
15. familia Hippocastanaceae
16. familia Coriaceae
17. familia Cyrillaceae
18. familia Pentaphyllacaceae
19. familia Sabiaceae
20. familia Melianthaceae
21. familia Corynocarpaceae
22. familia Balsaminaceae
27. ordo Celastrales
1. familia Aquifoliaceae
2. familia Celastraceae
3. familia Salvadoraceae
4. familia Staphyleaceae
5. familia Hippocrateaceae
6. familia Stackhousiaceae
7. familia Icacinaceae
28. ordo Rhamnales
1. familia Rhamnaceae
2. familia Vitaceae
29. ordo Umbelliflorae
1. familia Cornaceae
2. familia Araliaceae
3. familia Umbelliferae
incertae sedis
ordo Garryales
familia Garryaceae
2. subclassis Sympetalae
1. ordo Plumbaginales
familia Plumbaginaceae
2. ordo Primulales
1. familia Theophrastaceae
2. familia Primulaceae
3. familia Myrsinaceae
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SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION | 7
3. ordo Bicornes
1. familia Clethraceae
2. familia Pirolaceae
3. familia Ericaceae
4. familia Empetraceae
5. familia Epacridaceae
6. familia Diapensiaceae
4. ordo Diospyrales
1. familia Ebenaceae
2. familia Hoplestigmataceae
3. familia Styracaceae
4. familia Symplocaceae
5. familia Sapotaceae
5. ordo Tubiflorae
1. familia Convolvulaceae
2. familia Cuscutaceae
3. familia Polemoniaceae
4. familia Hydrophyllaceae
5. familia Lennoaceae
6. familia Boraginaceae
7. familia Nolanaceae
8. familia Solanaceae
9. familia Scrophulariaceae
10. familia Lentibulariaceae
11. familia Orobranchaceae
12. familia Gesneriaceae
13. familia Bignoniaceae
14. familia Pedaliaceae
15. familia Martyniaceae
16. familia Acanthaceae
17. familia Verbenaceae
18. familia Labiatae
19. familia Tetrachondraceae
20. familia Globulariaceae
21. familia Phrymaceae
22. familia Myoporaceae
23. familia Plantaginaceae
incertae sedis
familia Columelliaceae
6. ordo Contortae
1. familia Loganiaceae
2. familia Buddleiaceae
3. familia Gentianaceae
4. familia Menyanthaceae
5. familia Apocynaceae
6. familia Asclepiadaceae
7. ordo Ligustrales
familia Oleaceae
8. ordo Rubiales
1. familia Rubiaceae
2. familia Caprifoliaceae
3. familia Adoxaceae
4. familia Valerianaceae
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SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION | 8
5. familia Dipsacaceae
6. familia Calyceraceae
9. ordo Cucurbitales
familia Cucurbitaceae
10. ordo Synandrae
1. familia Campanulaceae
2. familia Lobeliaceae
3. familia Goodeniaceae
4. familia Stylidaceae
5. familia Brunoniaceae
6. familia Compositae
II. classis Monocotyledones
1. ordo Helobiae
1. familia Alismataceae
2. familia Butomaceae
3. familia Hydrocharitaceae
4. familia Scheuchzeriaceae
5. familia Aponogetonaceae
6. familia Potamogetonaceae
7. familia Najadaceae
2. ordo Liliiflorae
1. familia Liliaceae
2. familia Stemonaceae
3. familia Cyanastraceae
4. familia Pontederiaceae
5. familia Haemodoraceae
6. familia Philydraceae
7. familia Amaryllidaceae
8. familia Velloziaceae
9. familia Iridaceae
10. familia Juncaceae
11. familia Flagellariaceae
12. familia Rapateaceae
13. familia Thurniaceae
14. familia Bromeliaceae
15. familia Dioscoreaceae
16. familia Taccaceae
17. familia Burmanniaceae
3. ordo Enantioblastae
1. familia Commelinaceae
2. familia Mayacaceae
3. familia Xyridaceae
4. familia Eriocaulaceae
5. familia Centrolepidaceae
6. familia Restionaceae
4. ordo Cyperales
familia Cyperaceae
5. ordo Glumiflorae
familia Gramineae
6. ordo Scitamineae
1. familia Musaceae
2. familia Zingiberaceae
3. familia Cannaceae
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SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION | 9
4. familia Marantaceae
7 ordo Gynandrae
familia Orchidaceae
8. ordo Spadiciflorae
1. familia Palmae
2. familia Cyclanthaceae
3. familia Araceae
4. familia Lemnaceae
9. ordo Pandanales
1. familia Pandanaceae
2. familia Sparganiaceae
3. familia Typhaceae
D. JOHN HUTCHINSON (1884-1972)
John Hutchinson, a renowned British Botanist proposed 24 phyletic dicta or principles and based on
these dicta he published a phylogenetic system in 2 volume book entitled "The Families of Flowering
Plants" (1926-1934). The volume I deals with Dicots while the Volume I1 having Monocots. The
revised and detailed treatment of the system was published in 1959 and thc most recent revised
system appeared in 197.1.
Outline and Basis of Classification
As pointed out earlier, the system is mainly based on 24 phyletic dicta. Thus, it seems proper to give
a brief account of these phyletic dicta.
1. Evolution is both upwards and downwards, the former tending towards preservation and the
latter to their reduction and suppression (of characters). Examples of former are towards the
sympetalous condition and epigyny and of latter towards the apetalous state of many flowers and
unisexuality in flowering plants.
2. Evolution does hot necessarily involve all organs of the plant at the same time. One organ or set
of organs may be advancing while another set may be stationary or retrograting.
3. Evolution has generally been consistent, and when a particular progression or retrogression has
set in, it is persisted into the end of the phylum e.g., strong tendency to zygomorphy of the
corolla coupled with the reduction in the number of stamens in Engler's hypogynous
Metachlamydeae and the vast tendency to perigyny and epigyny in Archichlamydeae and
Metachlamydeae as seen in the families Umbelliferae and Rubiaceae respectively.
4. In certain groups, trees and shrubs are probably more primitive than herbs e.g., Mirnosaceae and
Caesalpiniaceae (trees and shrubs) as compared with the derived family Papilionaceae (Fabaceae)
(often herbaceous).
5. Trees and shrubs are older than climbers in any one family or genus, the latter habit being acquired
through particular environment. is tor^ und Concept of Taxonomy Hypothetical pomngioepenns
oicotyiepns ~onocot~ledons Lignosae Hefbaceae
6. Perennials are older than biennials, and from thep annuals are derived e.g., there are only a few
annuals in the primitive family Ranunculaceae while there are many more in the more advanced
Bnd natural family Cruciferae.
7. Aquatic flowering plants are derived from terrestrial ancestors, Epiphytes, saprophytes and
parasites are more recent than plants of normal habit.
8. Dicotyledones with collateral vascular bundles arranged in a cylinder are more primitive in origin
than Monocotyledones with scattered vascular bundles, although it does not necessarily follow
than Monocots are directly derived from Dicots.
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SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION | 10
9. The spiral arrangement of leaves on the stem and of the floral leaves is more primitive than the
opposite and whorled arrangement.
10. Simple leaves are usually more primitive than compdund leaves.
11. Unisexual flowers are more advanced than bisexual and. dioecious plants are more recent than
monoecious.
12. Solitary flowers are more primitive than those in inflorescence, the highest forms of the latter
being the umbel and capitulum (Umbelliferae and Compositae).
13. Spirally imbricate floral parts are more primitive than whorled and valvate. Example-Magnolia and
Clematis.
14. Many-parted flowers (polymerous) precede, and the type with few parts (oligomerous) follows
from it, being accompanied by progressive sterilisation of reproductive parts. Examples-Magnolia
and Cheiranthus.
15. Apetalous flowers are derived from petaliferous ones, the former condition being as a result of
reduction.
16. Polypetaly (free petals) is more primitive than gamopetaly (fused petals).
17. Actinomorphy is more primitive than zygomorphy.
18. Hypogyny is the most primitive structure and from it perigyny and epigyny have been derived.
19. Apocarpy (free carpels) is more primitive than Syncarpy (connate carpels). Sometimes, however,
when the carpels have remained loosely united during evolution, they may again become quite
free, e.g., Asclepiadaceae.
20. Polycarpy (many carpels) precede oligocarpy (few carpels) e.g., Ranunculus and Nigella.
21. Endospermic seeds with small embryo are older than non-endosperimic seeds having a large
embryo, e.g., Ranunculaceae and Rosaceae.
22. Indefinte stamens indicate greater primitiveness than an androecium with a few stamens only
(exception Malvaceae) e.g. Ranunculus and Cheiranthus. This condition may however, be reversed
within the confines of-a single family, e.g., papaveraceae, where bees feed on the pollen.
23. Separate stamens precede connate ones e.g., Tiliaceae and Malvaceae, Campanulaceae and
Lobeliaceae.
24. Aggregate fruits are more highly evolved than single fruits. Generally, capsule precedes berry or
drupe.
Based on these above mentioned 24 phyletic dicta, Hutchinson proposed the phylogenetic system of
classification. The outline of this system are given below:
1) Hutchinson believed in Monophyletic origin of Angiosperms from a hypothetical groue, which he'
hamed,as Proangiosperms
2) He tracedu2 main lines development of Dicots viz.
i) Lignosae (woody)
ii) Herbaceae (herbaceous)
3) Lignosae has 54 ORDERs and 251 Families. The starting ORDER is Magnoliales with Magnoliaceae as
the starting family passing through Annonales-Rosales-Malvales Rubiales and terminating at
Verbenales with Phrymaceae as the terminating family.
4) Herbaceae has 28 ORDERs and 100 Families, The starting ORDER is Ranales with Paeoniaceae as the
starting family passing through ~hoedales-Car~o~h~llales- Umbellales-Asterales and terminating at
Lamiales with Lamiaceae (Labiatae) as the ending family
5) The haonocots have 29 ORDERs and 69 Families. As a whole, Monocots have been subdivided into 3
distinct groups based on the nature of Perianth viz.
i) Calyciferae
ii) Corolliferae
iii) Glumiflorae
The starting ORDER of Calyciferae is Butomales with Butomaceae as the starting family. The climax
(ending) ORDER is Zingiberales with Marantaceae as the ending . The starting ORDER of Corolliferae is
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SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION | 11
Liliales with Liliaceae as the starting family. The terminating ORDER of this group is Orchidales with
Orchidaceae as the ending family. In the case of Glumiflorae the starting ORDER is Juncales and Juncaceae
as starting family. The climax ORDER is Graminales and Gramineae (Poacea) as the last or terminating
family. The outline of the monocots can be represented in the form of chart as given below:
Merits
The merits or achievements of the system are as follows:
The standard of the family description is of high ORDER and valuable features are given in
the keys for identification.
The systein of classification is of much practical value.
The treatment of Monocots is more adequate, logical and acceptable.
The data from Floral Anatomy and Embryology arc taken into consideration during the
classification of Monocots in particular and Dicots in
Geographical distribution of most of the genera is included in this system.
The system of classification is phylogenetic one.
Demerits
A number of shortcomings and criticism have been put forward to expose the demerits of the
system. More stress is given on Monophyletic origin of Angiospcrln from a hypothetical
proafigiosperm.
Due to special emphasis on Herbaceae and Lignosae, some very closely related fahilies have been
put apart. For example, Ranunculaceae and Magnoliaceae under Ranales (Herbaceae) and
Magnoliaceae (Lignosae) are separated just because of demarcation between Herbaceae and
Lignosae. Similarly, the family LamiaCeae and Asteraceae (Herbaceae) are put apart from
Verbenaceae and Rubiaceae (lignosae).
However, in the opinion of most taxonomists, Hutchinson has contributed an excellent service by his most
careful and critical appraisal of family and ordinal , limitations. His classification has been a greater
stimulant to phyletic thinking during the past decade or two than any other similar contribution.
E. ARMEN TAKHTAJAN (1910-1997)
Another important phytogenetic system was proposed by Takhtajan, the famous Russian
Palaeobotanist working at Komarov Botanical Institute, Leningrad,U.S.S.R. For the first time he
proposed the system in 1942rnainly ba~edo n the structural types of Gynoecium and placentation.
Afterwards, he put foward a modified systeni in 1954 in Russian language and then the translated
version of English in 1958. This modified system was mainly based on phylogenetic principles.
Soon after he made another attempt to revise the system in the light of evolutionary trends in
Angiosperms, which appeared in 1964. This, too, was not the last word but Takhtajan again revised
and updated version of his system appeared in 1980.
Before we take into account the outline of the system it seems proper to point out the important
and significant points of the system as new terms were employed by Takhtajan in his system:
a. Magnoliophyta (Angiosperms) are regarded to be monophyletic in origin.
b. Magnoliopsida (Dicots) are considered as a primitive group than Liliopsida (Monocots).
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SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION | 12
Outline of Takhtajan's. System of Classification (Takhtajan, 1980)
1) Mognoliophyta (Angiosperms) has 419 Families and is divided into 2 classes viz. i) Magnoliopsida (Dicots) and ii) Liliopsida (Monocots)
2) Magnoliopsida (Dicots) is further divided into 7 subclasses, 20 super ORDERs, 71 ORDERs and 342 Familes. The 7 subclasses with some important ORDERs and families (starting and ending) are as follows:
3) Liliopsida (Monocots) is divided into 3 subclasses, 3 super ORDER 21 ORDERs and 77 Families, The 3 subclasses of Liliopsida with important ORDERs and Families (Starting and ending) are given below:
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SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION | 13
The outline of the system can also be represented in the form of a chart:
Takhtajan has accepted main divisions and sub-divisions as classes and sub-classes almost similar to classification given by Bentham and Hooker. In the Hooker's system the larger taxa are natural since their status is ascertained on the basis of large number of characters.
But so far as further sub-groupings like series (Thalimiflorae, Disciflorae, and Calyciflorae etc. and several ordirs and faniilies; are concernedone can easily spot out that more or less only one character is chosen as basic criterion in categorization making it more artificial.
Takhtajan introduced modifications at vch levels. A ~riticael xamination of Takhtajan's classification shows that it is of considerable merit since he has made use of maximum data available. Through morphology, cytology, Palynology, Anatomy, Embryology, Cytogenetics, Biochemistry and Palaeobotaqy in the construction of taxa of various ranks.
F. ROBERT THORNE (1920)
A modern system of plant taxonomy, the Thorne system (1992) of plant classification was drawn up by
the botanist Robert F. Thorne (1920- ). He replaced it in 2000 with a new system.
These two systems were published in:
R.F. Thorne (1968). "Synopsis of a putative phylogenetic classification of flowering plants".
Aliso 6 (4): 5766.
R.F. Thorne (1992). "Classification and geography of flowering plants". Botanical Review 58
(3): 225348. doi:10.1007/BF02858611.
R.F. Thorne (1992). "An updated phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants". Aliso 13:
365389.
R.F. Thorne (2000). "The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of
the class Angiospermae". Botanical Review 66 (4): 441647. doi:10.1007/BF02869011.
The system is available online at two sites. Firstly, at the Center for the Study of Digital Libraries Texas
A&M (CSDL, Texas). Secondly in the 1999 lecture notes by J.L. Reveal, at that time a professor at the
Norton Brown Herbarium, University of Maryland (1, 2, 3; with an extensive listing of synonyms, both
nomenclatural and taxonomic, for each name in the system).
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SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION | 14
According to the latter site the main groups in the system are:
The Thorne system (1992) counts 440 families and 69 ORDERs: class Magnoliopsida [= angiosperms ]
subclass Magnoliidae [= dicotyledons ] superORDER Magnolianae
ORDER Magnoliales family Winteraceae family Illiciaceae family Schisandraceae family Magnoliaceae family Degeneriaceae family Himantandraceae family Eupomatiaceae family Annonaceae family Aristolochiaceae family Myristicaceae family Canellaceae family Austrobaileyaceae family Amborellaceae family Trimeniaceae family Chloranthaceae family Monimiaceae family Gomortegaceae family Calycanthaceae family Lauraceae family Hernandiaceae family Lactoridaceae family Saururaceae family Piperaceae superORDER Loasanae ORDER Loasales family Loasaceae superORDER Myrtanae
ORDER Ceratophyllales family Ceratophyllaceae ORDER Nelumbonales family Nelumbonaceae ORDER Paeoniales family Paeoniaceae family Glaucidiaceae subclass Liliidae [= monocotyledons ] superORDER Lilianae ORDER Liliales family Melanthiaceae family Campynemataceae family Alstroemeriaceae family Colchicaceae family Liliaceae family Trilliaceae family Iridaceae ORDER Burmanniales family Burmanniaceae family Corsiaceae ORDER Asparagales family Asparagaceae family Luzuriagaceae family Asphodelaceae family Aphyllanthaceae family Phormiaceae family Tecophilaeaceae
ORDER Berberidales family Menispermaceae family Lardizabalaceae family Sargentodoxaceae family Berberidaceae family Hydrastidaceae family Ranunculaceae family Circaeasteraceae family Papaveraceae superORDER Nymphaeanae ORDER Nymphaeales family Cabombaceae family Nymphaeaceae superORDER Rafflesianae ORDER Rafflesiales family Hydnoraceae family Rafflesiaceae superORDER Caryophyllanae ORDER Caryophyllales family Caryophyllaceae family Portulacaceae family Hectorellaceae family Basellaceae family Didiereaceae family Cactaceae family Phytolaccaceae family Petiveriaceae family Agdestidaceae
class Magnoliopsida [= angiosperms ]
subclass Magnoliidae [= dicotyledons ] superORDER Magnolianae superORDER Nymphaeanae superORDER Rafflesianae superORDER Caryophyllanae superORDER Theanae superORDER Celastranae superORDER Malvanae superORDER Violanae superORDER Santalanae superORDER Geranianae superORDER Rutanae superORDER Proteanae superORDER Rosanae superORDER Cornanae superORDER Asteranae superORDER Solananae superORDER Loasanae superORDER Myrtanae superORDER Gentiananae
subclass Liliidae [= monocotyledons ] superORDER Lilianae superORDER Hydatellanae superORDER Triuridanae superORDER Aranae superORDER Cyclanthanae superORDER Pandananae superORDER Arecanae superORDER Commelinanae
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SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION | 15
ORDER Myrtales family Lythraceae family Alzateaceae family Rhynchocalycaceae family Penaeaceae family Oliniaceae family Trapaceae family Crypteroniaceae family Melastomataceae family Combretaceae family Onagraceae family Myrtaceae superORDER Gentiananae ORDER Gentianales family Loganiaceae family Rubiaceae family Dialypetalanthaceae family Apocynaceae family Gentianaceae family Saccifoliaceae ORDER Scrophulariales family Oleaceae family Buddlejaceae family Stilbaceae family Bignoniaceae family Pedaliaceae family Martyniaceae family Myoporaceae family Scrophulariaceae family Gesneriaceae family Globulariaceae family Plantaginaceae family Lentibulariaceae family Acanthaceae family Callitrichaceae family Hippuridaceae family Verbenaceae family Phrymaceae family Symphoremataceae family Nesogenaceae family Avicenniaceae family Lamiaceae ORDER Podostemales family Podostemaceae ORDER Cunoniales family Cunoniaceae family Davidsoniaceae family Staphyleaceae superORDER Cornanae ORDER Hydrangeales family Hydrangeaceae family Escalloniaceae family Carpodetaceae family Griseliniaceae family Alseuosmiaceae family Montiniaceae family Brexiaceae family Columelliaceae family Desfontainiaceae ORDER Cornales family Vitaceae
family Lanariaceae family Hemerocallidaceae family Asteliaceae family Hanguanaceae family Agavaceae family Hostaceae family Blandfordiaceae family Dasypogonaceae family Xanthorrhoeaceae family Ixioliriaceae family Hyacinthaceae family Alliaceae family Amaryllidaceae family Hypoxidaceae family Velloziaceae family Cyanastraceae family Eriospermaceae ORDER Dioscoreales family Philesiaceae family Ripogonaceae family Petermanniaceae family Smilacaceae family Dioscoreaceae family Trichopodaceae family Stemonaceae family Taccaceae ORDER Orchidales family Orchidaceae superORDER Hydatellanae ORDER Hydatellales family Hydatellaceae superORDER Triuridanae ORDER Triuridales family Triuridaceae superORDER Alismatanae ORDER Alismatales family Butomaceae family Alismataceae family Hydrocharitaceae ORDER Potamogetonales family Aponogetonaceae family Scheuchzeriaceae family Juncaginaceae family Potamogetonaceae family Posidoniaceae family Cymodoceaceae family Zannichelliaceae family Zosteraceae superORDER Aranae ORDER Acorales family Acoraceae ORDER Arales family Araceae family Lemnaceae superORDER Cyclanthanae ORDER Cyclanthales family Cyclanthaceae superORDER Pandananae ORDER Pandanales family Pandanaceae superORDER Arecanae
family Barbeuiaceae family Achatocarpaceae family Stegnospermataceae family Nyctaginaceae family Aizoaceae family Halophytaceae family Molluginaceae family Chenopodiaceae family Amaranthaceae superORDER Theanae ORDER Theales family Dilleniaceae family Actinidiaceae family Paracryphiaceae family Stachyuraceae family Theaceae family Asteropeiaceae family Tetrameristaceae family Pellicieraceae family Chrysobalanaceae family Symplocaceae family Caryocaraceae family Marcgraviaceae family Oncothecaceae family Aquifoliaceae family Phellinaceae family Sphenostemonaceae family Sarraceniaceae family Pentaphylacaceae family Clethraceae family Cyrillaceae family Ochnaceae family Quiinaceae family Scytopetalaceae family Medusagynaceae family Strasburgeriaceae family Ancistrocladaceae family Dioncophyllaceae family Nepenthaceae family Bonnetiaceae family Clusiaceae family Elatinaceae family Lecythidaceae ORDER Ericales family Ericaceae family Epacridaceae family Empetraceae ORDER Fouquieriales family Fouquieriaceae ORDER Styracales family Ebenaceae family Lissocarpaceae family Sapotaceae family Styracaceae ORDER Primulales family Theophrastaceae family Myrsinaceae family Primulaceae family Plumbaginaceae ORDER Polygonales family Polygonaceae
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SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION | 16
family Gunneraceae family Haloragaceae family Cornaceae family Curtisiaceae family Alangiaceae family Garryaceae family Aucubaceae family Aralidiaceae family Eucommiaceae family Icacinaceae family Metteniusaceae family Cardiopteridaceae family Peripterygiaceae ORDER Pittosporales family Pittosporaceae family Byblidaceae family Tremandraceae ORDER Araliales family Helwingiaceae family Torricelliaceae family Araliaceae family Hydrocotylaceae family Apiaceae ORDER Dipsacales family Caprifoliaceae family Adoxaceae family Valerianaceae family Triplostegiaceae family Dipsacaceae family Morinaceae superORDER Asteranae ORDER Asterales family Calyceraceae family Asteraceae ORDER Campanulales family Menyanthaceae family Pentaphragmataceae family Sphenocleaceae family Campanulaceae family Goodeniaceae superORDER Solananae ORDER Solanales family Solanaceae family Duckeodendraceae family Goetzeaceae family Nolanaceae family Convolvulaceae family Hydrophyllaceae family Boraginaceae family Hoplestigmataceae family Lennoaceae family Tetrachondraceae family Polemoniaceae ORDER Polygalales family Malpighiaceae family Trigoniaceae family Vochysiaceae family Polygalaceae family Krameriaceae superORDER Rutanae ORDER Rutales
ORDER Arecales family Arecaceae superORDER Commelinanae ORDER Bromeliales family Bromeliaceae ORDER Philydrales family Philydraceae family Pontederiaceae family Haemodoraceae ORDER Typhales family Typhaceae ORDER Zingiberales family Musaceae family Strelitziaceae family Lowiaceae family Heliconiaceae family Zingiberaceae family Costaceae family Cannaceae family Marantaceae ORDER Commelinales family Rapateaceae family Xyridaceae family Commelinaceae family Mayacaceae family Eriocaulaceae ORDER Juncales family Thurniaceae family Juncaceae family Cyperaceae ORDER Poales family Flagellariaceae family Joinvilleaceae family Restionaceae family Ecdeiocoleaceae family Centrolepidaceae family Poaceae ORDER Balanopales family Buxaceae family Didymelaceae family Daphniphyllaceae family Balanopaceae ORDER Bruniales family Roridulaceae family Bruniaceae family Geissolomataceae family Grubbiaceae family Myrothamnaceae family Hydrostachyaceae ORDER Juglandales family Rhoipteleaceae family Juglandaceae family Myricaceae ORDER Betulales family Ticodendraceae family Betulaceae family Nothofagaceae family Fagaceae ORDER Rosales family Rosaceae family Neuradaceae
superORDER Celastranae ORDER Celastrales family Celastraceae family Goupiaceae family Lophopyxidaceae family Stackhousiaceae family Corynocarpaceae superORDER Malvanae ORDER Malvales family Sterculiaceae family Huaceae family Elaeocarpaceae family Plagiopteraceae family Tiliaceae family Monotaceae family Dipterocarpaceae family Sarcolaenaceae family Sphaerosepalaceae family Bombacaceae family Malvaceae ORDER Urticales family Ulmaceae family Moraceae family Cecropiaceae family Barbeyaceae family Urticaceae family Cannabaceae ORDER Rhamnales family Rhamnaceae family Elaeagnaceae ORDER Euphorbiales family Euphorbiaceae family Aextoxicaceae family Simmondsiaceae family Dichapetalaceae family Gonystylaceae family Thymelaeaceae superORDER Violanae ORDER Violales family Bixaceae family Cochlospermaceae family Cistaceae family Violaceae family Flacourtiaceae family Physenaceae family Lacistemataceae family Salicaceae family Dipentodontaceae family Peridiscaceae family Scyphostegiaceae family Passifloraceae family Turneriaceae family Malesherbiaceae family Achariaceae family Caricaceae family Tamaricaceae family Frankeniaceae family Cucurbitaceae family Begoniaceae family Datiscaceae ORDER Brassicales
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SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION | 17
family Rutaceae family Rhabdodendraceae family Cneoraceae family Simaroubaceae family Picramniaceae family Ptaeroxylaceae family Meliaceae family Burseraceae family Anacardiaceae family Leitneriaceae family Tepuianthaceae family Coriariaceae family Sapindaceae family Sabiaceae family Melianthaceae family Akaniaceae family Bretschneideraceae family Moringaceae family Surianaceae family Connaraceae family Fabaceae superORDER Proteanae ORDER Proteales family Proteaceae superORDER Rosanae ORDER Hamamelidales family Trochodendraceae family Eupteleaceae family Cercidiphyllaceae family Platanaceae family Hamamelidaceae
family Crossosomataceae family Anisophylleaceae ORDER Saxifragales family Tetracarpaeaceae family Crassulaceae family Cephalotaceae family Penthoraceae family Saxifragaceae family Francoaceae family Grossulariaceae family Vahliaceae family Eremosynaceae family Lepuropetalaceae family Parnassiaceae family Stylidiaceae family Droseraceae family Greyiaceae family Diapensiaceae ORDER Rhizophorales family Rhizophoraceae ORDER Geraniales family Oxalidaceae family Geraniaceae family Balsaminaceae family Tropaeolaceae family Limnanthaceae ORDER Casuarinales family Casuarinaceae
family Resedaceae family Capparaceae family Brassicaceae family Salvadoraceae family Gyrostemonaceae ORDER Batales family Bataceae superORDER Santalanae ORDER Santalales family Olacaceae family Opiliaceae family Medusandraceae family Santalaceae family Misodendraceae family Loranthaceae family Eremolepidaceae family Viscaceae ORDER Balanophorales family Balanophoraceae family Cynomoriaceae superORDER Geranianae ORDER Linales family Humiriaceae family Ctenolophonaceae family Hugoniaceae family Ixonanthaceae family Linaceae family Erythroxylaceae family Zygophyllaceae family Balanitaceae
G. ROLF DALHRAGEN (1932-1987)
One of the modern systems of plant taxonomy, the Dahlgren system was published by monocot specialist
Rolf Dahlgren. His wife Gertrud Dahlgren carried on after his death.
According to the extensive listing by Professor Reveal (see 1 2 3 4, note the synonyms, both
nomenclatural and taxonomic, for each name in the system), it looks like this:
class Magnoliopsida
subclass Magnoliidae
superorder Magnolianae
order Annonales
family Annonaceae
family Myristicaceae
family Eupomatiaceae
family Canellaceae
family Austrobaileyaceae
order Aristolochiales
family Aristolochiaceae
order Rafflesiales
family Rafflesiaceae
family Hydnoraceae
order Magnoliales
family Degeneriaceae
family Himantandraceae
family Magnoliaceae
order Lactoridales
family Lactoridaceae
order Winterales
family Winteraceae
order Chloranthales
family Chloranthaceae
order Illiciales
family Illiciaceae
family Schisandraceae
order Laurales
family Amborellaceae
family Trimeniaceae
family Monimiaceae
family Gomortegaceae
family Calycanthaceae
family Lauraceae
order Nelumbonales
family Nelumbonaceae
superorder Nymphaeanae
order Piperales
family Saururaceae
family Piperaceae
order Nymphaeales
family Cabombaceae
family Nymphaeaceae
family Ceratophyllaceae
superorder Ranunculanae
order Ranunculales
family Lardizabalaceae
family Sargentodoxaceae
family Menispermaceae
family Kingdoniaceae
family Circaeasteraceae
family Ranunculaceae
family Hydrastidaceae
family Berberidaceae
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SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION | 18
order Papaverales
family Papaveraceae
family Fumariaceae
superorder Caryophyllanae
order Caryophyllales
family Molluginaceae
family Caryophyllaceae
family Phytolaccaceae
family Achatocarpaceae
family Agdestidaceae
family Basellaceae
family Portulacaceae
family Stegnospermataceae
family Nyctaginaceae
family Aizoaceae
family Halophytaceae
family Cactaceae
family Didiereaceae
family Hectorellaceae
family Chenopodiaceae
family Amaranthaceae
superorder Polygonanae
order Polygonales
family Polygonaceae
superorder Plumbaginanae
order Plumbaginales
family Plumbaginaceae
family Limoniaceae
superorder Malvanae
order Malvales
family Sterculiaceae
family Plagiopteraceae
family Bixaceae
family Cochlospermaceae
family Cistaceae
family Sphaerosepalaceae
family Sarcolaenaceae
family Huaceae
family Tiliaceae
family Dipterocarpaceae
family Bombacaceae
family Malvaceae
order Urticales
family Ulmaceae
family Moraceae
family Cecropiaceae
family Barbeyaceae
family Cannabaceae
family Urticaceae
order Euphorbiales
family Euphorbiaceae
family Simmondsiaceae
family Pandaceae
family Aextoxicaceae
family Dichapetalaceae
order Thymelaeales
family Gonystylaceae
family Thymelaeaceae
order Rhamnales
family Rhamnaceae
superorder Violanae
order Violales
family Flacourtiaceae
family Berberidopsidaceae
family Aphloiaceae
family Physenaceae
family Passifloraceae
family Dipentodontaceae
family Peridiscaceae
family Scyphostegiaceae
family Violaceae
family Turneraceae
family Malesherbiaceae
family Caricaceae
order Cucurbitales
family Achariaceae
family Cucurbitaceae
family Begoniaceae
family Datiscaceae
order Salicales
family Salicaceae
order Tamaricales
family Tamaricaceae
family Frankeniaceae
order Capparales
family Capparaceae
family Brassicaceae
family Tovariaceae
family Resedaceae
family Gyrostemonaceae
family Bataceae
family Moringaceae
order Tropaeolales
family Tropaeolaceae
family Limnanthaceae
order Salvadorales
family Salvadoraceae
superorder Theanae
order Dilleniales
family Dilleniaceae
order Paeoniales
family Glaucidiaceae
family Paeoniaceae
order Theales
family Stachyuraceae
family Pentaphylacaceae
family Marcgraviaceae
family Quiinaceae
family Ancistrocladaceae
family Dioncophyllaceae
family Nepenthaceae
family Medusagynaceae
family Caryocaraceae
family Strasburgeriaceae
family Ochnaceae
family Chrysobalanaceae
family Oncothecaceae
family Scytopetalaceae
family Theaceae
family Bonnetiaceae
family Clusiaceae
family Elatinaceae
order Lecythidales
family Lecythidaceae
superorder Primulanae
order Primulales
family Myrsinaceae
family Aegicerataceae
family Theophrastaceae
family Primulaceae
family Coridaceae
order Ebenales
family Sapotaceae
family Styracaceae
family Lissocarpaceae
family Ebenaceae
superorder Rosanae
order Trochodendrales
family Trochodendraceae
family Tetracentraceae
order Cercidiphyllales
family Cercidiphyllaceae
family Eupteleaceae
order Hamamelidales
family Hamamelidaceae
family Platanaceae
family Myrothamnaceae
order Balanopales
family Balanopaceae
order Fagales
family Nothofagaceae
family Fagaceae
family Corylaceae
family Betulaceae
order Juglandales
family Rhoipteleaceae
family Juglandaceae
order Myricales
family Myricaceae
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SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION | 19
order Casuarinales
family Casuarinaceae
order Buxales)
family Buxaceae
family Daphniphyllaceae
family Didymelaceae
order Geissolomatales
family Geissolomataceae
order Cunoniales
family Cunoniaceae
family Baueraceae
family Brunelliaceae
family Davidsoniaceae
family Eucryphiaceae
order Saxifragales
family Saxifragaceae
family Francoaceae
family Greyiaceae
family Brexiaceae
family Grossulariaceae
family Iteaceae
family Cephalotaceae
family Crassulaceae
family Podostemaceae
order Droserales
family Droseraceae
family Lepuropetalaceae
family Parnassiaceae
order Rosales
family Rosaceae
family Neuradaceae
family Malaceae
family Amygdalaceae
family Anisophylleaceae
family Crossosomataceae
family Surianaceae
family Rhabdodendraceae
order Gunnerales
family Gunneraceae
superorder Proteanae
order Proteales
family Proteaceae
order Elaeagnales
family Elaeagnaceae
superorder Myrtanae
order Myrtales
family Psiloxylaceae
family Heteropyxidaceae
family Myrtaceae
family Onagraceae
family Trapaceae
family Lythraceae
family Combretaceae
family Melastomataceae
family Memecylaceae
family Crypteroniaceae
family Oliniaceae
family Penaeaceae
family Rhynchocalycaceae
family Alzateaceae
order Haloragales
family Haloragaceae
superorder Rutanae
order Sapindales
family Coriariaceae
family Anacardiaceae
family Leitneriaceae
family Podoaceae
family Sapindaceae
family Hippocastanaceae
family Aceraceae
family Akaniaceae
family Bretschneideraceae
family Emblingiaceae
family Staphyleaceae
family Melianthaceae
family Sabiaceae)
family Meliosmaceae
family Connaraceae
order Fabales
family Mimosaceae
family Caesalpiniaceae
family Fabaceae
order Rutales
family Rutaceae
family Ptaeroxylaceae
family Cneoraceae
family Simaroubaceae
family Tepuianthaceae
family Burseraceae
family Meliaceae
order Polygalales
family Malpighiaceae
family Trigoniaceae
family Vochysiaceae
family Polygalaceae
family Krameriaceae
order Geraniales
family Zygophyllaceae
family Peganaceae
family Nitrariaceae
family Geraniaceae
family Vivianiaceae
family Ledocarpaceae
family Biebersteiniaceae
family Dirachmaceae
family Balanitaceae
order Linales
family Linaceae
family Humiriaceae
family Ctenolophonaceae
family Ixonanthaceae
family Erythroxylaceae
family Lepidobotryaceae
family Oxalidaceae
order Celastrales
family Stackhousiaceae
family Lophopyxidaceae
family Cardiopteridaceae
family Corynocarpaceae
family Celastraceae
order Rhizophorales
family Rhizophoraceae
family Elaeocarpaceae
order Balsaminales
family Balsaminaceae
superorder Vitanae
order Vitales
family Vitaceae
superorder Santalanae
order Santalales
family Olacaceae
family Opiliaceae
family Loranthaceae
family Medusandraceae
family Misodendraceae
family Eremolepidaceae
family Santalaceae
family Viscaceae
superorder Balanophoranae
order Balanophorales
family Cynomoriaceae
family Balanophoraceae
superorder Aralianae
order Pittosporales
family Pittosporaceae
family Tremandraceae
family Byblidaceae
order Araliales
family Araliaceae
family Apiaceae
superorder Asteranae
order Campanulales
family Pentaphragmataceae
family Campanulaceae
family Lobeliaceae
order Asterales
family Asteraceae
superorder Solananae
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SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION | 20
order Solanales
family Solanaceae
family Sclerophylacaceae
family Goetzeaceae
family Convolvulaceae
family Cuscutaceae
family Cobaeaceae
family Polemoniaceae
order Boraginales
family Hydrophyllaceae
family Ehretiaceae
family Boraginaceae
family Lennoaceae
family Hoplestigmataceae
superorder Ericanae
order Bruniales
family Bruniaceae
family Grubbiaceae
order Fouquieriales
family Fouquieriaceae
order Ericales
family Actinidiaceae
family Clethraceae
family Cyrillaceae
family Ericaceae
family Empetraceae
family Monotropaceae
family Pyrolaceae
family Epacridaceae
order Stylidiales
family Stylidiaceae
order Sarraceniales
family Sarraceniaceae
superorder Cornanae
order Cornales
family Garryaceae
family Alangiaceae
family Nyssaceae
family Cornaceae
family Roridulaceae
family Davidiaceae
family Escalloniaceae
family Helwingiaceae
family Torricelliaceae
family Aucubaceae
family Aralidiaceae
family Diapensiaceae
family Phellinaceae
family Aquifoliaceae
family Paracryphiaceae
family Sphenostemonaceae
family Symplocaceae
family Icacinaceae
family Montiniaceae
family Columelliaceae
family Alseuosmiaceae
family Hydrangeaceae
family Sambucaceae
family Viburnaceae
family Menyanthaceae
family Adoxaceae
family Phyllonomaceae
family Tribelaceae
family Eremosynaceae
family Pterostemonaceae
family Tetracarpaeaceae
order Eucommiales
family Eucommiaceae
order Dipsacales
family Caprifoliaceae
family Valerianaceae
family Dipsacaceae
family Morinaceae
family Calyceraceae
superorder Loasanae
order Loasales
family Loasaceae
superorder Gentiananae
order Goodeniales
family Goodeniaceae
order Oleales
family Oleaceae
order Gentianales
family Desfontainiaceae
family Loganiaceae
family Dialypetalanthaceae
family Rubiaceae
family Theligonaceae
family Gentianaceae
family Saccifoliaceae
family Apocynaceae
family Asclepiadaceae
superorder Lamianae
order Lamiales
family Retziaceae
family Stilbaceae
family Buddlejaceae
family Scrophulariaceae
family Myoporaceae
family Globulariaceae
family Plantaginaceae
family Lentibulariaceae
family Pedaliaceae
family Trapellaceae
family Martyniaceae
family Gesneriaceae
family Bignoniaceae
family Acanthaceae
family Verbenaceae
family Lamiaceae
family Callitrichaceae
order Hydrostachyales
family Hydrostachyaceae
order Hippuridales
family Hippuridaceae
subclass Liliidae
superorder Alismatanae
order Alismatales
family Aponogetonaceae
family Butomaceae
family Hydrocharitaceae
family Limnocharitaceae
family Alismataceae
order Najadales
family Scheuchzeriaceae
family Juncaginaceae
family Najadaceae
family Potamogetonaceae
family Zosteraceae
family Posidoniaceae
family Cymodoceaceae
family Zannichelliaceae
superorder Triuridanae
order Triuridales
family Triuridaceae
superorder Aranae
order Arales
family Araceae
family Acoraceae
family Lemnaceae
superorder Lilianae
order Dioscoreales
family Trichopodaceae
family Dioscoreaceae
family Stemonaceae
family Taccaceae
family Trilliaceae
family Ripogonaceae
family Petermanniaceae
family Smilacaceae
order Asparagales
family Philesiaceae
family Luzuriagaceae
family Convallariaceae
family Dracaenaceae
family Asparagaceae
family Ruscaceae
family Herreriaceae
family Nolinaceae
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SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION | 21
family Asteliaceae
family Dasypogonaceae
family Calectasiaceae
family Blandfordiaceae
family Xanthorrhoeaceae
family Agavaceae
family Hypoxidaceae
family Tecophilaeaceae
family Lanariaceae
family Ixioliriaceae
family Cyanastraceae
family Phormiaceae
family Doryanthaceae
family Eriospermaceae
family Asphodelaceae
family Anthericaceae
family Aphyllanthaceae
family Hemerocallidaceae
family Hostaceae
family Hyacinthaceae
family Alliaceae
family Amaryllidaceae
order Liliales
family Colchicaceae
family Uvulariaceae
family Iridaceae
family Alstroemeriaceae
family Calochortaceae
family Liliaceae
order Melanthiales
family Melanthiaceae
family Campynemataceae
order Burmanniales
family Burmanniaceae
family Corsiaceae
order Orchidales
family Neuwiediaceae
family Apostasiaceae
family Cypripediaceae
family Orchidaceae
superorder Bromelianae
order Velloziales
family Velloziaceae
order Bromeliales
family Bromeliaceae
order Haemodorales
family Haemodoraceae
order Philydrales
family Philydraceae
order Pontederiales
family Pontederiaceae
order Typhales
family Typhaceae
superorder Zingiberanae
order Zingiberales
family Lowiaceae
family Musaceae
family Heliconiaceae
family Strelitziaceae
family Zingiberaceae
family Costaceae
family Cannaceae
family Marantaceae
superorder Commelinanae
order Commelinales
family Mayacaceae
family Commelinaceae
family Xyridaceae
family Rapateaceae
family Eriocaulaceae
order Hydatellales
family Hydatellaceae
order Cyperales
family Juncaceae
family Thurniaceae
family Cyperaceae
order Poales
family Flagellariaceae
family Joinvilleaceae
family Restionaceae
family Centrolepidaceae
family Poaceae
superorder Arecanae
order Hanguanales
family Hanguanaceae
order Arecales
family Arecaceae
superorder Cyclanthanae
order Cyclanthales
family Cyclanthaceae
superorder Pandananae
order Pandanales
family Pandanaceae
H. ARTHUR CRONQUIST (1919-1992)
The Cronquist system is a taxonomic classification system of flowering plants. It was developed by
Arthur Cronquist in his texts An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants (1981) and The
Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants (1968; 2nd edition, 1988).
Cronquist's system places flowering plants into two broad classes, Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons) and
Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Within these classes, related ORDERs are grouped into subclasses.
The scheme is still widely used, in either the original form or in adapted versions, but some botanists
are adopting the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the ORDERs and families of flowering
plants: APG III.
The system as laid out in An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants (1981) counts 321
families and 64 ORDERs in class Magnoliopsida with 19 ORDERs and 65 families in class Liliopsida:
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SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION | 22
Cronquist System Diagram
Class Magnoliopsida
Subclass Magnoliidae
(mostly basal dicots)
ORDER Magnoliales
Winteraceae
Degeneriaceae
Himantandraceae
Eupomatiaceae
Austrobaileyaceae
Magnoliaceae
(magnolia family)
Lactoridaceae
Annonaceae
Myristicaceae
Canellaceae
ORDER Laurales
Amborellaceae
Trimeniaceae
Monimiaceae
Gomortegaceae
Calycanthaceae
Idiospermaceae
Lauraceae (laurel family)
Hernandiaceae
ORDER Piperales
Chloranthaceae
Saururaceae
Piperaceae (pepper family)
ORDER Aristolochiales
Aristolochiaceae
ORDER Illiciales
Illiciaceae
Schisandraceae
ORDER Nymphaeales
Nelumbonaceae
Nymphaeaceae
Barclayaceae
Cabombaceae
Ceratophyllaceae
ORDER Ranunculales
Ranunculaceae
Circaeasteraceae
Berberidaceae
Sargentodoxaceae
Lardizabalaceae
Menispermaceae
Coriariaceae
Sabiaceae
ORDER Papaverales
Papaveraceae
Fumariaceae
Subclass Hamamelidae [sic:
correctly Hamamelididae]
ORDER Trochodendrales
Tetracentraceae
Trochodendraceae
ORDER Hamamelidales
Cercidiphyllaceae
Eupteleaceae
Platanaceae
Hamamelidaceae
Myrothamnaceae
ORDER Daphniphyllales
Daphniphyllaceae
ORDER Didymelales
Didymelaceae
ORDER Eucommiales
Eucommiaceae
ORDER Urticales
Barbeyaceae
Ulmaceae
Cannabaceae
Moraceae
Cecropiaceae
Urticaceae
ORDER Leitneriales
Leitneriaceae
ORDER Juglandales
Rhoipteleaceae
Juglandaceae
ORDER Myricales
Myricaceae
ORDER Fagales
Balanopaceae
Ticodendraceae
Fagaceae
Nothofagaceae
Betulaceae
ORDER Casuarinales
Casuarinaceae
Subclass Caryophyllidae
ORDER Caryophyllales
Phytolaccaceae
Achatocarpaceae
Nyctaginaceae
Aizoaceae
Didiereaceae
Cactaceae (cactus family)
Chenopodiaceae
Amaranthaceae
Portulacaceae
Basellaceae
Molluginaceae
Caryophyllaceae
ORDER Polygonales
Polygonaceae
ORDER Plumbaginales
Plumbaginaceae
Subclass Dilleniidae
ORDER Dilleniales
Dilleniaceae
Paeoniaceae
ORDER Theales
Ochnaceae
Sphaerosepalaceae
Sarcolaenaceae
Dipterocarpaceae
Caryocaraceae
Theaceae (tea family)
Actinidiaceae
Scytopetalaceae
Pentaphylacaceae
Tetrameristaceae
Pellicieraceae
Oncothecaceae
Marcgraviaceae
Quiinaceae
Elatinaceae
Paracryphiaceae
Medusagynaceae
Clusiaceae
ORDER Malvales
Elaeocarpaceae
Tiliaceae
Sterculiaceae
Bombacaceae
Malvaceae
ORDER Lecythidales
Lecythidaceae
ORDER Nepenthales
Sarraceniaceae
Nepenthaceae
Droseraceae
ORDER Violales
Flacourtiaceae
Peridiscaceae
Bixaceae
Cistaceae
Huaceae
Lacistemataceae
Scyphostegiaceae
Stachyuraceae
Violaceae (violet family)
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SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION | 23
Tamaricaceae (tamarind
family)
Frankeniaceae
Dioncophyllaceae
Ancistrocladaceae
Turneraceae
Malesherbiaceae
Passifloraceae
Achariaceae
Caricaceae
Fouquieriaceae
Hoplestigmataceae
Cucurbitaceae
Datiscaceae
Begoniaceae
Loasaceae
ORDER Salicales
Salicaceae
ORDER Capparales
Tovariaceae
Capparaceae
Brassicaceae
Moringaceae
Resedaceae
ORDER Batales
Gyrostemonaceae
Bataceae
ORDER Ericales
Cyrillaceae
Clethraceae
Grubbiaceae
Empetraceae
Epacridaceae
Ericaceae
Pyrolaceae
Monotropaceae
ORDER Diapensiales
Diapensiaceae
ORDER Ebenales
Sapotaceae
Ebenaceae
Styracaceae
Lissocarpaceae
Symplocaceae
ORDER Primulales
Theophrastaceae
Myrsinaceae
Primulaceae
Subclass Rosidae
ORDER Rosales
Brunelliaceae
Connaraceae
Eucryphiaceae
Cunoniaceae
Davidsoniaceae
Dialypetalanthaceae
Pittosporaceae
Byblidaceae
Hydrangeaceae
Columelliaceae
Grossulariaceae
Greyiaceae
Bruniaceae
Anisophylleaceae
Alseuosmiaceae
Crassulaceae
Cephalotaceae
Saxifragaceae
Rosaceae (rose family)
Neuradaceae
Crossosomataceae
Chrysobalanaceae
Surianaceae
Rhabdodendraceae
ORDER Fabales
Mimosaceae (mimosa family)
Caesalpiniaceae
Fabaceae
ORDER Proteales
Elaeagnaceae
Proteaceae
ORDER Podostemales
Podostemaceae
ORDER Haloragales
Haloragaceae
Gunneraceae
ORDER Myrtales
Sonneratiaceae
Lythraceae
Penaeaceae
Crypteroniaceae
Thymelaeaceae
Trapaceae
Myrtaceae
Punicaceae
Onagraceae
Oliniaceae
Melastomataceae
Combretaceae
Alzateaceae
Memecylaceae
Rhyncocalycaceae
ORDER Rhizophorales
Rhizophoraceae
ORDER Cornales
Alangiaceae
Nyssaceae
Cornaceae
Garryaceae
ORDER Santalales
Medusandraceae
Dipentodontaceae
Olacaceae
Opiliaceae
Santalaceae
Misodendraceae
Loranthaceae
Viscaceae
Eremolepidaceae
Balanophoraceae
ORDER Rafflesiales
Hydnoraceae
Mitrastemonaceae
Rafflesiaceae
ORDER Celastrales
Geissolomataceae
Celastraceae
Hippocrateaceae
Stackhousiaceae
Salvadoraceae
Aquifoliaceae
Icacinaceae
Aextoxicaceae
Cardiopteridaceae
Corynocarpaceae
Dichapetalaceae
Tepuianthaceae
ORDER Euphorbiales
Buxaceae
Simmondsiaceae
Pandaceae
Euphorbiaceae
ORDER Rhamnales
Rhamnaceae
Leeaceae
Vitaceae
ORDER Linales
Erythroxylaceae
Humiriaceae
Ixonanthaceae
Hugoniaceae
Linaceae
ORDER Polygalales
Malpighiaceae
Vochysiaceae
Trigoniaceae
Tremandraceae
Polygalaceae
Xanthophyllaceae
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SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION | 24
Krameriaceae
ORDER Sapindales
Staphyleaceae
Melianthaceae
Bretschneideraceae
Akaniaceae
Sapindaceae
Hippocastanaceae
Aceraceae
Burseraceae
Anacardiaceae
Julianiaceae
Simaroubaceae
Cneoraceae
Meliaceae
Rutaceae
Zygophyllaceae
ORDER Geraniales
Oxalidaceae
Geraniaceae
Limnanthaceae
Tropaeolaceae
Balsaminaceae
ORDER Apiales
Araliaceae
Apiaceae
Subclass Asteridae
ORDER Gentianales
Loganiaceae
Retziaceae
Gentianaceae
Saccifoliaceae
Apocynaceae
Asclepiadaceae
ORDER Solanales
Duckeodendraceae
Nolanaceae
Solanaceae
Convolvulaceae
Cuscutaceae
Menyanthaceae
Polemoniaceae
Hydrophyllaceae
Retziaceae
ORDER Lamiales
Lennoaceae
Boraginaceae
Verbenaceae
Lamiaceae
ORDER Callitrichales
Hippuridaceae
Callitrichaceae
Hydrostachyaceae
ORDER Plantaginales
Plantaginaceae
ORDER Scrophulariales
Buddlejaceae
Oleaceae (olive family)
Scrophulariaceae
Globulariaceae
Myoporaceae
Orobanchaceae
Gesneriaceae
Acanthaceae
Pedaliaceae
Bignoniaceae
Mendonciaceae
Lentibulariaceae
ORDER Campanulales
Pentaphragmataceae
Sphenocleaceae
Campanulaceae
Stylidiaceae
Donatiaceae
Brunoniaceae
Goodeniaceae
ORDER Rubiales
Rubiaceae
Theligonaceae
ORDER Dipsacales
Caprifoliaceae
Adoxaceae
Valerianaceae
Dipsacaceae
ORDER Calycerales
Calyceraceae
ORDER Asterales
Asteraceae
Class Liliopsida
Subclass Alismatidae
ORDER Alismatales
Butomaceae
Limnocharitaceae
Alismataceae
ORDER Hydrocharitales
Hydrocharitaceae
ORDER Najadales
Aponogetonaceae
Scheuchzeriaceae
Juncaginaceae
Potamogetonaceae
Ruppiaceae
Najadaceae
Zannichelliaceae
Posidoniaceae
Cymodoceaceae
Zosteraceae
ORDER Triuridales
Petrosaviaceae
Triuridaceae
Subclass Arecidae
ORDER Arecales
Arecaceae (palm family)
ORDER Cyclanthales
Cyclanthaceae
ORDER Pandanales
Pandanaceae (pandan family)
ORDER Arales
Acoraceae
Araceae
Lemnaceae
Subclass Commelinidae
ORDER Commelinales
Rapateaceae
Xyridaceae
Mayacaceae
Commelinaceae
ORDER Eriocaulales
Eriocaulaceae
ORDER Restionales
Flagellariaceae
Joinvilleaceae
Restionaceae
Centrolepidaceae
ORDER Juncales
Juncaceae
Thurniaceae
ORDER Cyperales
Cyperaceae
Poaceae (Grass family)
ORDER Hydatellales
Hydatellaceae
ORDER Typhales
Sparganiaceae
Typhaceae
Subclass Zingiberidae
ORDER Bromeliales
Bromeliaceae
ORDER Zingiberales
Strelitziaceae
Heliconiaceae
Musaceae
Lowiaceae
Zingiberaceae (Ginger family)
Costaceae
Cannaceae
Marantaceae
Subclass Liliidae
ORDER Liliales
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SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION | 25
Philydraceae
Pontederiaceae
Haemodoraceae
Cyanastraceae
Liliaceae (Lily family)
Iridaceae (Iris family)
Velloziaceae
Aloeaceae (Aloe family)
Agavaceae
Xanthorrhoeaceae
Hanguanaceae
Taccaceae
Stemonaceae
Smilacaceae
Dioscoreaceae
ORDER Orchidales
Geosiridaceae
Burmanniaceae
Corsiaceae
Orchidaceae (Orchid family)