Booklet 10 - Emergency Lighting Safety Lighting

licht.wissen 10Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting

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licht.wissen 10 Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting

Light and safety are closely linked. General lighting – lighting that is dependent on regularmains electricity – is widely understood by operators and users and documented accord-ingly in the relevant regulations and guidelines. In the case of mains-independent emer-gency lighting – lighting which is activated only after a fall or failure of mains voltage – thesame level of understanding cannot be expected.

Understanding emergency lighting is made more difficult by the multiplicity of standards, stipulations and guidelines relating to it. As a result of the harmonisation of national and in-ternational norms, significant standardisation has taken place here in recent years – espe-cially with regard to terminology. Emergency lighting is the umbrella term. It denotes lightingthat is activated when general lighting fails. Where emergency lighting is used to allow abuilding to be evacuated safely or to enable potentially hazardous work operations to besafely terminated (in the event of a mains power failure), it is referred to as safety lighting.That is the main topic of this booklet.

Under the German Occupational Health and Safety Act (ArbSchG), employers are requiredto conduct a hazard assessment of all work premises and workplaces. Where this revealsthat a power failure and the resulting failure of general lighting would present a hazard for employees, a safety lighting system needs to be installed. This booklet takes account of occupational health and safety requirements as stipulated in the new technical workplaceregulations (ASRs) and the relevant rules of the employers’ liability insurance associations. It also looks at the passages relating to safety lighting in building regulations and examinesthe contents of lighting and electrical standards.

The development of the LED has radically transformed the products used for safety lighting.The LED light source is going to pervade every area of emergency lighting.

In future, attention will need to be paid not only to this technological step change but also to barrier-free escape routes and dynamic guidance systems. Technical regulation is increa-singly international. Europe is (by necessity) growing together. The primary focus must always be human needs and the primary purpose of safety lighting must be to help enablehuman beings to evacuate areas safely in the event of a failure of artificial lighting.

Prof. Dr. Bruno Weis

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Editorial

[Titel + 01] No electricity, no light: powerfailures knock out lighting. In hospitals,schools and places of assembly, mains-independent emergency and safety lightingneeds to kick in immediately. It enablesbuildings to be evacuated safely, facilitatesorientation and reduces risk of accident.

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Emergencylighting for safetyPage 6

Light in a power cutPage 8

Safety lightingPage 10

Escape routesafety lighting Page 12

Safety lighting for work premisesPage 16

Anti-paniclighting Page 20

Standby lightingPage 21

Safety signsPage 22

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Escape sign luminaires

Page 24

Luminaires forsafety lighting

systemsPage 26

Safety lightingoperation

Page 30

Applicationexamples

Page 34

LED light source

Page 46

Standards andordinances

Page 48

Series of publications,

Imprint0

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Escape signs

A white stick man on a green background or a stylised

green man on a white background? There are two escape

signs currently in use. Which one is correct? Newly

installed emergency lighting systems should incorporate

the new sign (shown above), which complies with ASR

A1.3 and DIN 4844-2.

But the old escape sign (below) remains valid. licht.de

advises against mixing old and new signs in an existing

system.

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OLD

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[02 + 03] Every power failure presents haz-ards. Sudden darkness triggers fear: the rea-son for the blackout is unknown and peoplehave difficulty getting their bearings, espe-cially those who are not familiar with thebuilding. This is why it is mandatory for manybuildings to be equipped with mains-inde-pendent escape route signs and supplemen-tary safety lighting.

A power outage can paralyse whole re-gions: trams stop running, computers crashand lights are instantly extinguished. In re-cent years, two “extreme incidents” madeheadlines in Europe. In late November2005, masts carrying overhead power linesin the Münster area collapsed under theweight of snow and ice, causing a blackoutthat lasted more than four days. On 4 No-vember 2006, an event in the Emsland areagave rise to a power outage that left largeparts of Europe without electricity for hours:a high-tension cable was shut down toallow a cruise vessel to sail down the EmsRiver to the North Sea from the Meyer ship-yards at Papenburg.

Most power outages are more localised,however, and do not last for hours. Ger-many has the best record in Europe formaintaining a reliable power supply. Buteven it registers a rising number of outageincidents. On 8 March 2011, for instance,the Bundestag and a number of govern-ment buildings in Berlin had to managewithout electricity for nearly 12 hours; on 13July 2011, around 600,000 people in andaround Hanover suffered a cut that leftthem with no power for up to an hour and ahalf. Power failures occur for a wide varietyof reasons: violent storms, high winds,earthworks/excavation operations, fires andsystem overloads are just five of 27 possi-ble causes.

Safety lightingNo electricity means no lighting. This iswhen mains-independent emergency light-ing needs to kick in. In a building suddenlyplunged into darkness, panic can quicklyspread – especially if a large number ofpeople are present and some are not famil-iar with the surroundings. A blackout in anunknown place for an unknown reason trig-gers fear.

Escape sign luminaires identify routes out ofa building, supplementary safety lighting

along escape routes facilitates orientationand reduces risk of accident. Safety lightingis a must. Where safety lighting is requiredby law, responsibility for installing and main-taining it resides with the operator of theestablishment; ensuring that a new or mod-ernised installation complies with regula-tions is the responsibility of the designer.Failure to comply with the stipulations setout in standards may be judged hazardousbuilding practice, which is an offence pun-ishable under paragraph 319 of the GermanCriminal Code.

Different rulesDespite harmonisation efforts, the rulesabout where emergency lighting is requiredstill differ – in some cases from one part ofGermany to another but, in particular, be-tween Germany and other member statesof the European Union (EU). Retailers inGermany and Austria, for example, are onlyrequired to install emergency lighting insales premises over 2.000 m2. Blanket re-quirements are in place only in Belgium,Finland and Sweden.

Compared to other European countries,Germany has relatively few blanket require-ments for emergency lighting. Moreover,the thresholds above which emergencylighting is mandatory are relatively gener-ous.

What this means is that there are moreplaces where employee safety is not guar-anteed in the event of a power failure. Interms of emergency lighting standardsbased on building regulations, Germanylags behind most of the EU.

In some cases, obligations are imposed byoccupational health and safety regulations:employers need to decide whether a failureof general lighting exposes employees onthe premises to undue risk. If safety lightingis not installed, the employer is liable in theevent of loss or injury.

Emergency lighting for safety Lengthy power cuts – blackouts – are not rare. And in an increasingly networked world, the risk of their occurrencewill grow. When general lighting fails due to a power outage, emergency lighting kicks in. It guards against panicand accidents.

Emergency and safety lighting ensures thata minimum level of brightness is guaran-teed after a failure of the general lighting.But it also helps in other emergencies.Where a building needs to be evacuated,for example, it plays a key role in helpingpeople unfamiliar with the building to gettheir bearings and find their way to safeareas along escape routes.

Emergency and safety lighting is coveredby a variety of standards, stipulations and guidelines. Employers, facility opera-tors, lighting designers and installers needto know the relevant requirements. Theyalso need to be familiar with the terminol-ogy of this special area of supplementarylighting.

In international standards and European di-rectives, ‘emergency lighting’ is now usedas the umbrella term for mains-indepen-dent supplementary lighting. It is activated

whenever mains voltage fails or falls. Emer-gency lighting includes � safety lighting and� standby lighting.

The term ‘safety lighting’ is used to denotemains-independent supplementary lightinginstalled to ensure that a building can beevacuated safely or to enable potentiallydangerous work operations to be termi-nated. Under the German OccupationalHealth and Safety Act, employers need toconduct a hazard assessment of the work-places they offer. If this reveals that a gen-eral lighting failure is likely to present a haz-ard, safety lighting is required to beinstalled.

Standby lighting denotes mains-indepen-dent supplementary lighting that is installedwhere no hazard for employees is antici-pated. It provides light where there is noactual risk after a power failure but light is

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Light in a power cutWhen general artificial lighting fails after a power outage, the emergency lighting system takes over. Where there isa risk of accident after a power failure, safety lighting needs to be activated.


Emergency lighting

Safety lighting Standby lighting

Safety lighting where risk of accident is present in compliance with

ASR A3.4/3 occupational health and safetyregulations

Escape route safety lighting in compliance with ASR A2.3

occupational health and safety regulations

building regulations

Anti-panic lighting

Overview of emergency and safety lighting

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still needed to allow key operations to bemaintained.

Subdivisions of safety lighting Safety lighting, in turn, is divided into: � escape route safety lighting and signs, � safety lighting for particularly hazardous

work areas and� anti-panic lighting.

The requirements that safety lighting needsto meet are spread over various standards.DIN EN 1838 sets out the requirements forsafety lighting in emergency operation, i.e.in the event of a power failure. The currentversion of DIN 4844-1 deals with the light-ing requirements for safety signs duringnormal mains operation.

The electrical requirements for systemplanning, installation and operation arecontained in the draft standard DIN V VDEV 0108-100, published in August 2010 (for information [in German] about the cur-rent status of normative requirements, seewww.dke.de, search term „Sicherheits-beleuchtungsanlagen“). The safety andelectrical requirements that need to be metby luminaires for emergency lighting aredefined in DIN EN 60598-2-22, publishedOctober 2008.

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Key laws and ordinances

Occupational health and safety regulations

Occupational Health and Safety Act (ArbSchG)

Workplace Ordinance (ArbStättV)

Technical workplace regulations (ASR)

Statutory accident insurers’ rules and regulations (BGV, BGR)

National building regulations

Ordinance Governing Places of Assembly(MVStättV)

Ordinance Governing Sales Premises(MvkVO)

Ordinance Governing Accommodation Establishments (MBeVO)

Ordinance Governing High-rise Buildings(MHHR)

Ordinance Governing Garages (MGarVO)

Guideline for School Buildings (MSchulbauR)

Ordinance Governing Hospital Buildings

Model Guideline on Fire Protection Requirements for Conduction Systems

Ordinance Governing Electrical Operating Areas

Safety lighting ensures that work opera-tions with a high accident risk potential can be terminated safely and persons un-familiar with the premises are able to exitthe affected rooms and areas safely in theevent of a general power failure. Nationalbuilding regulations as well as occupationalhealth and safety rules need to be ob-served at the design and installationstages.

Safety lighting is divided into� escape route safety lighting, including

escape route signs,� safety lighting for particularly hazardous

workplaces and � anti-panic lighting.

Features of safety lighting� Luminaires for illuminating and identifying

an escape route need to be mounted at least 2 metres above floor level.

� All escape signs at emergency exits andat exits along escape routes are illumi-nated or back-lit.

� Where an emergency exit is not directlyvisible, one or more illuminated and/or

back-lit escape signs need to be posi-tioned along the escape route.

The standard DIN EN 1838 requires morethan just good general illumination for es-cape routes. It stipulates that supplemen-tary lighting should be provided for othersafety-relevant areas and potential hazardsites. So safety luminaires also need to bepositioned at the following points: � at exit doors that need to be used in an

emergency � near stairs, single steps or any other

change of level� at emergency exits and safety signs� at any point where there is a change of

direction� at any point where corridors or aisles

cross� near any First Aid post, fire-fighting facility

or alarm device� near final exits � outside the building up to a safe distance

from each exit.

DIN EN 1838 defines “near” as no morethan two metres away.

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Safety lightingSafety lighting must come on whenever there is a failure of general lighting that may prevent the safe evacuation of a building and thus present a risk of accident.


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[08] On escape routes up to 2 metres wide,the horizontal illuminance on the central axismust be at least 1 lx (measured at a height oftwo centimetres above floor level).

Among other things, luminaires for safetylighting need to be positioned …

[09] … at least two metres above floorlevel.

[10] … near (max. two metres from) stairsto ensure direct illumination of each tread.

[11] ... near (max. two metres from) anyFirst Aid post, fire-fighting facility or alarm de-vice.

[12] ... outside the building near (max. twometres from) every final exit.

2 m

1 Lux

2 m

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[14 + 15] Consistent luminaire design: gen-eral and safety lighting can also be incorpo-rated in a single unit. Appropriate lightingmanagement systems ensure that the gen-eral and safety lighting are separatelyswitched and dimmed.

[16] The ratio of highest to lowest illumi-nance along the central axis must not ex-ceed 40:1. This avoids light/dark contraststhat interfere with the visual task.

[17] In the case of horizontal escape routes, luminous intensity must not exceedcertain limits at any azimuth angles between60° and 90° to the vertical (see also the table on page 15).

[18] For all other escape routes and zones, the limits must not be exceeded at any angle.

To ensure that employees and visitors can reach safety as quickly as possible inan emergency, escape route lighting andsignage need to be standard-compliant.This calls for:

� escape sign luminaires or illuminated es-cape signs for marking the escape route

� luminaires for illuminating the escape route.

All employers are also required to positionescape and rescue plans where they areclearly visible to everyone: employees andvisitors must have an opportunity to memo-rise escape routes so that emergency stairsand emergency exits can always be found.Escape and rescue plans also serve as anorientation aid for emergency teams suchas the fire service.

Lighting requirementsAccording to DIN EN 1838, escape routesafety lighting is the part of a safety lightingsystem that enables emergency facilities to be clearly identified and safely usedwhere persons are present. Workplace reg-

ulation ASR A2.3 also stipulates that wheresafe evacuation of the workplace is notguaranteed in the event of a general lightingfailure, escape routes need to be fitted withsafety lighting.

Where the standards refer to an escaperoute, it is always a strip two metres wide.Wider routes need to be treated as morethan one two-metre strip or need to be fitted with anti panic lighting (see page 20).

The most important lighting requirementsset out in DIN EN 1838 and technical work-place regulations ASR A3.4/3 are: � The horizontal illuminance along the cen-

tral axis of an escape route needs to be at least one lux – measured at a point upto 20 centimetres (ASR), preferably nomore than two centimetres (DIN EN 1838)above floor level. On the left and right ofthe central axis, the illuminance is allowedto decrease to 50 percent at a distance of50 centimetres from the axis.

� Safety lighting must reach 100 % of itsrated output within 15 seconds of the

Escape route safety lighting Escape route safety lighting needs to ensure adequate conditions for visual orientation along escape routes and inadjoining areas of the building. Fire extinguishing and security equipment needs to be easy to locate and use.

1 Lux 40 Lux 40 Lux 40 Lux1 Lux 1 Lux 1 Lux

60°

60°

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general lighting failing. Because mostgenerating sets with combustion engineshave a 15-second switchover time, how-ever, battery-based systems are the onlysuitable power source.

� The minimum colour-rendering index forescape signs is Ra 40; this enablescoloured escape signs to be recognisedquickly and clearly.

Lighting uniformity The ratio of highest to lowest illuminancealong the central axis must still not exceed40:1 –not even in the worst-case scenario,e.g. between two luminaires at the end oftheir rated operating time. This is becauseexcessively bright/dark patches make ob-stacles and the escape route ahead harderto make out.

The time lag between the moment the gen-eral artificial lighting fails at the start of a

power outage and the moment the re-quired illuminance is reached should be asshort as possible. The operating time ofsafety lighting for work premises needs tobe guaranteed for at least an hour. Thetable on page 45 shows the times requiredon other premises.

Glare limitation – an often underestimated factor Excessively intense light can cause physio-logical (disability) glare. In escape routelighting, it presents a problem in that it pre-vents obstacles or escape signs beingrecognised. The risk is particularly acutewhere general diffuse lamps are used.

In the case of horizontal escape routes, lu-minous intensity must not exceed certainlimits at any azimuth angles between 60°and 90° to the vertical. For all other escaperoutes and zones, the limits must not be

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exceeded at any angle (see illustrations onpage 13).

Escape route signage is also important.The lighting requirements in the event of apower failure are set out in DIN EN 1838. Itshould also be noted that the escape signluminaires defined in DIN 4844 must beclearly identifiable even under general light-ing conditions and therefore need to beoperated at a higher luminance level.

For emergency operation, the luminance at any point on the green surface shouldbe � 2 cd/m2; for mains operation, the average luminance of the entire sign shouldbe � 200 cd/m2 (see also “Safety signs:quality is crucial” on page 22).

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[19] Escape route lighting and signageneed to be standard-compliant.

[20] The ground plan shows a typical es-cape and rescue plan in line with ASR A1.3.

Escape route safety lighting (DIN EN 1838)

Illuminance: Emin = 1 lx Emin = minimum horizontal illuminance at floor level

Uniformity: Emax : Emin � 40 : 1

Glare limitation:

h/m � 2.5 2.5 � h � 3 3 � h � 3.5 3.5 � h � 4 4 � h � 4.5 � 4.5Imax /cd 500 900 1,600 2,500 3,500 5,000

The values in this table must not be exceeded at any azimuth angle between 60° and 90° to the vertical.

Colour rendering: Ra � 40

Rated operating time for escape routes: 1 hour

Power-on delay: 50 % of required illuminance within 5 seconds100 % of required illuminance within 60 seconds

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Escape and rescue plan

Fire extinguisher

Fire hose

Fire alarm, manual

Fire alarm phone

Fire-fighting media and equipment

Direction indicator

Escape route/emergency exit

Emergency phone

Emergency shower

Eye wash station

Doctor

Stretcher

Assembly point

Location© licht.de

Occupational health and safety for em -ployees is governed by EU-wide regula-tions. In Germany, the relevant statute isthe Occupational Health and Safety Act(Arbeitsschutzgesetz – ArbSchG). Thisforms the basis for statutory instrumentssuch as the workplace ordinance Ar-beitsstättenverordnung (ArbStättV), whichsets out the basic health and safety stan-dards required. Its individual stipulationsare concretised in technical workplace regulations (ASRs).

The rules require employers to protect their employees from potential sources ofharm at the workplace. This includesguarding against general accident risks.For if lights go off as a result of a powerfailure, even a janitor may be exposed todanger if he cannot find the way out in thedark or if he falls and sustains injury on theescape route as a result of being unable tosee. Safeguards are provided here bysafety lighting.

Responsibility resides with employersWhether safety lighting is necessary or notneeds to be established by employers onthe basis of a hazard assessment (para-graph 5 ArbSchG). This and the measuressubsequently taken need to be docu-mented (paragraph 6 ArbSchG).

The key question is whether safe evacua-tion of the workplace is possible. And anaffirmative answer to that question can nor-mally be given only if sufficient light is avail-able even in the event of a power failure –i.e. in work premises with windows or sky-lights during the day. During winter, how-ever, it gets dark early, leaving insufficientlight for orientation even in the afternoon.So safety lighting is almost always neces-sary. It needs to deliver at least one lux illu-minance. In rooms that can be safely evac-uated by every employee, only exits needto be signed.

Employers must also ensure that employ-ees and visitors can safely evacuate thebuilding after a power failure. Where thereis a heightened risk of accidents – e.g. onstairs, because of obstacles that would be hard to make out in darkness or be-cause the escape route is complicated –escape route safety lighting needs to be installed.

At particularly hazardous workplaces, therisk of accident in a room suddenly plungedinto darkness is considerably higher. Wheresuch workplaces are present, safety lightingsystems need to deliver at least 15 lux illu-minance to enable work operations to beterminated safely. Where workplaces andescape routes could fill with smoke, an ad-ditional hazard is present in the event of afire. An optical safety guidance systemneeds to be installed in such areas, in addi-tion to safety lighting.

Secure against claimsAn employer that complies with the relevantASRs can show authorities – especially inthe event of loss or damage – that every re-quirement of the Workplace Ordinance hasbeen observed. If the measures taken differfrom those set out in the ASRs, the em-ployer faces the much more complex taskof proving that they were effective.

Particularly hazardous work areasThe risk of accident is particularly high in“particularly hazardous work areas” (ASRA3.4/3 paragraph 4.2) and at “particularlyhazardous workplaces” (DIN EN 1838).These include, for example: � Laboratories where risk is acute as a re-

sult of experiments. Acute risks may beexplosions or fire, the release ofpathogens or toxic, highly toxic or ra-dioactive substances in dangerous quan-tities.

� Workplaces that need to be kept dark fortechnical reasons.

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Safety lighting for work premises Employers are obliged to protect the health and safety of their employees. Among other things, this involvesconducting a hazard assessment at all workplaces. One question it needs to address is whether all employees cansafely evacuate their workplaces in the event of a lighting system failure.


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[21] Employers must ensure that employ-ees and visitors are able to leave the buildingsafely after a power failure. Safety lighting ismandatory for “particularly hazardous work-places”.

� Electrical operating areas and buildingsystems rooms that need to be accessedin the event of the failure of artificial light-ing.

� Areas with moving machinery that cancontinue running for a long time after apower failure. Examples include facinglathes, where additional accident risksarise if lights fail.

� Control points for systems that requireconstant monitoring, such as switchboardgalleries and control panels for power sta-tions, chemical and metallurgical plants aswell as workplaces with isolating or regu-lating equipment that needs to be oper-ated to interrupt or terminate productionprocesses safely during normal or dis-rupted plant operations.

� Workplaces near hot baths or casting pitsthat cannot be properly secured by guardrails or barriers for production reasons.

� Areas around work pits that cannot becovered for operational reasons.

� Construction sites.

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Particularly hazardous workplaces (DIN EN 1838)

Illuminance: Emin = 10 % of the maintained illuminance required for thetask � 15 lx

Uniformity: Emax : Emin � 10 : 1

Glare limitation:

h/m � 2.5 2.5 � h < 3 3 � h � 3.5 3.5 � h � 4 4 � h � 4.5 � 4.5Imax /cd 1,000 1,800 3,200 5,000 7,000 10,000

The values in this table must not be exceeded at any azimuth angle between 60° and 90°to the vertical.

Colour rendering: Ra � 40 Safety colours need to be clearly recognised.

Rated operating time for escape routes: as long as a hazard exists

Power-on delay: 0.5 seconds

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Lighting requirementsSafety lighting in “particularly hazardouswork areas” needs to meet higher require-ments. Illuminance needs to be at least 15 lux. Technical workplace regulation andDIN EN standard both focus on that. Apreferable level is 10 % of the illuminance ofthe normal general lighting – which is whatthe ASR recommends – because thebrighter the lighting, the more unlikely anaccident due to the prolonged darkness inthe wake of a power failure.

This is also the reason for the stipulationthat the illuminance required needs to bereached within 0.5 seconds. For many lightsources, however, this is possible only withsafety lighting in maintained operation.Lighting uniformity in these work areasshould be lower than 10:1.

The nominal operating time needs to be atleast as long as the hazard exposure after apower failure. This operating time is estab-lished when a hazard assessment is con-ducted.

Construction sitesConstruction sites are mentioned explicitlyin ASR A3.4/3 because of their particularlyhazardous nature as a workplace. The regulation states that safety lighting is ab-solutely essential where daylight fails to pro-vide a minimum of one lux illuminance forescape route lighting and site workers thuscannot evacuate their workplace safely.

So any construction site where work con-tinues into the evening or night must atleast have escape route safety lighting in-stalled. For basement levels, a higher light-ing level is required – e.g. a minimum of 15 lux illuminance, which ASR A3.4/3 alsorequires for tunnelling work.

Optical safety guidance systemsSafety lighting is usefully supplemented byoptical safety guidance systems, which facilitate escape if orientation in a room oralong escape routes is impaired by smoke.It is important to note that optical guidancesystems are not a substitute for standard-compliant safety lighting; they are installedin addition to it.

A distinction is made between:� photoluminescent guidance systems

(signs),� electrical guidance systems (connected to

a safety power source),� dynamic guidance systems – ‘smart’ sys-

tems incorporating direction indicatorsthat change according to the location ofthe hazard site.

Direction signs and other guidance systemsare mounted on the wall at a maximumheight of 40 centimetres above floor level.This type of marking makes it possible toidentify escape routes with direction indica-tors. In comparison to escape sign lumi-naires, optical safety guidance systemshave the disadvantage that they are not po-

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[22 + 23] Safety lighting at “particularly haz-ardous workplaces” is required to deliver atleast 15 lux illuminance. Where there is a riskof workplaces and escape routes filling withsmoke in the event of a fire, an optical safetyguidance system must additionally be in-stalled.

sitioned at eye level. An evacuee’s view ofthe low level markers is obscured by thebodies of persons ahead.

Where a risk of accidents exists, safetylighting is definitely necessary. Nothing elsemakes differences in level, stairs and obsta-cles on the escape route identifiable andthus guards against dangerous falls.

Photoluminescent signsIn comparison to illuminated escape signs,photoluminescent signs have one disadvan-tage: they need to be sufficiently and con-stantly illuminated before the emergencyoccurs. Despite this excitation light – which,incidentally, is not subject to any regulation– the time during which a photoluminescentsign is identifiable is limited. Its luminance –i.e. its brightness as perceived by thehuman eye - quickly diminishes. So the dis-tance from which it is recognised de-creases.

licht.de points out that, where a risk of acci-dent exists, optical safety guidance sys-tems may be used only to supplement sig-nage and safety lighting with escape signluminaires. Optical systems are mandatory– again as a supplementary measure –where the risk of smoke cannot be ruledout in the event of fire and escape routesare wider than 3.6 metres.

At sporting events, rock concerts or majoruniversity lectures – wherever people assem-ble in large numbers, panic can quickly ariseif the lights suddenly go out as a result of a power failure. People seeking to escape maybe injured or even killed in the ensuing crush.

Anti-panic lighting makes for a greatersense of security. Its purpose is to reducethe likelihood of panic and create the visualconditions needed to enable people toreach escape routes safely. In Germany,however, neither building nor workplaceregulations set out specific requirementsfor the application of anti-panic lighting.So, as a general rule, anti panic lighting inGermany is planned on the basis of one luxilluminance on the free floor area and arated operating time of three hours.

Anti-panic lighting needs to be installedwhere escape routes are not clearly defined

– in large halls, for example – or where theentire hall space may be used as an escaperoute. It is also required in conferencerooms with an area of more than 60 squaremetres and no signed escape routes aswell as in smaller enclosed spaces wherecrowding could give rise to panic. Suchspaces include, for example, lift cabins.

Lighting criteriaAnti-panic lighting should be directed straightdownwards and illuminate obstacles up totwo metres above the reference plane.

Furthermore, DIN EN 1838 stipulates that � because of persistence of vision, the ratio

of highest to lowest illuminance should beno greater than 40:1; this avoids exces-sive differences in brightness that interferewith the visual task;

� the colour rendering index of light sourcesshould be at least Ra 40 so that safety

signs and their colours can be clearlyidentified;

� 50 % of required illuminance must bereached within five seconds, 100 % within60 seconds;

� glare limitation requirements are the sameas for escape route safety lighting (seetable on page 15).

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Anti-panic lightingAnti-panic lighting is the third category of safety lighting alongside escape route safety lighting and safety lighting forparticularly hazardous workplaces. The light it provides is intended to reduce hysteria and panic in an emergency.

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Standby lighting is the second type ofemergency lighting alongside safety lighting(see diagram on page 8).

Safety lighting must always be installedwhere a risk of accidents exists. Standbylighting, on the other hand, may be installedonly if a hazard for employees and visitorscan be categorically ruled out. Under theGerman Occupational Health and SafetyAct, employers are required to conduct ahazard assessment of workplaces – andtake appropriate action depending on thefindings.

So standby lighting systems are not prima-rily designed to avoid accidents. They areinstalled for operational reasons, e.g. toavoid production downtime due to a failureof the general artificial lighting. In that event,mains-independent standby lighting guar-antees that light remains available.

If a standby lighting system is to performthe tasks of emergency lighting, it needs tomeet all the relevant requirements. Essentialactivities can then continue. However, if thelighting level is lower than the minimum illu-minance of the general lighting, the standbylighting may be used only to power down orterminate work processes.

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[24] Anti-panic lighting helps prevent anoutbreak of panic in the event of a power failure.

[25] Standby lighting helps avoid produc-tion downtime in the event of a failure of the general artificial lighting due to a poweroutage.

Standby lightingStandby lighting provides the light needed to keep essential work processesrunning during a power failure

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[26] Safety signs clearly indicate the direc-tion to take – provided the pictogram is cor-rectly dimensioned for the required viewingdistance.

Safety signs mark escape routes and iden-tify the location of fire protection equip-ment. According to ASR A1.3 and DIN4844-1, a safety sign is a sign that com-bines geometrical shape and colour with agraphical symbol to convey a particularhealth and safety message. Safety signsfor escape routes are referred to as es-cape signs. They are used to mark thecourse of escape routes and indicateemergency exits and First Aid stations. It isimportant to ensure that at least one es-cape sign is identifiable from every possi-ble observation point.

In 2007, a new escape sign was approv-ed by ASR A1.3 and DIN 4844-2. Intro-duced for safety reasons, it features a pic-togram in which the direction arrow isclearer and more instantly recognisable.Existing old signs based on BGV A8 need

not be replaced but should not be incor-porated in new installations. licht.de ad-vises against using the two signs together,at least within the same part of a build-ing.

Lighting parametersDIN EN 1838 and the current DIN 4844-1present different requirements for illumi-nated and back-lit safety signs in terms ofthe lighting parameters to be met for thedifferent operating conditions. For escapesign luminaires in emergency operation,DIN EN 1838 requires a much lowerbrightness for the sign as a whole thanDIN 4844-1. DIN 4844-1 deals with normaloperation and takes into account thatwhen the general lighting is on, escapesigns need to stand out against brightly litsurroundings, so they need to be brighterthan in emergency operation.

22

Safety signs: quality is crucialSafety signs for escape routes can be either illuminated escape signs, i.e. with an external light source, or back-litescape signs with an internal light source.

26


23

Luminance, uniformity of illumination andcontrast are key criteria for judging a goodescape route luminaire and thus the safetyit affords. The table on the right sum-marises the requirements of the two rele-vant standards.

Mounting height of escape signsBecause a back-lit sign is easier to recog-nise from a greater distance than a signthat is only illuminated, DIN EN 1838 andDIN 4844 stipulate that different distancefactors need to be applied to establish thestandard-compliant viewing distance (seeFig. 27).

To be equally recognisable from the samedistance, an illuminated sign needs to betwice as high as a back-lit sign. Back-litsigns are always the better choice becausethey are also recognisable for much longerand from a greater distance if smoke ispresent. Illuminated or backlit escape signsshould not be mounted more than 20 de-grees above horizontal sight lines (mea-sured at the maximum viewing distance).

The formula for calculating the height of back-lit signs is:

I = z x h (where z = 200)

e.g. height = 15 cm � viewing distance 30 m

The formula for calculating the height of illuminated signs is:

I = z x h (where z = 100)

e.g. height = 15 cm � viewing distance 15 m

Comparison of lighting requirements

DIN 4844-1 DIN EN 1838

Environment bright dark and dark

Mains/emergency power mains emergency

Maintained operation yes not specified

Green safety colour acc. to DIN 4844-1 acc. to ISO 3864-4

White contrast colour acc. to DIN 4844-1 acc. to ISO 3864-4

Uniformity of Lmin Lmin g � –––– 0.2 g � –––– 0.1green/white surfaces Lmax Lmax

Luminance contrast between Lwhite k = –––––– = 5:1 to 15:1green and white surfaces Lgreen

Average luminance of white contrast colour � 500 cd/m2 not specified

Luminance of greensafety colour not specified � 2 cd/m2

Calculated average luminanceof the sign as a whole � 200 cd/m2 � 5 cd/m2

Illuminance of the � 50 lxilluminated sign (preferably � 80 lx ) not specified

27

Formula for calculating sign height

Explanation of symbols: I = viewing distance h = height of pictogram z = distance factor© licht.de

24


28

29

30

31

33

34

35

32

25

[28] Escape sign luminaire in maintainedoperation

[29] … 10 minutes after a power failure;


[31] … 60 minutes after a power failure.The minimum luminance of the white con-trast colour is 10 cd/m2, as required by DINEN 1838.

[32] Standard photoluminescent sign ex-posed to a charging light source



[35] … 60 minutes after a power failure.The minimum luminance of the white con-trast colour is 0.012 cd/m2, as required byASR A3.4/3.

Escape sign luminaires are easily and cor-rectly identified. The green safety colour isclearly recognisable even in emergency operation, as required by ASR A3.4/3 andDIN EN 1838. Standard signs with photo-luminescent pigments, however, appeardark after a power failure: the green safetycolour is usually no longer recognisable asa colour and the white contrast colour gen-erally has a yellowish green appearance.

Efficiency Emergency powered luminaires operate re-gardless of the operational status of thegeneral lighting. Photoluminescent materi-als, on the other hand, need to be suffi-ciently and continuously charged ahead ofan emergency. Light sources with a pre-dominantly red spectral content (e.g. incan-descent lamps) and high-pressure sodiumvapour lamps are not suitable sources forcharging.

Luminance The luminance of an escape sign luminaireremains constant from the beginning to theend of the operating time, which is at leastone or three hours. The impression ofbrightness created by a photoluminescent

sign, however, diminishes within minutes.After 60 minutes of operation, the lumi-nance of an escape sign luminaire is up to athousand times greater than that of a pho-toluminescent sign.

Viewing distanceAs luminance decreases, so does visualacuity and identifiability. A 20 centimetrehigh illuminated escape sign luminaire isclearly identifiable from a distance of 20 metres; an escape sign luminaire of thesame height achieves the same degree ofidentifiability at twice that distance: it canbe easily recognised from a distance of 40 metres.

By contrast, the afterglow of a similarlysized photoluminescent sign weakens sofast that the viewing distance usually decreases to around five metres within 10 minutes; after 60 minutes, the content of the sign can generally be recognised only from immediately in front of the sign.The luminance of the white areas of thesign needs to be at least 0.012 cd/m² forcompliance with ASR A3.4/3. With an es-cape sign luminaire, the viewing distanceremains constant.

Escape sign luminairesEscape sign luminaires are easier to recognise than ordinary photoluminescent signs. There are several reasons forthis, one of which is that the green safety colour is clearly identifiable even in emergency operation.

Safety lighting is necessary

“Photoluminescent safety guidance systems do

not meet the requirements in terms of colour render-

ing or illuminance. They can only be used in con -

junction with a standard-compliant safety lighting

system, e.g. as floor markings, or as a supplemen-

tary safety measure in areas where safety lighting

is not required.”

Runner 68 in Opfermann, Streit, Pernack commen-

tary on the 2004 German Workplace Ordinance

(ArbStättV)

26

Luminaires for safety lighting systemsSafety lighting is safe only if the luminaires used are of the highest quality. Standard-compliant products and professional installation protect lives. This chapter provides information on luminaire types, classification and labelling.


The requirements that safety luminairesneed to meet in terms of design and oper-ational reliability are set out in DIN EN60598-1 “Luminaires – General require-ments and tests”, DIN EN 60598-2-22“Particular requirements – Luminaires foremergency lighting” and DIN EN 62034“Automatic test systems for battery pow-ered emergency escape lighting”.

CE marking The CE mark is not a test symbol but ismandatory for products marketed withinthe EU. In applying it, manufacturers andimporters confirm that their products meetthe “basic requirements” of various relevantEU directives. These include, for example,the Ecodesign and EMC directives. Manu-facturers and importers must furnish evi-dence of conformity to the relevant authori-ties on demand.

Field 1: Design The first field on the rating plate contains a letter of the alphabet indicating the de-sign of the unit.X = with built-in single batteryZ = for central power supply systems

Field 2: Operating mode The second field on the rating plate con-tains a numeral indicating the operatingmode of the unit.0 = emergency luminaire in non-main-

tained operation1 = emergency luminaire in maintained

operation2 = combined emergency luminaire in

non-maintained operation3 = combined emergency luminaire in

maintained operation4 = compound emergency luminaire in

non-maintained operation

Field 4 (for emergency luminaires with individual batteries)The fourth field applies only to emergency luminaires with individual batteries. It con-tains three positions and provides informa-tion about the maximum duration of emer-gency operation.* 10 = for a specified operating time of

10 minutes* 60 = for a specified operating time of

1 hour120 = ffor a specified operating time of

2 hour180 = for a specified operating time of

3 hour

5 = compound emergency luminaire in maintained operation

6 = satellite emergency luminaire

Field 3: Equipment The third field contains five positions identify-ing the equipment. If necessary, code lettersare added on installation. A = features test systemB = features remote control for idle timeC = offers possibility of remote deactivation D = luminaire for particularly hazardous

workplacesE = luminaire with non-replaceable lamp(s)

and/or battery

ENEC/VDE test mark The ENEC mark (ENEC = European NormElectrical Certification) shows that lumi-naires and built-in operating devices com-ply with current standards. The numberafter the mark identifies the test and certifi-cation institute responsible. In Germany,this is VDE (Verband der ElektrotechnikElektronik Informationstechnik e.V.), whichcombines its test mark with the ENECmark. VDE not only tests products but alsomonitors their production.

Safety luminaire labellingFor standard compliance, all safety lumi-naires need to be labelled in a particularway. A rectangular bar divided into three orfour sections provides coded informationon type (single battery or central supply),operating mode (e.g. 0 for safety luminairesin non-maintained operation), built-in equip-

Labelling of safety luminaires

X 1 AB*** *60

36

27

37

28


38

39

40

Variant A: dedicated LED safety luminaires

Variant B: general lighting luminaires as safety luminaires

spacing = 15.6 m

Emax = 5 lx

g2 = Emax/Emin = 5/1; Plamp = 2 x 3 W = 6 W; height of corridor: 3 m

Emin = 1 lx

spacing = 8 m

Emax = 101 lx


Emin = 19 lx

Variant C: “dual” luminaire with built-in emergency luminaire module

spacing = 13.1 m

Emax = 5 lx


Emin = 1 lx

Safety lighting with

[38] dedicated safety luminaires

[39] general lighting luminaires used assafety luminaires

[40] integrated safety luminaire modules –built into general lighting luminaires by the lu-minaire manufacturer (“dual luminaire”)

© licht.de

© licht.de

© licht.de

29

� efficient low energy consumption duringmains and emergency operation

� easy mounting and maintenance with correspondingly low costs

� end-of-life recyclability.

Safety luminaires and escape signs are frequently in operation 24/7. Here, long-life LED solutions are increasingly the option of choice. Provided that thermalmanagement is effective and high-qualityoperating devices are used, low-load LEDsystems achieve lifespans of 50,000 hoursand more. This means lower maintenancecosts and helps save energy. In addition,the compact dimensions of LEDs permit visually discreet escape sign luminaires of formally reduced design. To achieve optimal efficiency with LED luminaires, supplementary optics and reflectors maybe required so that the number of lumi-naires installed can be reduced – while stillensuring that normative requirements aremet.

Safety lighting variantsEscape routes require both escape signsfor identification and safety luminaires for il-lumination. The required illumination can berealised in two ways:� with dedicated safety luminaires with

beam spreads tailored for the task � with luminaires which are normally used

for general lighting – e.g. specular louverluminaires – and which act as safety lumi-naires in the event of a power failure.

Dedicated safety luminaires (variant A, seeFig. 38) perform best. They satisfy all qualitycriteria:� light is distributed in a wide-angled beam:� the required uniformity is achieved even

with luminaires at widely spaced mountingpoints;

� the power consumption of the lampsused – e.g. high-performance LEDs – islow.

ment (e.g. test system) and rated operatingtime in minutes. In the case of single-bat-tery luminaires, for example, this is 60 for aone-hour operating time (see also Fig. 36).

This manufacturer-independent label needsto be affixed to the luminaire at a clearly vis-ible point; in the case of recessed lumi-naires, labelling inside the luminaire is alsopermitted. Supply voltage and IP classmust also be indicated. The latter showshow well the luminaire’s electrics are pro-tected against touch, foreign particles (e.g.dust) and the ingress of water. The typeplate also indicates the IK rating – the im-pact resistance – of the housing and the lu-minous flux of the luminaire in emergencyoperation.

The example below shows the label of a sin-gle-battery luminaire in maintained operationwith test system, remote control for idle timeand a one-hour rated operating time.

Example of a central battery in non-main-tained/maintained operation:

Quality luminaires and LEDsAs well as qualifying for a safety test sym-bol, a quality luminaire for safety lightingneeds to meet the following criteria:� reliable performance in an emergency� tailored light distribution to ensure optimal

illumination of the escape sign or escaperoute

Because installing separate safety lumi-naires means additional installation costs,some operators favour dual-purpose lumi-naires that provide both general and safetylighting – Variant B (see Fig. 39). The disad-vantage is that these luminaires are not de-signed specifically for safety lighting, sotheir light distribution curves are not opti-mised for emergency operation. These lu-minaires also need to be more closelyspaced to achieve the required lighting uni-formity. Energy consumption – and there-fore the emergency power capacity re-quired – is also many times higher than inthe case of Variant A.

Another possible option – one which avoidsthe disadvantages of Variant B while stillpermitting safety lighting integrated neatlyinto the architecture – is Variant C (see Fig.40). Here, small dedicated LED-basedemergency luminaire modules are incorpo-rated in general lighting luminaires. With thisoption, care must be taken to ensure thatthe “dual” luminaires are made by a compe-tent manufacturer.

Caution with retrofittingIndependent retrofitting, even if it is carriedout by an electrician, always amounts to astructural modification of the original lumi-naire and thus invalidates the CE symboland ENEC test symbol of the luminaire.

Retrofitting or refurbishing general lightingluminaires for service as safety luminaires(Variant B) also counts as a modification thatinvalidates the product licence. This is thecase, for example, with the integration of � emergency EBs to reduce luminous flux

and energy consumption in emergencyoperation

� changeover modules for switching bet-ween mains and emergency power supply

� individual battery packs as an emergencypower source for the luminaire in theevent of a power failure.

[41] Escape sign and safety luminaires inoperation after a power failure

[42] Central battery system

[43] Central battery system for safety light-ing

Standby energy is obtained from a “powersource for safety services”. Its purpose is tosupply parts of an electrical safety system,including e.g. safety lighting. Suitablesources for standby energy are battery sys-tems, generating sets or two separate andindependent mains feeds. If only one powersource for safety services is available, itmust not be used for other purposes (ASRA3.4/3 para. 6.6).

Engineers make a distinction between a“power source for safety services” and a“standby power source”. The latter termalso denotes a back-up source for supply-ing an electrical system in the event of apower failure; in this case, however, thepower supply is not maintained for safetypurposes.

Power source for safety services Battery-powered central supply systemsneed to comply with DIN EN 50171, single-battery luminaires with DIN EN 60598-2-22and generating sets with DIN 6280-13 andDIN 6280-14. Where separate and inde-pendent mains feeds are used, evidenceneeds to be furnished that the two power

sources cannot fail simultaneously. This re-quires confirmation by the network operator.

Luminaires for safety lighting can be oper-ated in three modes:

� Non-maintained operation – The safetyluminaires are activated only in the eventof a power failure. This mode may beused for escape route lighting in all typesof building.

� Maintained operation – The safety lumi-naires are permanently activated. Withfew exceptions, maintained operation isthe only option allowed for escape signluminaires.

� Switched maintained operation – Thesafety luminaires are activated and deacti-vated with the general lighting luminaires.

The switch-over from normal operation tothe power source for safety lighting mustoccur if the line voltage falls 40 % below thenominal rated voltage for more than 0.5seconds. When mains power returns, theluminaires in non-maintained operationmust be automatically deactivated. At thesame time, it needs to be ensured that the

30

Safety lighting operationWherever people are present in large numbers, safety lighting is a must. Its moment comes when mains voltagefails. In that event, safety lighting needs to be activated immediately by a back-up power source.


Central power supply system with non-limited output (CPS)

Central power supply system with limited output(LPS)

Single battery

Battery power supply

Any battery voltage, preferably 216 Vlead: 2.0 V / celllife: min. 10 years

Any battery voltage, preferably 24 or 48 Vlead: 2.0 V / celllife: min. 5 years / recommended: 10 yearsmax. 1,500 W for 1 hourmax. 500 W for 3 hours

Li-Ion: 3.6 V / cellNiMh: 1.2 V / cellNiCd: 12 V / celllife: 4 years

31

42 43

41

© licht.de

32


a.c. line

sub-circuit distributioncharger and control unit

batteryroom

escape sign luminaire

general lighting luminaire

safety luminaire

46 47

Conventional installation

45

All switching modes in a single circuit

Example of a safety lighting system with central battery

© licht.de

© licht.de

© licht.de © licht.de

Maintained light 1Non-maintained lightNon-maintained light 2Maintained light 2Switched maintained light 1Switched maintained light 2

� Each type of switching mode re-quires two circuits

� Only one type of switching modeis possible per circuit

� Modifications later involve a con-siderable amount of installationwork and expense

All switching modesAll switching modes

� Only two outgoing circuits for alltypes of switching mode

� Maintained light, non-maintained lightand switched maintained light arepossible in one common circuit

� A change of switching mode later iseasily possible.

DS

DS DLSDLS

BS

BS

DS

DS DLSDLS

BS

BS

44

For central battery systems, various statusdisplays are required to provide informationon battery voltage, charging current, loadcurrent, power source and malfunctions.

Special featuresA central remote control facility preventsbatteries for single-battery luminaires andcentral supply systems being drained whenidle. Safety lighting management and BUSsystems need to operate independently ofmanagement and BUS systems for thegeneral lighting.

Inspection of installations The law requires that all safety systems must be inspected and maintained at regular intervals. And safety lighting is no exceptionbecause, depending on the premises con-cerned – e.g. a non-daylit stairwell – eventhe failure of a single safety or escape sign luminaire presents a serious risk of accident.

The safety lighting inspection regime mustinclude the following: � daily visual examination of the central

power supply unit;� in the case of a battery-based system, at

least weekly inspection of the safety light-ing with the power source for safety serv-ices connected. A function check needsto be carried out on every luminaire;

� monthly power failure simulation to checkthe changeover to the power source forsafety services. During the simulation, afunction check needs to be carried out onevery luminaire. Generating sets addition-ally need to be inspected in accordancewith DIN 6280-13;

� annual check on the power source forsafety services over the entire rated oper-ating time with all connected consumersactivated. Generating sets additionallyneed to be inspected in accordance withDIN 6280-13 and batteries in accordancewith DIN EN 50272-2;

� logs of the regular inspections need to bekept to permit retroactive monitoring overat least four years.

Where an automated test system accordingto DIN EN 62034 is used, it is enough formanual checks to be conducted on an an-nual basis. It thus makes sense to incorpo-rate the results of the automated weeklyand monthly checks in a detailed cen-tralised visualisation.

Central monitoring systemsDepending on manufacturer, the signalsfrom individual monitored luminaires aretransmitted via a special BUS line or di-rectly via the power supply line.

Where the power supply line provides thelink, special electronic ballasts (EBs) trans-mit a noise-free pulse straight to a centralmonitoring unit integrated in the powersource for safety services. Where standardEBs are used, this task can be performedby a separate monitoring module in the luminaire.

The central monitoring system thus en-ables the functional status of luminaires, including a description of their location,cable routes, subdistribution boards andbattery systems to be presented in a visualdisplay. Depending on the design of themonitoring system, that display can includea plan of the building with a graphic repre-sentation of each individual luminaire. Astandard-compliant electronic log of theautomatic verifications carried out is main-tained at this central location. Even remotemonitoring via intranet or Internet presentsno problems.

In larger buildings, central monitoring“down to the last luminaire” is recom-mended for reasons of economy. Membercompanies of the German Electrical andElectronic Manufacturers’ Association(ZVEI) offer systems which can be adaptedon a project by project basis to suit thenumber and type of luminaires deployed aswell as the power source for safety serv-ices used.

33

[47] Screenshot of an automated inspec-tion and test system

general lighting switches automatically tothe required brightness. Otherwise, thesafety lighting should be automatically de-activated only after an appropriate resetdelay or, in rooms that are darkened for op-erational reasons (e.g. in cinemas), shouldbe deactivated manually by a reset button.

BatteriesIn line with the German Battery Act (BattG -Act Concerning the Placing on the Market,Collection and Environmentally CompaibleWaste Management of Batteries and Accu-mulators), spent disposable and recharge-able batteries need to be treated as recy-clable waste subject to special supervision.These batteries, displaying both the recy-cling symbol and the crossed-out wastebin, must not be disposed of as residualwaste. They need to be separately col-lected, e.g. under the Joint CollectionScheme (Gemeinsame Rücknahmesystemfür Geräte-Altbatterien [GRS]) or under pro-ducer-specific collection schemes. Spentbatteries are thus recycled and possiblepollutants are recovered and made re avail-able for manufacturing operations.

Deep discharge protection prevents a bat-tery being completely drained and thusdamaged through use. When the minimumpermissible voltage is reached, the con-sumer is automatically disconnected

Power failure simulation A power failure simulation test button or aconnection to a remote test system needsto be located on every single-battery lumi-naire or on the central power source forsafety services. Manually operated test but-tons must automatically return to their origi-nal position.

Status displaysStatus displays and monitoring devices de-pend on the type of emergency lightingsystem installed. With single-battery lumi-naires, an indicator light shows when theyare being charged.

[48 + 49] Escape route marking and safetylighting in places of assembly reduce the riskof accidents in the wake of a general lightingfailure.

Ordinances, guidelines and regulations setout only minimum requirements. Expertsall agree, however, that safety lightingshould be installed wherever there is a riskof accidents.

In Germany, safety lighting is governed bythe building regulations of the federalstates. They stipulate where safety lightingneeds to be installed. In certain cases, ad-ditional requirements may need to be metto secure planning permission or other official approvals and expertises may needto be obtained, e.g. on fire protection orpanic risk.

The application examples on the followingpages present solutions based on modelordinances and guidelines whose contentsmay differ from the federal state ordinancesand guidelines in force. They are also basedon the standard DIN EN 1838, which ap-plies right across Europe, as well as the

draft standard E DIN V VDE V 0108-100,which it is advisable to observe.

Places of assembly The Model Ordinance Governing Places ofAssembly (MVStättV) adopted in June 2005defines places of assembly as facilities orparts of facilities built to accommodate largenumbers of people simultaneously attendingevents – especially educational, commercial,social, cultural, artistic, political, sports orentertainment events – as well as cateringestablishments. Sports facilities (see page40) and restaurants (page 37) are dealt withseparately in this booklet because they eachpresent additional requirements.

A place of assembly may also consist of a number of assembly rooms if they areconnected within a building by doors orshared escape routes. Areas that are notaccessible to visitors are not included in the calculation.

34

Application examplesAll ordinances, guidelines and regulations require safety lighting if there is a foreseeable risk of accident in the eventof a general lighting failure.


48

The MVStättV covers � assembly rooms which singly or jointly ac-

commodate at least 200 persons, e.g. as-sembly halls, foyers, lecture theatres, cin-emas and studios but not schoolclassrooms;

� places of assembly for at least 1,000 per-sons with open performance areas (areasless than 20 m2 are not classed as per-formance areas);

� sports stadiums accommodating morethan 5,000 spectators with stands for visi-tors and with non-roofed sports areas.

The MVStättV does not cover rooms re-served for religious services, museum exhi-bition rooms or temporary buildings.

Visitor numbers are calculated on the basisof established formulas: � for seating at tables: one visitor per m2 of

assembly room floor area� for seating in rows and for standing

space: two visitors per m2 of assemblyroom floor area

� for standing space on terraces: two visi-tors per metre of terrace length

� for exhibition rooms: one visitor per m2 ofassembly room floor area.

Safety lightingSafety lighting needs to be provided � in necessary stairwells, in rooms between

necessary stairwells and external exitsand in necessary corridors;

� in assembly rooms as well as in all otherrooms for visitors (e.g. foyer, cloakroom,toilets);

� for stages and performance areas;� in rooms for participants and employees

with a floor area of more than 20 m2, ex-cluding offices;

� in electrical operating areas, in rooms forbuilding service installations as well as inlighting and projector rooms;

� in outdoor places of assembly and sportsstadiums used at night;

� for safety signs marking exits and escaperoutes;

� for step lighting, but not in the case ofcorridors in assembly rooms with change-able seating configurations or in the caseof sports stadiums with safety lighting.

In assembly rooms that are darkened foroperational purposes, on stages and in per-

35

49

[50] Standard-compliant safety lighting ismandatory for trade fair halls.

formance areas, safety lighting needs to beavailable in non-maintained operation.

What DIN VDE 0108 sets out as a manda-tory requirement is still recommended: nonmaintained safety lighting must not auto-matically switch off when mains power re-turns. Systems installed in rooms that aredarkened for operational purposes are re-quired to have manual resets on the safety

lighting control panel and at another pointin the control room.

The safety lighting must not be deactivateduntil sufficient general lighting has been re-stored. Exits, corridors and steps in an as-sembly room must be identifiable evenwhen the room is darkened, regardless ofwhether other safety lighting is activated ornot.

36


50

Restaurants The Model Ordinance Governing Places ofAsssembly (MVStättV) adopted in June2005 also covers catering establishments,so bars or restaurants accommodatingmore than 200 guests need to meet thesame safety lighting requirements as otherplaces of assembly (see page 34).

The number of guests that can be accom-modated is calculated on the basis of thefollowing formulas: � for establishments with seating: one visi-

tor per m2 of public room floor area (ex-cluding counter area); i.e. from 200 m2

floor area upwards.

� for establishments with standing space,e.g. discotheques: two visitors per m2 offloor area, i.e. from 100 m2 floor area up-wards.

Safety lightingSafety lighting needs to be provided � in necessary stairwells, in rooms between

necessary stairwells and external exitsand in necessary corridors;

� in public rooms as well as in all otherrooms for visitors, e.g. foyer, cloakroomand toilets;

� in rooms for operators and staff with afloor area of more than 20 m2, excludingoffices;

� in electrical operating areas and in roomsfor building service installations;

� in outdoor restaurants that are used atnight;

� for safety signs marking exits and escaperoutes;

� for step lighting, but not in the case ofcorridors in public rooms with changeableseating configurations.

37

[51] Restaurants are places of assembly; assuch, they are also covered by the MVStättV.

51

[52] Safety lighting is essential for salespremises with an area of more than 2,000

Sales premisesSales premises – often referred to as storesin earlier standards – are defined in theModel Ordinance Governing Sales Prem-ises (MVkVO) adopted in September 1995as buildings or parts of buildings which� are used wholly or partially for the sale of

merchandise,� have at least one salesroom and� are not trade fair buildings.

The MVkVO covers all sales premises – both retail and wholesale and from departmentstores to supermarkets, to shopping centres– which incorporate salesrooms and shop-ping streets, including their built structures,with a total area of more than 2,000 m2.Shopping streets are defined as enclosed or covered areas that are flanked by salesrooms and act as circulating areas for shoppers.

Safety lightingSafety lighting needs to be provided� in salesrooms; � in stairwells, stairwell extensions and

shopping streets as well as in corridorsneeded for shoppers;

� in work and break rooms for staff; � in toilet facilities with a floor area of more

than 50 m2 – in Bavaria and Brandenburgin toilet facilities of any size;

� in electrical operating areas and in roomsfor building service installations;

� for signs indicating exits and for steplighting.

Health and safety rule BGR 216 of July2001 contains different stipulations, requir-ing safety lighting for work rooms andsalesrooms with an area of more than 500 m2 and a high ratio of visitors to staff.

38


52

Accommodation establishmentsThe Model Ordinance Governing Accom-modation Establishments (MBeVO) adoptedin December 2000 defines accommodationestablishments as all buildings with morethan 12 beds for guests. The MBeVO doesnot apply to accommodation establish-ments in high-rise buildings (see page 43).

Safety lightingSafety lighting needs to be provided� in necessary corridors and necessary

stairwells;� in rooms between necessary stairwells

and external exits;� for safety signs indicating exits;� for steps in necessary corridors.

Draft standard DIN V VDE V 0108-100 re-quires that where the rated operating time

of the power source for safety services isonly three hours, switched maintained oper-ation should be provided in conjunctionwith illuminated pushbutton switches andtimed lighting. The safety lighting must au-tomatically switch off after the pre-definedtime has elapsed.

If this is not the case, the capacity of thepower source for safety services needs tobe designed for eight hours operation.

39

[53] Accommodation establishments:safety lighting is required for all buildings withmore than 12 beds for guests.

53

[54] Swimming pools in Germany need tooperate in compliance with the Pool Con-struction Guideline (Richtlinie für den Bäder-bau) as well as BGR/GUV-R 108.

[55 + 56] Safety lighting for sports facilitiesfalls within the scope of the Ordinance Gov-erning Places of Assembly as well as DIN EN12193.

Sports facilitiesSports facilities fall within the scope of the Model Ordinance Governing Places ofAssembly (MVStättV) adopted in June2005. Sports stadiums are places of as-sembly with stands for visitors and noncovered areas for sporting activities. TheMVStättV applies to sports stadiums designed to accommodate more than5,000 visitors.

Because the distinction between ‘sport’and ‘performance’ is becoming increasinglyblurred, the requirements may also apply tooutdoor sports facilities if they� are designed to accommodate more than

1,000 visitors,� feature performance areas and� have a visitor area consisting entirely or

partly of built structures.

Visitor areas bounded by barriers consist“entirely or partly of built structures” andthus fulfil this criterion.

Safety lightingApart from the requirements of theMVStättV, sports facilities are also governed

40


by DIN EN 12193. This standard requiressafety lighting for participants in sportingevents.

The safety of participants is assured if anevent can be brought to an orderly conclu-sion. Ending it without lighting entails con-siderable risk of accident. The safety light-ing required thus needs to respond“instantly”.

The level of safety lighting required dependson the type of sport in question; it is ex-pressed as a percentage of the lighting levelnormally required for the sport:� swimming – 5 % for at least 30 seconds� gymnastics, indoor facility – 5 % for at

least 30 seconds� equestrian sports, indoor and outdoor fa-

cility – 5 % for at least 120 seconds� speed skating – 5 % for at least 30 sec-

onds� bobsleigh and luge – 10 % for at least

120 seconds� ski-jumping, take-off and landing zone –

10 % for at least 30 seconds� downhill skiing – 10 % for at least 30 sec-

onds

54

� cycling (track racing) – 10 % for at least60 seconds.

Swimming poolsFor swimming pools with a depth of 1.35 mor more, the Pool Construction Guideline(2002) requires safety lighting to provide 15lux illuminance at the water surface.

The latest version of health and safety ruleBGR/GUV-R 108 “Operation of Pools”, ap-proved in June 2011, requires safety light-ing that delivers 1 % of the illuminance ofthe general lighting – but no less than 1 lux– where there is a potential risk of accidentin the event of a failure of the general light-ing. It applies, for example, in indoor pools,at pool edges, in shower and changingrooms, in plant rooms, along escape routesof course, on spectator stands and in out-door pool plant rooms if safe evacuation ofthe plant room is not guaranteed in theevent of a failure of the general lighting.

41

56

55

42


57

Tall and high-rise buildingsAccording to paragraph 35 (7) of the ModelBuilding Regulations (MBO) adopted in Oc-tober 2008, buildings more than 13 metreshigh (tall buildings) also require safety light-ing in necessary stairwells, necessary corri-dors and elevator lounges. In the past,these requirements applied only to high-risebuildings, which the MBO defines as build-ings over 22 metres high.

In both cases, height is measured fromground level to the finished floor level of thehighest storey suitable for accommodation.

Safety lightingIn a high-rise residential building, draft stan-dard DIN V VDE V 0108-100 requires thatwhere the rated operating time of thepower source for safety services is onlythree hours, switched maintained operationshould be provided together with illumi-nated pushbutton switches and timed light-ing. The safety lighting must automaticallyswitch off after the pre-set time haselapsed. Otherwise, the capacity of thepower source for safety services needs tobe designed for eight hours operation.

Aside from these stipulations, various fed-eral states in Germany have regulations set-

ting out special or more stringent require-ments for high-rise buildings.

The Model Guideline for High-Rise Build-ings (April 2008) also requires safety lighting– in addition to escape routes and safetysigns – for elevator lounges.

Enclosed parking facilitiesThe Model Ordinance Governing ParkingFacilities (MGarVO) adopted in May 2008requires safety lighting for all indoor parkingfacilities with a net area of more than 1,000m2 except for single-storey parking facilitieswith regular users. The net area of a park-ing facility is the sum of all interconnectingparking spaces plus circulation areas.

Escape routes generally include:� driving lanes� pathways alongside vehicle entrances

and exits� staircases and routes leading to pedes-

trian exits.

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[57] Tall buildings (over 13 metres high) andhigh-rise buildings (over 22 metres high)require safety lighting regardless of whetherthey are designed for office or residential oc-cupancy.

[58 + 59] Safe parking: safety lighting is required for enclosed parking facilities (1,000 m2 net area).

58 59

SchoolsThe Model Guideline for School Buildings(MSchulbauR) adopted in April 2009 appliesto general and vocational schools, providedthey are not used exclusively for adult edu-cation. However, the guideline does notcover universities, higher technical colleges,academies, adult education centres, music,dance or driving schools or educational es-tablishments of a comparable nature.

Safety lighting is required in halls throughwhich escape routes run, in necessary cor-ridors, necessary stairwells and windowlesscommon rooms.

HospitalsDIN VDE 0100-710 requires safety lightingfor various areas in hospitals and clinics,doctors’ and dental surgeries and medicalsupply centres. In addition, draft standard EDIN VDE 0100-710 of June 2004 requiressafety lighting in sanatoria and convalescenthospitals, retirement and nursing homes,medical centres, polyclinics, outpatient cen-tres and outpatient facilities (occupationalhealth, sports and other physicians).

Safety lighting is necessary for� escape routes,� escape signs,� rooms with switchgear assemblies > 1kV,� rooms with switch and control gear, safety

power source, main distribution boards forgeneral and safety power supply,

� rooms where vital services are maintained,� Group 1 and 2 rooms: for some of the

luminaires, at least two different powersources for two circuits need to be avail-able, one of the circuits being connectedto the safety power supply. Group 1rooms include examination and treatmentrooms, Group 2 rooms operating theatresand intensive care units.

� fire alarm and monitoring equipmentpoints (acc. E DIN VDE 0100-710).

Apart from these stipulations, some fed-eral states in Germany, e.g. North Rhine-Westphalia and Brandenburg, have ordi-nances setting out additional requirementsfor hospital buildings.

44

61


60

45

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Places of assembly (excluding temporary buildings), 2) 1 3 • • • • • • – –theatres, cinemas

Temporary buildings used used as places of assembly

2) 1 3 • • • • • • – –

Exhibition halls 2) 1 3 • • • • • • – –

Sales premises 2) 1 3 • • • • • • – –

Restaurants 2) 1 3 • • • • • • – –

Accommodation establishments, residential homes

2) 15 1) 8 5) • • • • • • • –

Schools 2) 15 1) 3 • • • • • • • –

Indoor car-parks, underground parking facilities

2) 15 1 • • • • • • • –

Airports, railway stations 2) 1 3 6) • • • • • • – –

High-rise buildings 2) 15 1) 3 4) • • • • • • • –

Escape routes on work premises 2) 15 1 • 7) • • • • • • •

Particularly hazardous workplaces

2) 0,5 3) • • • • • • – •

Stages 3 1 3 • • • • • • – –

1) From 1 s to 15 s, depending on panic risk 2) Safety lighting illuminance acc. DIN EN 1838 3) Duration of risk for persons present4) 8 hrs for high-rise residential buildings if not operated acc. 4.4.8 5) 3 hrs sufficient if operated acc. 4.4.8 6) 1 hr also permissible for overground areas of stations, depending on evacuation

concept. 7) Not required for escape routes on work premises • = permissible – = not permissible

Note: Operation acc. 4.4.8 DIN V VDE V 0108-100 – In high-rise buildings as well asin accommodation establishments and residential homes, safety lighting in maintainedoperation is required to be operated with the general lighting if the rated operating timeof the power source for safety services acc. to Table A.1 is only 3 hrs. Illuminatedpushbutton switches must be installed for local switching and positioned so that atleast one switch is identifiable from any point in the event of a general lighting failure.The safety lighting must switch off automatically after a pre-set time when it is suppliedby the power source for safety services.

Requirements to be met by electrical installations for safety lighting

according to DIN V VDE V 0108-100

Power supply system

Disposal of spent lamps

The German Electrical and Electronic Equipment Act

(ElektroG) requires that spent fluorescent and gas

discharge lamps should be recycled. The non-profit

company Lightcycle Retourlogistik Service GmbH was

established for this purpose by the German lamp

industry.

Spent lamps can be handed in at municipal recycling

centres and voluntary collection points free of charge.

Major industrial consumers can also arrange for lamps

to be collected from their premises.

More information is available at www.lightcycle.de.

46

How LEDs work

LEDs are tiny electronic chips of semiconductor crys-

tals. Light emitting diodes consist of a negative (n type)

base semiconductor with a surplus of electrons. This is

“doped” with a thin layer of p type semiconductor

material that has a deficit of electrons, called “holes”.

When current is applied, the surplus electrons and

“holes” migrate towards one another and recombine in

what is known as the pn junction or depletion layer.

The energy released is converted into radiation, i.e.

light.

To protect the semiconductor crystals from environ-

mental influences, they are encased in a plastic

housing that simultaneously improves light output.

Reflectors ensure that the light radiates into the upper

part of the housing at angles up to 180°. It is then

directed by lenses.

To produce white light, a very thin layer of phosphor

material is applied to a blue LED chip. Quality LEDs

offer uniform white tones and good colour rendering.

62


63

epoxy lens

cathode

wire bond

LED-chip

© licht.de

The first rule of safety lighting is that lightneeds to be made available immediately inthe event of a power failure so that the haz-ard zone can be evacuated safely. Thisdoes not call for high illuminance; a few luxsuffice.

LEDs are an ideal light source for safety light-ing and have swiftly conquered the market.They are robust, they have a high switchingresistance and they are efficient – especiallyat low wattages and luminous flux ratings.Most quality LED systems today have im-pressive lifespans up to 50,000 hours; someachieve even longer periods of service. Thissaves maintenance costs for the operator.

For safety lighting, special complete systems comprising LED module and luminaire arerecommended. Their modules and operat-ing devices are specifically designed for op-eration on a standby power source. Retrofitlamps, which are frequently used in generallighting, are less suitable for safety lighting.

LED lifeUnlike conventional lamps, LEDs practicallynever fail. But the intensity of their light di-minishes over time. So the end of an LED’slife needs to be defined for the relevant ap-plication. As a rule, that life is deemed toend when an LED delivers only 70 % of theoriginal luminous flux emitted.

The life of an LED depends to a large extenton operating and ambient temperatures.

The colder the environment, the more effi-ciently LEDs work. They do not like hightemperatures; their luminous flux graduallydiminishes and their life can be significantlyshortened.

So effective heat dissipation is particularlyimportant for the development of efficientLED systems. Good thermal managementis a distinguishing feature of quality sys-tems, which are also designed with suffi-cient reserve capacity to take account ofthe decrease in luminous flux that occurs asan LED ages. Alternatively, some systemshave what is known as a maintenance func-tion: this dims the LEDs to around 70 %output at the outset and then uses proces-sors to increase it gradually to 100 %.

Modules and quality featuresLED luminaire production requires not onlya great deal of development and manufac-turing expertise but also the use of high-grade materials. Efficient solutions call formodules, secondary optics (lenses, reflec-tors or diffusers) and luminaire housingsthat are finely tuned for optimal perform-ance; they always form a complete system.Lighting control, optical design and thermalmanagement are other issues that need tobe effectively – and compactly – addressed.

Thermal management, in particular, cruciallyinfluences how well luminaires and modulesperform in terms of luminous flux and lifes-pan. Reputable manufacturers thus always

indicate a maximum ambient temperaturefor their LEDs so that the heat generatedwithin the semiconductor can be dissi-pated.

Another area in which manufacturer compe-tence counts is the conversion of punctualLED luminance into a uniformly luminoussurface. To meet the relevant standards, es-cape signs need to be clearly recognisableeven when general lighting is on.

Safety and photobiological requirementsare set out in DIN EN 62031 (VDE 0715Part 5), performance requirements in DINEN 62717. Like electromagnetic compatibil-ity (EMC), they are verified and certified bythe VDE Institute.

There is a wide range of LED luminairesavailable – but not every product on themarket lives up to its promise. Inferior light-ing quality and poor thermal managementare often not apparent until after the lumi-naires have been installed. So it is all themore important – especially the area of insafety lighting – to make sure that the man-ufacturer guarantees uniform high quality.Energy efficiency, long life and low mainte-nance costs mean that a higher initial outlayis recouped in the space of a few years.

More information on LEDS is foundin the booklet licht.wissen 17 “LED: TheLight of the Future”.

47

[62] Energy-efficient LED systems haveconquered the emergency and safety lightingmarket. With their formally reduced design,LED escape signs fit discreetly into the archi-tectural landscape; their long life cuts mainte-nance costs.

LED, the light source for safety lightingSmall dimensions, low power consumption and a long life mean that LEDs offer more scope for luminaire designand reduce operating costs. They also deliver instant, non-flickering light – which makes for safety and meets allrelevant standards.

48

Standards and ordinancesSafety lighting ensures that a building can be swiftly evacuated in an emergency. The requirements that lightinginstallations need to meet are set out in standards and ordinances underlying building regulations and health andsafety rules.

Electrical Non-electrical / lighting

International IEC ISO / CIE

Europe CENELEC CEN

Germany DIN / VDE DIN

IEC = International Electrotechnical Commission

CENELEC = Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique (European Committee for Electrotechnical

Standardization)

DIN = Deutsches Institut für Normung (German Institute for Standardization)

VDE = Verband der Elektrotechnik, Elektronik und Informationstechnik (Association for Electrical, Electronic and

Information Technologies)

ISO = International Organization for Standardization

CIE = Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (International Commission on Illumination)

CEN = Comité Européen de Normalisation (European Committee for Standardisation)

Technical regulations governing “Emergency lighting”

Literature

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Bruno Weis, Dipl.-Ing. Hans FinkeNot- und Sicherheitsbeleuchtung, de-Fachwissen,

Hüthig & Pflaum Verlag, ISBN 978-3-8101-0310-9


Lighting requirements

ISO 30061 (2007) Emergency lighting

CIE S 020 (2007) Emergency lighting

DIN EN 1838 (07/1999) and E DIN 1838 (05/2011) Lighting applications – Emergency lighting

DIN EN 13032-3 (12/2007) Light and lighting – Measurement and presentation of photometric data of lamps and luminaires –

Part 3: Presentation of data for emergency lighting of work places

DIN 5035-6 (05/2006) Artificial lighting – Part 6: Measurement and evaluation

E DIN 4844-1 (06/2011) Graphical symbols – Safety colours and safety signs –

Part 1: Observation distances and colorimetric and photometric requirements

49

Electrical requirements

DIN EN 50172 (01/2005) Emergency escape lighting systems (VDE 0108 Part 100)

DIN V VDE V 0108-100 (08/2010) Emergency escape lighting systems (supersedes VDE V 0108-100). Information on the status of standardisation

from DKE – German Commission for Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies. „Aktueller Stand der norma-

tiver Anforderungen für das Errichten von Niederspannungsanlagen von baulichen Anlagen für Menschensammlun-

gen und für Sicherheitsbeleuchtungsanlagen“ [Current status of normative requirements for the installation of

low-voltage systems in communal facilities and for safety lighting systems] (2 August 2010) www.dke.de, search

term „Sicherheitsberleuchtungsanlagen“.

DIN VDE 0100-710 (11/2002) and Erection of low-voltage installations – Requirements for special installations or locations –

E DIN VDE 0100-710 (06/2004) Part 710: Medical locations

DIN VDE 0100-560 (03/2011) Low-voltage electrical installations –

Part 5-56: Selection and erection of electrical equipment – Safety services

DIN VDE 0100-718 (10/2005) Erection of low-voltage installations – Requirements for special installations or locations –

Part 718: Installations for gatherings of peopl

DIN EN 60598-1 (09/2009) Luminaires – General requirements and tests (VDE 0711 Part 1)

DIN EN 60598-2-22 (10/2008) Luminaires – Part 2-22: Particular requirements – Luminaires for emergency lighting

(VDE 0711 Part 2-22 (IEC 60598-2-22)

DIN EN 50171 (11/2001) Central power supply systems

DIN EN 50272-2 (12/2001) Safety requirements for secondary batteries and battery installations

DIN EN 62034 (06/2007) Automatic test systems for battery powered emergency escape lighting (IEC 62034:2006)

Occupational health and safety

ArbStättV (08/2004) Workplace ordinance

ASR A1.3 (04/2007) Technical workplace regulation on health and safety signs

ASR A2.3 (08/2007) Technical workplace regulation on escape routes, emergency exists, escape and rescue plan

ASR A3.4/3 (06/2011) Technical workplace regulation on safety lighting, optical safety

BGR 216 (07/2001) Rule adopted by statutory accident insurance institutions on optical safety guidance systems (including safety lighting)

Building regulations

MBO (10/2008) Standard building regulations

MVStättV (06/2005) Model ordinance governing places of assembly

MGarVO (05/2008) Model ordinance governing parking facilities

MIndBauRL (03/2000) Model guideline for industrial buildings

MBeVO (12/2000) Model ordinance governing accommodation establishments

MSchulbauR (04/2009) Model guideline for school buildings

MHHR (04/2008) Model guideline for high-rise buildings

MLAR (11/2005) Model guideline for conduction systems

MVkVO (09/1995) Model ordinance governing sales premises

50

[licht.wissen 05] 60 pages onworkplace lighting in trade and in-dustry: Booklet 05 shows how opti-mal lighting installations help makefor an ergonomic work space and atthe same time save energy andcosts.

[licht.wissen 08] 64 pages of infor-mation on correct lighting for indoorand outdoor sports facilities: Look-ing at lots of application examples,booklet 08 explains how efficientlighting helps promote recreationand fitness.

licht.de publications

[licht.wissen 06] Shop lighting –Attractive and Efficient: Light is animportant tool for sales promotion.Running to 56 pages, booklet 06presents a host of ideas for retaillighting and provides guidance onsustainable solutions.

€ 9,–Each Booklet!

licht.wissen 02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment

Good lighting promotes concentration, speeds

academic progress, makes for a greater sense of

wellbeing and provides security. Packed with

application examples, the 56-page booklet

licht.wissen 02 explains how school and study

room lighting should be designed and which

standards need to be observed.

licht.wissen in English – Free pdf downloads from www.all-about-light.org/en/publications

01 Lighting with Artificial Light (2008)02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment (2012)03 Roads, Paths and Squares (2007)04 Office Lighting: Motivating and Efficient (2012)05 Industry and Trade (2009)06 Shop Lighting – Attractive and Efficient (2011)07 Good Lighting for Health Care Premises (2004)

08 Sport and Leisure (2010)09* Prestige Lighting (1997)10 Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting (2012)11 Good Lighting for Hotels and Restaurants (2005)12 Lighting Quality with Electronics (2003)13 Outdoor workplaces (2007)14 Ideas for Good Lighting for the Home (2009)

15 Good Outdoor Lighting for the Home (2009)16 City Marketing with Light (2010)17 LED – The Light of the Future (2010)18 Good Lighting for Museums, Galleries and Exhibitions

(2006)19 Impact of Light on Human Beings (2010

* Currently out of print


[licht.wissen 17] 60 pages of infor-mation on LEDs: Efficiency andlongevity are helping the LED con-quer the realm of lighting. Booklet 17 presents up-to-the-minute appli-cation examples, explains how LEDtechnology works and looks at thequality features of LEDs and LED lu-minaires.

Impartial informationlicht.de provides information on the advan-tages of good lighting and offers a greatdeal of material on every aspect of artificiallighting and its correct usage. The informa-tion is impartial and based on current DINstandards and VDE stipulations..

licht.wissenThe booklets 1 to 19 of the licht.wissen se-ries provide information on the use of light-ing. Themed and packed with practical ex-amples, they explain the basics of lightingtechnology and present exemplary solu-tions. They thus facilitate cooperation withlighting and electrical specialists. The light-ing information contained in all of thesebooklets is of a general nature.

licht.forumlicht.forum is a compact specialist periodi-cal focusing on topical lighting issues andtrends. It is published at irregular intervals.

www.licht.deThe industry initiative also presents itsknowledge of lighting on the Internet. Atwww.licht.de, architects, designers, lightingengineers and end consumers have accessto around 5,000 pages of practical tips, de-tails of a host of lighting applications andup-to-the-minute information on light andlighting. An extensive database of productoverviews provides a direct link to manufac-turers.

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Publisherlicht.de

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht

Lyoner Straße 9, 60528 Frankfurt am Main

Tel. 069 6302-353, Fax 069 6302-400

[email protected], www.licht.de

Editing and design rfw. kommunikation, Darmstadt

ISBN no. PDF edition 978-3-926193-76-6

07/12/00/10VI

This booklet takes account of DIN standards and

VDE stipulations valid at the time of publication. The

DIN standard applicable is the latest version, avail-

able from Beuth Verlag GmbH, Burggrafenstraße 6,

10787 Berlin.

Reprints of licht.wissen 10 in full or in part only with

the permission of the publishers.

Acknowledgements for photographsNumbering of photos on back page:

Photographs

No. 02: picture-alliance/ dpa (Andrew Gombert);

portait photograph on page 3: Thomas Neu,

Bensheim; No. 50: Röthe + Brinkschmidt, Herford

All other photographs and illustrations were made

available by licht.de members or produced for

licht.de.

A note on gender We wish to address women and men equally in our

publications. For the sake of legibility, however, we

may choose to use masculine or feminine pronouns

in the text. This does not represent discrimination

against the other gender. Thank you for your under-

standing.

68 69 7065 66 67

64

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licht.wissen 10Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting

Booklet 10 - Emergency Lighting Safety Lighting

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Transcript of Booklet 10 - Emergency Lighting Safety Lighting