Booklet s1m3
description
Transcript of Booklet s1m3
Ecole Supérieure du Commerce Extérieur
Basic WrittenCommunication
(AN1S1M3)
Course Pack2012-2013
Department of
Communication in
English
First YearFirst Semester
Module 3
Table of Contents
Page
Syllabus, Course description and objectives, Weekly schedule 3
Webography 5
Correct the mistakes 7
The present and past simple and continuous tenses: explanations and exercises
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The infinitive versus the gerund: explanations and exercises
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The present perfect: explanations and exercises 20
Countable and uncountable nouns 26
Indefinite/definite/zero article: explanations and exercises
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Future tenses: explanations and exercises 34
Model CV and cover letter for internship 37
Indirect questions 40
Reported speech: explanations and exercises 41
Conditional tenses: explanations and exercises 45
The past perfect: explanations and exercises 52
Prepositions and Prepositional verbs 54
Phrasal verbs 58
Linking/connecting words 60
Modals: explanations and exercises
Crosswords
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l’ESCE dispose, à des fins pédagogiques, de l’autorisation du CFC pour la reproduction d’extraits d’ouvrage, de journaux et de périodiques
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Course SyllabusBasic Written Communication (AN1S1M3)2012-2013 First Year English, First Semester
Professors: Roly AKNIN Alan BOSWELL Maria [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Olivier SERAFINOWICZ Sylvie [email protected] [email protected]
Course DescriptionBasic Written Communication (AN1S1M3) is a 90-minute per week English class during 13 weeks designed for first-year students with an expected level of B1 on CEFR scale (Common European Framework Reference). The content of the class focuses on improving basic written language skills through systematic grammar reviews and corrections and allows students to measure their language awareness. Also included is an introduction to written business communication and the production of a CV and application letter.
Course objectivesUpon successful completion of this course, students will be able to:
Recognize and identify the usual grammatical French-speaker errors, Analyse why the mistakes were made. Apply grammatical awareness to written business communication. Compose an appropriate C.V. and application letter for an internship centred on
individual goals for the year.
Student Activities and Assignments1. Students will be required to produce formal, commercial, grammatically correct
written documents2. Students will regularly produce homework, to be corrected in class.3. Students will work in groups. Peer assessment and self-assessment will be
encouraged.4. Students will be required to produce a CV and application letter for an internship.
Evaluation Continuous assessment: 50% of final grade
Students will be required to 1.Demonstrate a grasp of grammar in a one hour test half-way through the semester. 2.Students will be tested on their use of grammar and vocabulary in an oral assessment.3.The acquisition of business vocabulary will be tested once in a written assignment
towards the end of the semester.
Final examination 50% of final gradeThe final examination for this course will test grammatical correctness and writing skills.
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Schedule
Week Content
1 Course Overview and Assignments Introductions/Grammar games
2 The present tenses The past tenses
3 Infinitive v. gerund The present perfect
4 Countable/uncountable nouns Indefinite/definite/zero article
5 Future tenses Model C.V. Model application letter for internship
6 Individual meetings to correct CVs and application letters Reported speech
7 Conditionals Past perfect
8 Prepositions Phrasal verbs
9 Linkers Modal verbs
10 Grammar test
11 Grammar test correction/ Vocabulary test
12 Oral activity: case study
13 Revision
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Tips for writing - The 12 Commandments:
(1) Write a plan in English (this will help you structure your work)
(2) Do not translate literally (word for word)
(3) Avoid internet translators (looks English but often does not make sense)
(4) Use a dictionary (check context) also see www.wordreference.com
(5) Write short sentences (don’t waffle or beat around the bush)
(6) Use a rich vocabulary with linkers
(7) Be explicit – no jargon
(8) Be professional- would you say that in a professional context?
(9) Read over at least 3 times
(10) Do a grammar check (articles, 3rd person, gerund, prepositions)
(11) Peer correction – get you colleagues to read over it- synergy!
(12) Use Word spell check (tools-language)
Good luck and start writing!
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All these sentences have a mistake! Correct them.
I’ll go on holiday next month. I’ve booked my ticket
I’ve been to Japan last month
I work in Paris since August
We were often going to visit my grandmother when I was a child
This is the first time I come to London
I’ll phone you when she will arrive
I’m tired of to tell her the same thing every day
A so charming woman
I like the Baroque music
I had dinner with John and her sister last night
The news are good
You don’t have to smoke in here, it’s forbidden
The essential is to get the timing right
The book who made the biggest impression on me
My brother isn’t at all as I am. I am shy whereas he’s really outgoing.
She wants that you come right now
He’s married with my sister
I’m agree with you!
I am the responsible for the department
It depends of lots of things
He told me that he thinks he’ll come
The sun is always rising in the East
I met him during I was on holiday
If I knew what he was like, I would not have invited him
You really must stop to smoke, it’s so bad for you
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QUESTION FORMS
We make questions by:
1: moving an auxiliary to the front of the clause:
Everybody is watching >> Is everybody watching? They had worked hard >> Had they worked hard? He's finished work >> Has he finished work? Everybody had been working hard >> Had everybody been working hard? He has been singing >> Has he been singing? English is spoken all over the world >> Is English spoken all over the world? The windows have been cleaned >> Have the windows been cleaned?
2: … or by moving a modal to the front of the clause:
They will come >> Will they come? He might come >> Might he come? They will have arrived by now >> Will they have arrived by now? She would have been listening >> Would she have been listening? The work will be finished soon >> Will the work be finished soon? They might have been invited to the party
>> Might they have been invited to the party?
3: The present simple and the past simple have no auxiliary. We make questions by adding the auxiliary do/does for the present simple or did for the past simple:
They live here >> Do they live here? John lives here >> Does John live here? Everybody laughed >> Did everybody laugh?
Questions - common mistakes
Common mistakes Correct version Why?
What meant you by saying that?
What did you mean by saying that?
You like this film? Do you like this film?
If there is no auxiliary (helping) verb, we put do, does or did before the subject.
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Where you are going this afternoon?
Where are you going this afternoon? We put an auxiliary verb
before the subject.
You did read the letter? Did you read the letter?
Who did give you the information?
Who gave you the information?
We don't use do, does or did when we use what, which, who or whose as the subject.
Does he knows your sister?
Does he know your sister?
When there is an auxiliary verb, the main verb is in the infinitive form.Where will she studies? Where will she study?
Can you tell me where can I buy a good camera?
Can you tell me where I can buy a good camera?
Word order in indirect question is the same as in a normal sentence: SUBJECT + VERB + ...
1) When begins the race? - ?
2) Sell you fish? - ?
3) Who does the trumpet play? - ?
4) Where flew the plane? - ?
5) Do you have got a brother? - ?
6) Plays Mike volleyball? - ?
7) Can the man the car drive? - ?
8) Why wrote you this letter? - ?
9) Do you can remember her name? - ?
10) Think you not that it's time to go? - ?
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Write fourteen questions based on the answers in this short text.
Frank was born in Buenos Aires in 1977. He went to school in Buenos Aires for before moving to Denver. He misses Buenos Aires, but he enjoys studying and living in Denver. In fact, he has lived in Denver for over four years. Currently, he is studying at the University of Colorado where he is going to receive his Bachelor of Science next June. After he receives his degree, he is going to return to Buenos Aires to marry Alice and begin a career in research. Alice studies Art history at the University in Buenos Aires and is also going to receive a degree in Art History next May. They met in Peru in 1995 while they were hiking together in the Andes. They have been engaged for three years.
1. ___________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________________
6. ___________________________________________________________
7. ___________________________________________________________
8. ___________________________________________________________
9. ___________________________________________________________
10.__________________________________________________________
11.___________________________________________________________
12. _________________________________________________________
13._________________________________________________________
14._________________________________________________________13
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PRESENT SIMPLE OR PRESENT CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE
FormSimple Present Present Progressive
infinitive(3rd person singular: infinitive + 's')
I speakyou speakhe / she / it speakswe speakthey speak
form of 'be' and verb + ing
I am speakingyou are speakinghe / she / it is speakingwe are speakingthey are speaking
In general or right now? Do you want to express that something happens in general or that something is happening right now?
Simple Present Present Progressivein general (regularly, often, never)
Colin plays football every Tuesday.
present actions happening one after another
First Colin plays football, then he watches TV.
right now
Look! Colin is playing football now.
also for several actions happening at the same time
Colin is playing football and Anne is watching.
Signal words always every ... often normally usually sometimes seldom never first
then
at the moment at this moment today now right now Listen!
Look!
Note: The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Present:be, have, hear, know, like, love, see, smell, think, want
Timetable / Schedule or arrangement? Do you want to express that something is arranged for the near future? Or are you referring to a time set by a timetable or schedule?
Simple Present Present Progressiveaction set by a timetable or schedule
The film starts at 8 pm.
arrangement for the near future
I am going to the cinema tonight.
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Daily routine or just for a limited period of time? Do you want to talk about a daily routine? Or do you want to emphasis that something is only going on for a limited (rather short) period of time?
Simple Present Present Progressive
daily routine
Bob works in a restaurant.
only for a limited period of time (does not have to happen directly at the moment of speaking)
Jenny is working in a restaurant this week.
The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Present (not in the progressive form).
state: be, cost, fit, mean, suit possession: belong, have senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch feelings: hate, hope, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish brain work: believe, know, think, understand Introductory clauses for direct speech: answer, ask, reply, say
Exercise1. We (not/send) out any orders this week, because
we (wait) for the new lists.2. I (deal) with Mr Matsumi’s clients this week, because he is
away.3. Go down this road, turn right, and the road (lead) to the
industrial estate.4. Because of the euro/dollar exchange rate, EU exports
(not/do) very well at the moment.5. The stock market is risky because the price of shares
(vary) according to economic conditions.6. At the moment, we (carry out) a survey to find out what
sort of after-sales service our customers (want).7. We’ve got a competition on at work for a name for our new brand of
cosmetics. The marketing people (try) to find a brand name that (sound) natural and sophisticated.
8. Do you know what Mrs Ericson (do)? She’s not in her office.9. I (apply) for a transfer to our London office. It
(depend) on whether they have any vacancies.10.Their new brand instant coffee (taste) very good, it isn’t
surprising that it (become) more and more popular.
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Fill in the appropriate verb in the right tense.
analyze block dependlook pay prefer require
sound speak specializetake try
1. We a 10% deposit for orders of this kind2. He to be self-employed, rather than have a permanent
job.3. The switchboard outside calls from this extension.4. I the statistics, so I can’t give you a decision yet.5. We to boost our sales in the Japanese market6. He rudely whenever I call him on the intercom7. We our agents a 12.5% commission on net sales8. Our firm in acquiring real estate in Southern
California.9. I know it like our original model, but we updated it with
new features.10. I can’t give you a definite date, it on our suppliers.
Vocabulary
1. An order2. Exchange rate3. The stock market4. A survey (to carry out)5. After-sales service6. A range7. A brand8. To apply for9. A vacancy10.An order11.To require12.A deposit13.The switchboard14.An extension15.To boost16.Net sales17.Real estate18.To update19.A feature20.A supplier
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SIMPLE PAST AND PAST CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVESimple Past Past Progressive
I spoke
regular verbs: verb + ed
I worked
past form of 'be' + ing form of verb
I was speakingyou were speakinghe / she / it was speakingwe were speakingthey were speaking
After another or at the same time? Do you want to express that the actions in the past happened one after another or at the same time?
Simple Past Past Progressiveafter another
She came home, switched on the computer and checked her e-mails.
at the same time
Simon was playing on the computer while his brother was watching TV.
New action or already in progress? If you want to express that a new action happened in the middle of another action, you need both tenses: Simple Past for the new action and Past Progressive for the action already in progress.
Simple past Past Progressivenew action
My mobile rang (when I was sitting in a meeting.)
action already in progress
While I was sitting in a meeting, (my mobile suddenly rang.)
Only mentioning or emphasising progress? Do you just want to mention that an action took place in the past (also used for short actions)? Or do you want to put emphasis on the progress, e.g. that an action was taking place at a certain time?
Simple Past Past Progressive
just mentioning
Colin played football yesterday.
emphasising progress
Yesterday at six o'clock, Colin was playing football.
The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Past
state: be, cost, fit, mean, suit possession: belong, have senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch feelings: hate, hope, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish brain work: believe, know, think, understand introductory clauses for direct speech: answer, ask, reply, say
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Signal wordsSimple Past Past Progressive
first then
after
when while
as long as
While we (negotiate) the contract, my boss (phone) me to say that he wanted completely different conditions.
The last time something like this (happen), she (call) a press conference immediately.
Anne (explain) her position when Pedro (interrupt) her.
We never got the chance to interview him, while we (investigate) the incident, he (resign).
When he (finish) reading the article, he (give) it to me.
Everyone (wait) for the meeting to begin when he (call) to say he was stuck in traffic.
When I (clean) the vase, I (drop) it.
I (find) the missing file while I (look) for some other documents.
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Grammar module (1) Gerund or infinitive? Example: I enjoy learning grammar and this semester I’ve managed to improve my vocabulary.
Put the following verbs into the appropriate column……………………
ING INFINITIVE consider help decide put off give up begin afford pretend carry on refuse risk continue promise finish involve intend deserve deny admit avoid start succeed guarantee manage agree Explain the differences between the following:
(1) I stopped to smoke. I stopped smoking (2) I stopped to buy something for my assistant. We stopped buying from that supplier. (3) I regret to inform you…. I regret saying no. (4) I will help you to do the report. I can’t help thinking about ….. (5) I meant to email you, but I forgot. Globalisation means being competitive (6) I remembered to post the letter. I remember posting the letter. I must remember to call him. Remember to call him.
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SIMPLE PRESENT AND PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
We use Simple Present for general statements about the present and for actions taking place regularly in the present. We use Present Perfect Progressive to express how long an action has been going on.
Simple Present Present Perfect Progressiveinfinitive
(3rd person singular: infinitive + 's')
Example:I / you / we / they speakhe / she / it speaks
form of 'have' + been + ing-form
Example:I / you / we / they have been speakinghe / she / it has been speaking
General statements (when/how often) or how long already?
Do you want to make a general statement about the present, e.g. say when or how often an action usually takes place? Or do you want to express, how long an action has already been going on?
Simple Present Present Perfect Progressivegeneral statement, when / how often
I write a letter every day.
how long already
I have been writing for an hour.
Present Perfect Simple
The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently, but has an influence on the present. It puts emphasis on the result.
Form of Present Perfect Positive Negative Question
I / you / we / they
I have spoken. I have not spoken. Have I spoken?
he / she / it He has spoken.He has not spoken.Has he spoken?
For irregular verbs, use the participle form. For regular verbs, just add “ed”.
Use of Present Perfect
puts emphasis on the result
Example: She has written five letters, she’s finished now.
action that is still going on
Example: School has not started yet.
action that stopped recently
Example: She has just cooked dinner, it’s ready
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finished action that has an influence on the present
Example: I have lost my key, I can’t get into the house.
action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking
Example: I have never been to Australia.
Signal Words of Present Perfect
already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now
Present Perfect Progressive
The present perfect progressive expresses an action that recently stopped or is still going on. It puts emphasis on the duration or course of the action.
Form of Present Perfect Progressive Positive Negative Question
I / you / we / they
I have been speaking.
I have not been speaking.
Have I been speaking?
he / she / itHe has been speaking.
He has not been speaking.
Has he been speaking?
puts emphasis on the duration or course of an action (not the result)
Example: She has been writing for two hours!
action that recently stopped or is still going on
Example: I have been living here since 2001.
finished action that influenced the present
Example: I have been working all afternoon, I’ve got a headache.
Signal Words of Present Perfect Progressive
all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week
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Present Perfect Simple – Present Perfect Progressive
FormPresent Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive
irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd column of irregular verbs
Example:I / you / we / they have spokenhe / she / it has spoken
regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + ed
Example:I / you / we / they have workedhe / she / it has worked
form of 'have' + been + verb + ing
Example:I / you / we / they have been speakinghe / she / it has been speaking
Use
Both tenses are used to express that an action began in the past and is still going on or has just finished. In many cases, both forms are correct, but there is often a difference in meaning: We use the Present Perfect Simple mainly to express that an action is completed or to emphasise the result. We use the Present Perfect Progressive to emphasise the duration or continuous course of an action.
Result or duration?
Do you want to express what has happened so far or how long an action has been going on yet?
Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect ProgressiveResult (what / how much / how often)
I have written 5 letters. / I have been to London twice.
Duration (how long)
I have been writing for an hour.
Certain verbs The following verbs are usually only used in Present Perfect Simple (not in the progressive form).
state: be, have (for possession only)
Example: We have been on holiday for two weeks.
senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch
Example: He has touched the painting.
brain work: believe, know, think, understand
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Emphasis on completion or duration?
Do you want to emphasise the completion of an action or its continuous course (how has somebody spent his time)?
Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive
Emphasis on completion
I have done my homework. (Meaning: My homework is completed now.)
Emphasis on duration
I have been doing my homework. (Meaning: That's how I have spent my time. It does not matter whether the homework is completed now.)
Result or side effect?
Do you want to express that a completed action led to a desired result or that the action had an unwanted side effect?
Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive
desired result
I have washed the car. (Result: The car is clean now.)
unwanted side effect
Why are you so wet? - I have been washing the car. (side effect: I became wet when I was washing the car. It does not matter whether the car is clean now.)
Time + negation: last time or beginning of an action?
In negative sentences: Do you want to express how much time has passed since the last time the action took place or since the beginning of the action?
Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive
since the last time
I haven't played that game for years. (Meaning: It was years ago that I last played that game.)
since the beginning
I haven't been playing that game for an hour, only for 10 minutes. (Meaning: It's not even an hour ago that I started to play that game.)
Permanent or temporary?
If an action is still going on and we want to express that it is a permanent situation, we will usually use the Present Perfect Simple. For temporary situations, we would prefer the Present Perfect Progressive. This is not a rule, however, only a tendency.
Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive
permanent
James has lived in this town for 10 years. (Meaning: He is a permanent resident of this town.)
temporary
James has been living here for a year. (Meaning: This situation is only temporary. Maybe he is an exchange student and only here for one or two years.)
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1. Yesterday I (phone) the bank about my overdraft.2. I (work) here since the end of last year.
3. Your taxi (arrive).
4. We’re enjoying our trip. We (make) a lot of useful contacts.
5. I (saw) Hugh a couple of days ago. He sends his regards.
6. We (go) to an interesting seminar last week.
7. Today (be) really busy and it’s only lunchtime!
8. Today really busy. It’s 7 p.m. I’m going home!
9. I’m afraid Patricia ( leave) the office an hour ago.
10. I’m afraid Patricia isn’t here, she (leave) the office.
Present simple/past simple/present perfect (simple or continuous)
The company is doing really well. Last year, sales (go up) by 15% and so far this year they (go up) another 12%
We (operate) all over Latin America. Recently, we (set up) branches in Peru and Ecuador.
This (not look) like the right block. Are you sure we (come) to the right address?
I (just/meet) Andrew from Sales. (you/know) him?
I (never/speak) to him, but I (speak) to his assistant yesterday.
I (work) for Worldcom since last year, but now I (want) to change jobs. (You/hear) of any vacancies?
Perfect Simple or Continuous?
What’s the matter? You look worried!
Yes, I am, I (look at) the contract in detail and I (notice) a lot of potential problems. Also, I (phone) Carol all day, but there’s no reply. I (think)
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of a few questions for her, and (look forward to) getting her input.
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Haven’t I seen you somewhere before? Corrections
Correct the following mistakes:
(1) I am unemployed since I have graduated in 2010.
(2) I live in Paris since 2010 and I lived in Asia.
(3) I set up my company since 2016
(4) Weren’t you working in Toulouse?
(5) Did you study in Paris?
(6) What do you do currently?
(7) Have you been in London last month?
(8) I’ve not relationship with her for 3 years;
(9) “I’ve done an internship last year.” “So am I”
(10) Have you been graduated in 2016?
(11) I just went to Madrid.
(12) Where were you working the last few years?
(13) What have you been up to last year?
(14) I’ve made my studies in ESCE 10 years ago.
(15) We mustn’t have seen us at La Défense.
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Grammar module: Are the following sentences correct (T) or wrong (X)? Correct them if you think they are wrong and explain why.
(1) I’m waiting here for ages
(2) How long are you working here?
(3) Today was really busy – and it’s only lunchtime!
(4) Did you know that Shakespeare has written 39 plays?
(5) She is sending emails all week but hasn’t placed an order yet.
(6) I didn’t give a presentation before, so I’m a bit nervous.
(7) We can’t supply the goods because they didn’t pay the deposit.
(8) We couldn’t supply the goods because they haven’t paid the deposit.
(9) The markets experienced a fall this week.
(10) The markets have experienced a fall last week.
(11) I’ve seen the results a few days ago.
(12) They have been knowing the manager for 3 months.
(13) Recently we set up a subsidiary in Peru.
(14) I’ve been starting the report.
(15) I’ve been losing my laptop. Did you see it?
(16) I’ve been cutting my finger.
(17) She’s out of breath because she has run.
(18) He’s falling asleep because he’s worked all night.
(19) I’ve been writing 23 reports this week.
(20) The company has been investing 15 million euros in the project.
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UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Uncountable or mass nouns are the names of materials, liquids, abstract qualities, collections and other things which we do not see as separate objects. Most uncountable nouns are singular with no plurals. Examples are: wheat, sand, weather, water, wool, milk
We cannot use numbers with uncountable nouns. They are also not normally used with the article a/an.
accommodation (a place to live)advice (a piece of advice) baggage (a piece of baggage; a bag, a case) behaviour (a piece of behaviour)
bread (a piece of bread; a loaf; a roll) chess (a game of chess) chewing gum (a piece of chewing gum) equipment (a piece of equipment; a tool) furniture (a piece/article of furniture) grass (a blade of grass)
homework (a piece of homework)information (a piece of information) knowledge (a fact) lightning (a flash of lightning) luck (a bit/stroke of luck) luggage (a piece of luggage; a bag)
machinery (a piece of machinery)money (a note; a coin; a sum) news (a piece of news)
permission poetry (a poem)
rubbish (a piece of rubbish)
scenery (a piece of scenery)thunder (a clap of thunder)
traffictravel (a journey/trip)
weatherwork (a job; a piece of work)
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Countable or uncountable
Sometimes it is not easy to see whether a noun is countable or uncountable. For instance, travel is normally uncountable, while journey is countable. It is impossible to give complete details. The following rules, however, should help.
Illnesses
The names of illnesses are usually uncountable in English. Examples are: chickenpox, measles, cancer, diabetes, flu etc.
If you have had chickenpox, you can’t get it again.
But note that the words for some minor ailments are countable. Examples are: a cold, a headache
I have a bad headache. I’ve been having headaches.
Mixed uses
Many nouns have both countable and uncountable uses, sometimes with a difference in meaning.
Words for materials are usually uncountable. But note that the same word is often used as countable noun to refer to something made of the material.
Have you got some typing paper? (uncountable) I want a paper. (countable) Have you got any coffee? Could I have two coffees? (= two cups of coffee)
Many abstract nouns are uncountable when used in a general sense. The same noun can be countable in a particular sense.
She hasn’t got enough experience for the job. (uncountable) It was a strange experience. (countable) Take your own time. (uncountable) Have a good time. (countable)
Plural uncountable nouns
Some uncountable nouns are plural. They have no singular forms with the same meaning, and cannot be used with numbers. Examples are: trousers, jeans, pyjamas, pants, scissors, spectacles, glasses, arms, goods, customs, groceries, clothes and thanks
Have you bought the groceries? Many thanks for your help.
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ARTICLES
A/an is called the indefinite article, we use it to introduce new information, or to mention one of a group of things.
The is called the definite article, we us it when the listener knows which person or thing we are talking about.
‘No article’ is the noun by itself, without an article. We use no article when we want to speak generally.
I read an interesting report last week (the report is mentioned for the first time) Have you read the report I gave you? (the listener knows which report)
Reports are sent out 3 times a year (speaking generally)
Grammar rule 1 When you have a single, countable English noun, you must always have an article before it. We cannot say "please pass me pen", we must say "please pass me the pen" or "please pass me a pen" or "please pass me your pen".
Nouns in English can also be uncountable. Uncountable nouns can be concepts, such as 'life', 'happiness' and so on, or materials and substances, such as 'coffee', or 'wood'.
Grammar rule 2 Uncountable nouns don't use 'a' or 'an'. This is because you can't count them. For example, advice is an uncountable noun. You can't say "he gave me an advice", but you can say "he gave me some advice", or "he gave me a piece of advice".
Some nouns can be both countable and uncountable. For example, we say "coffee" meaning the product, but we say "a coffee" when asking for one cup of coffee.
Grammar rule 3 You can use 'the' to make general things specific. You can use 'the' with any type of noun – plural or singular, countable or uncountable.
"Please pass me a pen" – any pen."Please pass me the pen" – the one that we can both see.
"Children grow up quickly" – children in general."The children I know grow up quickly" – not all children, just the ones I know.
"Poetry can be beautiful"- poetry in general."The poetry of Hopkins is beautiful" – I'm only talking about the poetry Hopkins wrote.
(NO the) Information is (NO the) Power
(NO the) Unity is (NO the) Strength
(NO the) Time is (NO the) Money
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You imagine 3 similar sayings without articles, work with the person sitting next to you.
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FUTURE TENSES
DON’T FORGET THERE IS NO FUTURE AFTER when, after, before, unless, in case, as soon as, by the time, the next time,
Future “going to”
Future “will”
Simple “Present”
Present Progressive
Future continuous (will+be+ing)
Future perfect (will have + past participle)
action in the future that we see as a fact and a spontaneous decision action set by a timetable or schedule action already arranged for the future a future prediction with some evidence in the present and a future intention activity in progress in the future or to compare what we are doing now with
what we’ll be doing in the future. to look back from a point in the future to an earlier event
Name the tense and say why it is used
1. By the time we prepare our proposal, they’ll have found another supplier
2. The train leaves at 9 a.m.
3. Next year, I’ll have been working here for five years
4. The company will be 50 years old next year
5. We’re having a meeting at 3 p.m.
6. It’s going to be difficult to persuade the sales team to change their operation
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Future tenses : Explain the concepts in the following sentences :
(1) What time does your flight get in ? My flight arrives at 22:00
(2) I’m having an appraisal with my project manager tomorrow.
(3) She’s going to hand in her resignation next month.
(4) I have nothing planned for this afternoon. I know I’ll update my C.V.
(5) Shall we take a break?
(6) I’ll give you a 5% discount if you pay within 30 days.
(7) ‘I’ve got a problem with my laptop!’ ‘ Don’t worry I’ll lend you mine.’
(8) If you do that again, I’ll report you to the manager.
(9) Have you seen the balance sheet! We’re going to have some financial problems.
(10) Look at the clouds! It’s going to rain.
(11) If he continues being late the management will fire him.
(12) By the time she arrives you’ll have left.
(13) This time next week I’ll be travelling to Lisbon.
(14) This week I’ll be prospecting customers and updating the database.
(15) By the end of the term I will have improved my grammar.
(16) I will have changed jobs by the end of the year.
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Curriculum Vitae
Personal information
Sabine Marchand Address 13 avenue de la République, 75012 (France)
Telephones (+33)1.40.70.74.18 Mobile (+33)6.12.36.23.87E-mail [email protected]
Nationality French
Date of birth 26/5/1992
Objective Dynamic, open-minded and professional 1st year student looking for a 2 month internship in a marketing department
Education and training
2011-2012
Principal subjects covered
First year of a Masters in International Business. ESCE. (www.esce.fr)Leading Paris based business school specialised in Foreign Trade
Marketing, Economics, Accounting, Foreign relations, Foreign Trade, Law
Baccalaureate in science with honours (Equivalent to High School Diploma).Jules Ferry High School, Conflans Sainte Honorine (France) 2010
Work experience
July 2011
Main activities and responsibilities
Name and address of employer
Sales Assistant
Welcomed and advised customers, carried out stock controls, learnt in-house software, improved my interpersonal skills H&M, 1-3 rue Lafayette, 75009 Paris (France)
June 2011 Project Manager’s Assistant in the IT Department
Main activities and responsibilities
Name and address of employer
Developed my interpersonal and organizational skills, updated projects, familiarised myself with the Office pack, helped to organize meetings and training sessionsAllianz Global Investors, 22 rue le Peletier, 75009 Paris (France)
July 2010 Waitress
Main activities and responsibilities
Name and address of employer
Personal skills and competences
This experience enabled me to know how to work under pressure, to develop my interpersonal, language and organizational skillsDomaine de Presle, 2425 Route de Cholet, 49400 Distré (France)
Mother tongue French
Other languages English – Advanced level (CEFRL- B2)Spanish- Advanced level (B1)
Soft skills Developed communication skills when I worked as a sales assistant and waitress. Talent for organization proven during my training period at Allianz (organized meetings, training, updated power point presentations)
Computer skills and competences
Community Service
Internet and Office pack (Excel, Powerpoint, Word). Proficient
Voluntary help in clearing traces of oil spill and polluting waste from the beaches in Brittanny every year
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Additional information
Interests: Salsa, swimming, at competition level, the International press, movies and travel
Full driving licence
Referees : Danielle Roger- Personnel manager at Allianz. [email protected] Simon Belzanne- General manager at Domaine de Presle. [email protected]
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Politely does it ! ………………….Indirect questions
Could you tell me…..
Do you know …..
Do you happen to know …..
I wonder ……..
I haven’t a clue ……………
Have you any idea …………
Put the following direct questions into the indirect form:
(1) Has the meeting been put off?
(2) How long will the meeting last?
(3) Has J.P. handed in the report on time?
(4) Did Audrey send the agenda to all staff members yesterday?
(5) When will the C.F.O. be free?
(6) Has the service provider been contacted?
(7) Did Peter remember to invoice the clients last month?
(8) What’s the due date for the monthly time sheet?
(9) Has the steering committee contacted their counterparts in India?
(10) Has the conference call been put forward?
If/how/whether/when
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Exercise Put the following into reported speech
“I can’t live on my basic salary; I’ll have to work overtime!”
He said
“I must hurry. The boss is always furious if we are late”.
She said
“There’s been an accident and the road won’t be clear for a while.”
The policeman said
“”You must hurry if you don’t want to miss your train, because they always leave on time”.
She told me
“He could read when he was three”
She said____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
“I was waiting for the bus when I saw her”
My brother said______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
“We had never been there before”
They said__________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________
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THE CONDITIONALS
Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.
Conditional Sentence Type 1
→ It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future
Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.
Form
if + Simple Present, will-Future
Example: If I find her address, I will send her an invitation.
The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use a comma.
Example: I will send her an invitation if I find her address.
Example: If I don’t see him this afternoon, I will phone him in the evening.
Use
Conditional Sentences Type I refer to the future. An action in the future will only happen if a certain condition is fulfilled by that time. We don't know for sure whether the condition actually will be fulfilled or not, but the conditions seem rather realistic – so we think it is likely to happen.
Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.
I want to send an invitation to a friend. I just have to find her address. I am quite sure, however, that I will find it.
Example: If John has the money, he will buy a Ferrari.
I know John very well and I know that he earns a lot of money and that he loves Ferraris. So I think it is very likely that sooner or later he will have the money to buy a Ferrari.
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Conditional Sentence Type 2
→ It is possible, but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)
Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.
Form
if + Simple Past, main clause with Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)
Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.
The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use a comma.
Example: I would send her an invitation if I found her address.
Example: If I had a lot of money, I wouldn’t stay here.
Were instead of Was
In IF Clauses Type II, we can use ‚were‘ – even if the pronoun is I, he, she or it –.
Example: If I were you, I would not do this.
Use
Conditional Sentences Type II refer to situations in the present. An action could happen if the present situation were different. I don't really expect the situation to change, however. I just imagine “what would happen if …“
Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.
I would like to send an invitation to a friend. I have looked everywhere for her address, but I cannot find it. So now I think it is rather unlikely that I will eventually find her address.
Example: If John had the money, he would buy a Ferrari.
I know John very well and I know that he doesn't have much money, but he loves Ferraris. He would like to own a Ferrari (in his dreams). But I think it is very unlikely that he will have the money to buy one in the near future.
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Conditional Sentence Type 3
→ It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.
Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)
Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.
Form
if + Past Perfect, main clause with Conditional II
Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.
The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use a comma.
Example: I would have sent her an invitation if I had found her address.
Example: If I hadn’t studied, I wouldn’t have passed my exams.
Use
Conditional Sentences Type III refer to situations in the past. An action could have happened in the past if a certain condition had been fulfilled. Things were different then, however. We just imagine, what would have happened if the situation had been fulfilled.
Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.
Sometime in the past, I wanted to send an invitation to a friend. I didn't find her address, however. So in the end I didn't send her an invitation.
Example: If John had had the money, he would have bought a Ferrari.
I knew John very well and I know that he never had much money, but he loved Ferraris. He would have loved to own a Ferrari, but he never had the money to buy one.
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PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
The past perfect simple expresses an action taking place before a certain time in the past.
Form of Past Perfect SimpleAuxillary had + past
participle
Use of Past Perfect
action taking place before a certain time in the past(putting emphasis only on the fact, not the duration)
Example: Before I came here, I had spoken to Jack.
Signal Words
already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day, after, once, by, meanwhile
Past Perfect Progressive
The past perfect progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action taking place up to a certain time in the past.
Form : Had been + ing
A: He had been talking. N: He had not been talking. Q: Had he been talking?
Use
action taking place (continuity/duration) before a certain time in the past sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action
Signal words
for, since, the whole day, all day, before,
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Past perfect/past simple/past continuous
While I (look for) my keys, I suddenly
(remember) I I (leave) them at home.
After they (buy) the company, they (start)
to make people redundant.
I was sure that I (lock) the door to my office, but
it (be) open this morning.
I (go back) to the restaurant to look for my
umbrella, but (find) that someone (take)
it.
While I (have) breakfast, I (look)
at the financial papers, and (see)
that my original investment (grew)
by over 4%.
Invent 3 sentences with the person sitting next to you.
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PREPOSITIONSEven advanced learners of English find prepositions difficult, as a 1:1 translation is usually not possible. One preposition in your native language might have several translations depending on the situation. There are hardly any rules as to when to use which preposition. The only way to learn prepositions is looking them up in a dictionary, reading a lot in English and learning useful phrases off by heart
The following table contains rules for some of the most frequently used prepositions in English:
TimeEnglish Usage Example
on days of the week on Monday
in
months / seasons time of day year
after a certain period of time (when?)
in August / in winter in the morning in 2006
in an hour
at
for night for weekend
a certain point of time (when?)
at night at the weekend
at half past nine
since from a certain point of
time (past till now) since 1980
for over a certain period of
time (past till now) for 2 years
ago a certain time in the past 2 years ago befor
e earlier than a certain point
of time before 2004
to telling the time ten to six (5:50) past telling the time ten past six (6:10) to /
till / until marking the beginning and
end of a period of time from Monday to/till Friday
till / until
in the sense of how long something is going to last
He is on holiday until Friday.
by
in the sense of at the latest
up to a certain time
I will be back by 6 o’clock.
By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.
Place (Position and Direction)English Usage Example
in
room, building, street, town, country
book, paper etc. car, taxi
picture, world
in the kitchen, in London in the book in the car, in a taxi
in the picture, in the world
at meaning next to, by an at the door, at the station
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English Usage Exampleobject
for table for events
place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work)
at the table at a concert, at the party
at the cinema, at school, at work
on
attached for a place with a river being on a surface for a certain side (left,
right) for a floor in a house for public transport
for television, radio
the picture on the wall London lies on the
Thames. on the table on the left on the first floor on the bus, on a plane
on TV, on the radio by,
next to, beside
left or right of somebody or something
Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car.
under on the ground, lower than
(or covered by) something else
the bag is under the table
below lower than something else
but above ground the fish are below the
surface
over
covered by something else meaning more than getting to the other side
(also across)
overcoming an obstacle
put a jacket over your shirt over 16 years of age walk over the bridge
climb over the wall
above higher than something
else, but not directly over it a path above the lake
across
getting to the other side (also over)
getting to the other side
walk across the bridge
swim across the lake
through something with limits on
top, bottom and the sides drive through the tunnel
to
movement to person or building
movement to a place or country
for bed
go to the cinema go to London / Ireland
go to bed
into enter a room / a building go into the kitchen / the
house
towards movement in the direction
of something (but not directly to it)
go 5 steps towards the house
onto movement to the top of
something jump onto the table
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English Usage Example from in the sense of where from a flower from the garden
Other important PrepositionsEnglish Usage Example from who gave it a present from Jane
of who/what does it belong to
what does it show
a page of the book
the picture of a palace by who made it a book by Mark Twain
on
walking or riding on horseback
entering a public transport vehicle
on foot, on horseback
get on the bus
in entering a car / Taxi get in the car
off leaving a public transport
vehicle get off the train
out of leaving a car / Taxi get out of the taxi
by
rise or fall of something
travelling (other than walking or horseriding)
prices have risen by 10 percent
by car, by bus at for age she learned Russian at 45
about for topics, meaning what
about we were talking about you
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Thank you your interest in our products
We are interested purchasing 5,000 units
Do you give discounts an order of this size?
We will be happy to deal any further questions
Is it possible to buy credit?
We need these items the end of the month
We need to reach an agreement this matter
We have 20 items order you
In reference discounts, our terms are 5% orders £500
With regard your request a discount…
The goods will leave our warehouse 3 days
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Linking words
Linking words
Example of use
As long as provided (that) providing :
You can take my car as long as/provided (that)/ providing you don't damage it. (I will lend you my car on condition that you don't damage it.)
Although/even though :
Although/ even though he is rich, he lives in a small house. (In spite of the fact that he is rich, he lives in a small house.)
Even if :
He is poor and has no house, but even if he had a lot of money, he wouldn't buy a house. (He has no money and no house, but supposing he had money, he still wouldn't buy a house.)
In case :
Take an umbrella in case it rains. (There is a possibility that it will rain, so it's a good idea to take an umbrella.)
In spite of / despite :
In spite of/despite the rain, she walked to the station. In spite of/despite being blind, she walked to the station. ( = without being affected by the rain, or by being blind.)
So that :
She arrived early so that she could help her colleagues. (She arrived early for the purpose of helping her colleagues.)
Whereas : Tom is rich whereas Jack is poor. (Tom is rich. In contrast, Jack is poor.)
Whatever :
You can count on me whatever you decide to do. (No matter what you decide to do, you can count on me.)
Whenever :
I will lend you my car whenever you need it. (No matter when you need my car I will lend it to you.)
Wherever : My thoughts will be with you
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wherever you go. (No matter where you go my thoughts will be with you.)
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Match the English to the French
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1. Given that/seeing as
2. Whereas
3. Even if/although
4. However
5. Whatever
6. Eventually
7. On the other hand
8. At the same time
9. Anyway
10.Overall
11.Besides
12.Ultimately
13.Actually
14.Having said that
15.Consequently
16.Since
17.Despite/in spite of
18.Obviously
19.Apparently
20.Nevertheless
21.Along with
22.Furthermore
23.Meanwhile
Ceci étant dit
Étant donné que
Même si
De surcroit
Pendant ce temps
Il parait que
Tandis que
Cependant
Par conséquent
Quoi que
En tout cas
En outre
Puisque
Bien évidement
Ainsi que
Malgré
A la fin
Tout compte fait
D’autre part
Néanmoins
Finalement
En parallèle
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MODAL VERBS
All the auxiliary verbs except be, do and have are called modals. Unlike other auxiliary verbs modals only exist in their helping form; they cannot act alone as the main verb in a sentence.
The modal verbs are:-
CAN / COULD / MAY / MIGHT / MUST / SHALL / SHOULD / OUGHT TO / WILL / WOULD / HAVE TO/DON’T HAVE TO
Modal Example Uses
Can They can control their own budgets.
We can’t fix it.
Can I smoke here?
Can you help me?
Ability / Possibility
Inability / Impossibility
Asking for permission
Request
Could Could I borrow your dictionary?
Could you say it again more slowly?
We could try to fix it ourselves.
I think we could have another Gulf War.
He gave up his old job so he could work for us.
Asking for permission.
Request
Suggestion
Future possibility
Ability in the past
May May I have another cup of coffee?
China may become a major economic power.
Asking for permission
Future possibility
Might We'd better phone tomorrow, they might be eating their dinner now.
They might give us a 10% discount.
Present possibility
Future possibility
(less sure than may)
Must We must say good-bye now.
They mustn’t disrupt the work more than necessary.
Necessity / Obligation
Prohibition
Ought to We ought to employ a professional writer. Saying what’s right or correct
Shall (More
common in the UK than the
Shall I help you with your luggage?
Shall we say 2.30 then?
Shall I do that or will you?
Offer
Suggestion
Asking what to do
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US)
Should We should sort out this problem at once.
I think we should check everything again.
Profits should increase next year.
Saying what’s right or correct
Recommending action
Uncertain prediction
Will I can’t see any taxis so I’ll walk.
I'll do that for you if you like.
I’ll get back to you first thing on Monday.
Profits will increase next year.
Instant decisions
Offer
Promise
Certain prediction
Would Would you mind if I brought a colleague with me?
Would you pass the salt please?
Would you mind waiting a moment?
"Would three o`clock suit you?" - "That’d be fine."
Would you like to play golf this Friday?
"Would you prefer tea or coffee?" - "I’d like tea please."
Don’t have to/needn’t Absence of obligation.
You can come if you like, but you don’t have to
Asking for permission
Request
Request
Making arrangements
Invitation
Preferences
!Note The modal auxiliary verbs are always followed by the base form.
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Modals
Degrees of probability100% certainty will, be certain to
95%- 100% deduction must, can’t
80% expectation should, ought to, be likely to, shouldn’t,
ought not to, be unlikely to
30%- 70% uncertainty may, might, could, may not, might not
0% certainty won’t
Degrees of probability in the pastAssumption You will have seen the ad. It’s really eye-catching and you
can’t miss it!
Deduction She must have been on the phone as her line was engaged.
He can’t have got the job as he didn’t seem very pleased.
Expectation You should have received the goods. I sent them 10 days ago.
They ought to have contacted the sales manager before
drawing up the offer.
Uncertainty I might have made a mistake in the figures. I didn’t have
enough time to look over them.
Assumption You won’t have seen the new Michael Moore film as it
hasn’t been released yet.
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Match the sentence with the translation
She can write it Il se peut qu’elle l’écriveShe could write it Elle devra l’écrireShe was able to write it Il se pourrait qu’elle l’écriveShe could have written it Elle aurait dû l’écrireShe’ll be able to write it Ce n’était pas la peine qu’elle l’écriveShe must write it On ne lui a pas permis de l’écrireShe’ll have to write it Elle n’avait pas besoin de l’écrireShe had to write it Elle aurait pu l’écrireShe must have written it Si elle l’écrivaitShe should write it Il se pourrait qu’elle l’ait écritShe should have written it Elle devrait l’écrireShe would have written it Elle doit l’écrireShe may write it Elle a pu l’écrireShe might write it Il se peut qu’elle l’ait écritShe may have written it Elle a du l’écrire (hypothesis)She might have written it Elle a du l’écrire (obligation)She didn’t need to write it Elle peut l’écrireShe needn’t have written it Elle l’aurait écritShe wasn’t allowed to write it Elle pourra l’écrireShould she write it Elle pourrait l’écrire
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