Book Reviews
1
Polymer Znternational41 (1996) 351-352 Book Reviews Hyphenated techniques in polymer characterization ACS symposium series, no. 581 Edited by T. Provder, M. W. Urban and H. Barth. American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1994. pp. x + 180, price US$54.95. ISBN 0-8412-3057-9 This volume consists of twelve chapters on hyphenated tech- niques in polymer analysis, seven of which are concerned with thermal analysis. The book has the advantage of being edited by three respected scientists in this field and of being relatively concise. Three chapters do not concern hyphenation, but relate to stimulating work in polymer analysis. The chapter on molecular weight determination by flow injection analysis is particularly interesting. Hyphenated techniques by definition, couple together two or more different analytical techniques, such as thermogravi- metry - mass spectrometry. The main asset of hyphenated techniques is gained by using a single sample and only one variable, e.g. simultaneous TGA/DTA, in which a single sample provides weight change and calorimetric information. This can be further enhanced by heated-line coupling to an FTIR instrument without adding another process variable. Redfern and Powell discuss instrumentation based on hyphe- nation of Rheometric Scientific and BioRad equipment. Related equipment also features in the chapter by Johnson et al. on two similar epoxy systems, and the National Research Council (Canada) authors Paroli and Delgado report silicone and methane sealant studies on Seiko-Nicolet equipment. In the urethane case, extreme differences are observed between unweathered and weathered samples. In the introductory overview, Urban makes the point that experimental uncertainties add if different separation pro- cesses are used, so hyphenations such as polymer pyrolysis followed by gas chromatography must be subject to more total variance. Abbreviations for instrumentation in hyphenated tech- niques become something of a nightmare: the paper by Lieb- mann et al., discussing possibilities between pyrolysis, dynamic headspace, supercritical fluid separations, gas chro- matography and spectrometric techniques, becomes almost unreadable in places despite the fact that all terms are defined. The hope expressed in the title ‘Integrated Intelligent Instru- ments’ remains a hope, not a reality, with many analytical examples being ‘off-line’. Mass spectrometry is given due recognition as a technique to be used following separation, and the potential of matrix- assisted laser desorption ionisation followed by Fourier trans- form mass spectrometry (MALDI-FTMS) is particularly impressive in measuring molecular weights of over 1 million Daltons. Campana et al. compare this to the corresponding time-of-flight method, which gives significantly lower resolution. Analysis of additives is also discussed. The theory and practice for determining orientation in monolayers of dodecyl sulphonate is discussed in a joint chapter from Dupont and Rutgers University, which is satisfying, since it is complete with theory and results nicely integrated. Two of the most interesting chapters are on very different topics. The first, by Ryan et al. of Manchester University, UK, describes progress in combining DSC with small- and wide- angle X-ray diffraction. Measurements during thermal scan- ning are possible because of the high intensity beams now available from national synchrotron sources. Comprehensive calorimetric and X-ray comparisons are given for poly(ethy1ene terephthalate), polyethylene and a polyurethane, the latter being particularly instructive. The chapter entitled ‘Determination of polymer molecular weight by flow injection analysis (FIA)’, by Synovec et al. from the University of Wash- ington describes a new rapid method which may provide a useful tool in the process environment. Hydrodynamically generated concentration gradients produce temporal molecu- lar separations which are evaluated by refractive index gradient measurements. Any reader involved with chromato- graphic techniques is advised to consult this chapter. R. E. Wetton Surface coatings, science and technology, 2nd Edition Edited by S. Paul John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chichester, 1995 pp. xv + 931, price f140.00. ISBN 0-471-95818-2 Surface coatings were for a long time an art rather than a science. Enormous strides have been made in the past three decades in understanding the complex physical and chemical properties which result in coatings which can be properly applied and can withstand the rigours of wear. As a result, there have been several volumes published in recent years which examine in considerable detail the scientific principles of paint formulation, application and testing. This has resulted in a second edition of this volume, originally published in 1985. The update is about 200 pages longer. The editor is responsible for most of the nine chapters, with some by other experts. Chapter 1 (80 pp) describes the synthesis of polymeric binders including dendrimers, polymers with many branches including terminal groups, and metathesis polymerisation, defined as a ring-opening polymerisation involving simulta- 351 Polymer International 0959-8103/96/$09.00 0 1996 SCI. Printed in Great Britain
Transcript of Book Reviews
Polymer Znternational41 (1996) 351-352
Book Reviews
Hyphenated techniques in polymer characterization ACS symposium series, no. 581 Edited by T. Provder, M. W. Urban and H. Barth. American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1994. pp. x + 180, price US$54.95. ISBN 0-8412-3057-9
This volume consists of twelve chapters on hyphenated tech- niques in polymer analysis, seven of which are concerned with thermal analysis. The book has the advantage of being edited by three respected scientists in this field and of being relatively concise. Three chapters do not concern hyphenation, but relate to stimulating work in polymer analysis. The chapter on molecular weight determination by flow injection analysis is particularly interesting.
Hyphenated techniques by definition, couple together two or more different analytical techniques, such as thermogravi- metry - mass spectrometry. The main asset of hyphenated techniques is gained by using a single sample and only one variable, e.g. simultaneous TGA/DTA, in which a single sample provides weight change and calorimetric information. This can be further enhanced by heated-line coupling to an FTIR instrument without adding another process variable. Redfern and Powell discuss instrumentation based on hyphe- nation of Rheometric Scientific and BioRad equipment. Related equipment also features in the chapter by Johnson et al. on two similar epoxy systems, and the National Research Council (Canada) authors Paroli and Delgado report silicone and methane sealant studies on Seiko-Nicolet equipment. In the urethane case, extreme differences are observed between unweathered and weathered samples.
In the introductory overview, Urban makes the point that experimental uncertainties add if different separation pro- cesses are used, so hyphenations such as polymer pyrolysis followed by gas chromatography must be subject to more total variance.
Abbreviations for instrumentation in hyphenated tech- niques become something of a nightmare: the paper by Lieb- mann et al., discussing possibilities between pyrolysis, dynamic headspace, supercritical fluid separations, gas chro- matography and spectrometric techniques, becomes almost unreadable in places despite the fact that all terms are defined. The hope expressed in the title ‘Integrated Intelligent Instru- ments’ remains a hope, not a reality, with many analytical examples being ‘off-line’.
Mass spectrometry is given due recognition as a technique to be used following separation, and the potential of matrix- assisted laser desorption ionisation followed by Fourier trans- form mass spectrometry (MALDI-FTMS) is particularly impressive in measuring molecular weights of over 1 million
Daltons. Campana et al. compare this to the corresponding time-of-flight method, which gives significantly lower resolution. Analysis of additives is also discussed. The theory and practice for determining orientation in monolayers of dodecyl sulphonate is discussed in a joint chapter from Dupont and Rutgers University, which is satisfying, since it is complete with theory and results nicely integrated.
Two of the most interesting chapters are on very different topics. The first, by Ryan et al. of Manchester University, UK, describes progress in combining DSC with small- and wide- angle X-ray diffraction. Measurements during thermal scan- ning are possible because of the high intensity beams now available from national synchrotron sources. Comprehensive calorimetric and X-ray comparisons are given for poly(ethy1ene terephthalate), polyethylene and a polyurethane, the latter being particularly instructive. The chapter entitled ‘Determination of polymer molecular weight by flow injection analysis (FIA)’, by Synovec et al. from the University of Wash- ington describes a new rapid method which may provide a useful tool in the process environment. Hydrodynamically generated concentration gradients produce temporal molecu- lar separations which are evaluated by refractive index gradient measurements. Any reader involved with chromato- graphic techniques is advised to consult this chapter.
R. E. Wetton
Surface coatings, science and technology, 2nd Edition Edited by S. Paul John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chichester, 1995 pp. xv + 931, price f140.00. ISBN 0-471-95818-2
Surface coatings were for a long time an art rather than a science. Enormous strides have been made in the past three decades in understanding the complex physical and chemical properties which result in coatings which can be properly applied and can withstand the rigours of wear. As a result, there have been several volumes published in recent years which examine in considerable detail the scientific principles of paint formulation, application and testing. This has resulted in a second edition of this volume, originally published in 1985. The update is about 200 pages longer. The editor is responsible for most of the nine chapters, with some by other experts.
Chapter 1 (80 pp) describes the synthesis of polymeric binders including dendrimers, polymers with many branches including terminal groups, and metathesis polymerisation, defined as a ring-opening polymerisation involving simulta-
351 Polymer International 0959-8103/96/$09.00 0 1996 SCI. Printed in Great Britain
