ABSTRACTS OF RESEARCH ON ANIMAL

HEALTH, WELFARE AND PRODUCTION

VOLUME IV

COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

MEKELLE UNIVERSITY

May, 2012

MEKELLE, ETHIOPIA

2

PREFACE

The College of Veterinary Medicine of Mekelle University has compiled the

abstracts of research done by DVM graduates. This book of abstracts is the

fourth volume and includes researches conducted in 2007/08. The purpose of

this abstract compilation is to nurture the culture of publication and to share

the findings of research undertakings among the staff members, students,

and other stake holders. In addition, such type of publication as monograph

serves as a data base to be easily accessible for the beneficiaries.

The coordinator would like to acknowledge the contribution of the abstracts

from the staff, students and staff members of College of Veterinary Medi-

cine.

For further information contact Dr. Fisseha Kassahun, research publication

and dissemination coordinator, P.O.Box: 3024, Mekelle, Ethiopia, Email:

fishomarshet@gmail.com.

Dr. Fisseha Kassahun

The coordinator

CONTENTS

PAGE

STUDY ON PREVALENCE AND ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF CYSTIC

HYDATIDOSIS IN OVINE SLAUGHTERED AT ABERGELE EXPORT ABATTOIR . 6

Million Berhane, Dr. Habtamu Taddele

STUDY ON PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF BOVINE MASTITIS IN

BORANA PASTORAL AND AGRO PASTORAL AREAS, YABELLO DISTRICT,

BORANA ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA ..................................................................... 7

Kasim Guyo, Dr. Yohannis Tekle, Dr. Habtamu Taddle

HEALTH AND WELFARE ASSESSMENT OF WORKING DONKEYS IN HINTALO

WEJJRAT DISTRICT, SOUTH TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA ...................................................... 8

Kiros Abraha, Dr. Awot Teklu, Dr. Hagos Yihdego

PREVALENCE AND IDENTIFICATION OF PREDOMINANT CAUSATIVE AGENTS

OF BOVINE MASTITIS IN BOKE DISTRICT OF WESTERN HARAGHE ZONE ...... 9

Endeshaw Zerfu, Dr. Habtamu Tassew, Dr. Yohannes Hagos

INCIDENCE OF DYSTOCIA IN BOVINE IN AND AROUND MEKELLE ................ 10

Berhe Hadera, Dr. Abraha,Tadelle, Dr.Gebregwergs Asebir

A STUDY ONTHE PREVALENCE OF METALIC AND NON METALIC FOREIGN

BODIES IN THE STOMACH OF LARGE RUMINANTS SLAUGHTERED AT

MEKELLE MUNICIPALITY ABATTOIR .......................................................................11

Tedros Tsige, Dr. Gebrehiwot Tadesse

CATTLE SLAUGHTERED AT DEBERE MARKOS MUNICIPAL ABATTOIR,

AMHARA REGIONAL ESTATE, ETHIOPIA ................................................................ 12

Gemberu Gebril, Dr. Habtamu Tassew, Dr. Yohannes Hagos

prevalence and economic importance of hydatidosis in cattle slaughtered at abergelle

export slaughter house ...................................................................................................... 13

Tsgab Alem, Dr. Yohannes Tekle

STUDY ON MAJOR REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH PROBLEMS OF DAIRY CATTLE

AT MEKELLE .................................................................................................................. 14

Motuma Regassa, Dr. Berhan Mengiste,Dr. Guesh Negash

prevalence of OVINE haemonchosis in and around bahir dar, eTHIOPIA ...................... 15

Zelalem Semahegn, Dr. Biruk Mekonnen, Dr. Yohannes Hagos

ASSESSEMENT OF MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEMS OF DOGS IN MEKELLE

VETERINARY CLINIC ................................................................................................... 16

Gebretsadik Atsbaha, Dr. Daniel Hussien

STUDY ON THE PREVALENCE OF BOVINE DERMATOPHILOSIS IN MEKELLE

4

AND KUYHA VETERINARY CLINIC .......................................................................... 17

Kassahun Asnake, Dr. Guesh Negash

STUDY ON THE PREVALENCE OF BOVINE TRYPONOSOMOSIS IN DARAMALO

DISTRICT, GAMU GOFA ZONE, SOUTH NATIONS, NATIONALITIES AND

PEOPELS REGION, ETHIOPIA ..................................................................................... 18

Teketel Achiso, Dr. Habtamu Tassew

HEALTH AND WELFARE ASSESSMENT OF WORKING DONKEYS AT ENDERTA

DISTRICT......................................................................................................................... 19

Saron Redae, Dr. Berhan Mengiste

STUDY ON THE PREVALENCE AND MAJOR CAUSES OF LAMENESS IN

WORKING HORSES IN AND AROUND MEKELLE CITY ........................................ 20

Mohammednur Mohammed, Dr. Yohannes Hagos

IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL SCREENING OF EXTRACTS FROM SELECTED

ETHIOPIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS .............................................................................. 21

Fetene Moges, Dr. Berhan Mengiste, Dr. Yohannes Hagos

PREVALENCE OF POULTRY COCCIDIOSIS IN AND AROUND BAHIR DAR ....... 22

Tegbar Getnet, dr. Tehetena Alemayhu, dr. Yohannes Hagos

A CORSS SECTIONAL STUDY ON BOVINE FASCIOLOSIS IN WOLAITA SODDO

MUNICIPAL ABATTOIR ................................................................................................ 23

Tsedeke Maregu, Dr. YisehakTsegaye

ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND

ESCHERICHIA COLI ....................................................................................................... 24

Tamirat Zelalem, Dr. Berhan Mengiste, Dr. Habtamu Tassew

PREVALENCE OF GASTRO INTESTINAL NEMATODE IN CART HORSES IN AND

AROUND KOMBOLCHA ............................................................................................... 25

Samuel Worku, Dr. Berihun Afera

ISOLATION OF BACTERIAL CONTAMINANTS FROM LESSIONS OF EQUINE

HISTOPLASMOSIS IN MEKELLE, NORTHERN ETHIOPIA ..................................... 26

Dinku Biratu, Dr. Birhanu Hadush, Dr. Habtamu Taddele

MAJOR PARASITIC CAUSES OF ORGAN CONDEMNATION IN APPARENTLLY

HEALTHY CATTLE SLAUGHTERED IN ABERGELLE MODERN EXPORT

ABATTOIR, MEKELLE. ................................................................................................. 27

Kflemaryam Tadesse, Dr. Netsanet Berhe

CHIEF CONSTRAINTS IN THE SUCCESS OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION

PROGRAME IN AND AROUND MEKELLE ................................................................ 28

Getachew Abadi

AGE PROFILE AND DENTAL DISORDERS OF DONKEYS IN TWO SELECTED

WORKING SITES OF TIGRAY DONKEY HEALTH AND WELFARE PROJECT ..... 29

5

Fikreslasie Dawit

STUDY ON THE PREVALENCE OF BOVINE MASTITIS IN AND AROUND BAHIR

DAR DAIRY FARMS BAHIRDAR, ETHIOPIA ............................................................ 30

Muhammed Suleman Dr. Gebreiwot Taddesse, Dr. Yohannes Hagos

PREVALENCE OF BOVINE FASCIOLOSIS IN BAHIR DAR MUNICIPAL

ABATTOIR ....................................................................................................................... 31

Habtamu Terefe

STUDY ON PREVALENCE OF LUNG WORM INFECTION IN SHEEP

SLAUTHERED AT ABERGELE EXPORT ABATTOIR ................................................ 32

Fiseha Kidanu, Dr. Yohannes Hagos

PREVALENCE AND IDENTIFICATION OF HARD TICKS (IXODIDES) ON BOVINE

IN SHASHEMENE VETERINARY CLINIC .................................................................. 33

Mohammed Siraj, Dr. Nesibu Awol, Dr. Birhanu Hadush

EVALUATION OF THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF CROSSBRED

DAIRY CATTLE IN KALLAMINO DAIRY FARM, MEKELLE .................................. 34

Tsegay Haftu, Dr. Theodros Tekle

STATUS OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION SERVICE AT FIELD LEVEL IN

EASTERN ZONE OF TIGRAY ....................................................................................... 35

Hagos Asgele, Dr. Gebregiorgis Ashebir

STUDY ON SERO-PREVALENCE OF BOVINE AND HUMAN BRUCELLOSIS IN

AND AROUND ASELLE, EASTERN ARSI ZONE, OROMIA REGIONAL STATE OF

ETHIOPIA ........................................................................................................................ 36

Abdulazim Usman Kimo, Dr. Yohannes Hagos

6

STUDY ON PREVALENCE AND ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF CYSTIC

HYDATIDOSIS IN OVINE SLAUGHTERED AT ABERGELE EXPORT

ABATTOIR

Million Berhane, Dr. Habtamu Taddele

ABSTRACT

A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2010 to April 2011 to estimate the

prevalence of hydatidosis in ovine slaughtered at Abergele export abattoir. An attempt

was also made to estimate the annual economic loss associated with echinococcosis due

to condemnation of organs during meat inspection. A total of 833 ovine were inspected

following slaughter. Hydatidosis was prevalent in 22.2% (185/833) of ovine inspected

during the study period. The infection rate of lung and liver were found to be 44.3% and

33%, respectively. Among the risk factors, the origin of animals (χ2=49.24, p=0.000) and

body condition scoring (χ2=20.77, p=0.002) showed significant association with the

occurrence of hydatid cysts; animals coming from Mekelle and its surroundings showed

higher prevalence of hydatid cysts (36.3%) compared to animals originating from Shire

site which showed a prevalence of 9.8%. Similarly, animals with thin body condition

showed higher occurrence of hydatid cysts (26.2%) compared to animals with fat/good

body condition (17.8%). However, there was no significant association between age

(χ2=4.15, p=0.246) of animals and occurrence of hydatid cyst. From a total of 94

randomly collected cysts 27 (28.7%) were sterile, 48 (51%) were fertile, (70.1% viable

and 29.9% non-viable) and 19 (20.2%) were calcified. From the collected cyst rate of

calcification was higher in the liver than in the lung while fertility rate was higher in cysts

recovered from lung. The total annual economic loss due to hydatidosis in sheep

slaughtered at Abergele export abattoir was estimated to be 26, 224, 338.52 ETB (1, 548,

986.32 USD). The current results suggest that ovine hydatidosis is considered to be

among the major parasitic diseases in the study area with significant economic losses that

requires an immediate measure to reduce its economic and public health impacts.

Key words: Abattoir: Abergelle; Export; Echonococcosis; Mekelle; Prevalence; Sheep

7

STUDY ON PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF BOVINE MASTITIS IN

BORANA PASTORAL AND AGRO PASTORAL AREAS, YABELLO DISTRICT,

BORANA ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA

Kasim Guyo, Dr. Yohannis Tekle, Dr. Habtamu Taddle

ABSTRACT

The study was conducted in from November 2010 to April 2011 to determine prevalence

of bovine mastitis, to isolate predominant bacteria responsible for causing mastitis and to

assess potential risk factors associated with the disease. A total of 460 lactating Boran

breed cows from both pastoral and agro pastoral areas were included in the study.

California Mastitis test, Clinical examination of udder and teats and bacteriological

examination were employed during the study period. The overall prevalence of mastitis at

cow level was 59.13% (272), from which 21.09% (97) and 38.04% (175) were clinical

and subclinical, respectively. The quarters level prevalence of the disease was also 38.7%

(712) from which 246 (13.7%) and 466 (25.3%) were clinical and subclinical form,

respectively. Among the cause of bovine mastitis in the study area staphylococcus

species, streptococcus species and E.coli were leading infectious causes with relative

percentage of 29.21%, 22.47%and 11.38%, respectively. Among Potential risk factors;

Age (x2=21.43, p<0.05) and Parity (x

2=18.15, p<0.05) showed significance effect

, while

stage of lactation (x2=10.54, p>0.05) has no significance effect on prevalence of mastitis

in the present study. Thus high prevalence was observed in the cows older than 10 years

and cows with >7 calves. In general management practices, hygiene of dairy environment

in all studied pastoral association were very poor. Adequate sanitation of dairy

environment, proper attention to health of mammary gland, regular screening tests and

awareness of the people of the area about the disease should get emphases as control

strategies.

Key words: Boran breed; Mastitis; Pastoral; prevalence; Risk factors

8

HEALTH AND WELFARE ASSESSMENT OF WORKING DONKEYS IN

HINTALO WEJJRAT DISTRICT, SOUTH TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA

Kiros Abraha, Dr. Awot Teklu, Dr. Hagos Yihdego

ABSTRACT

A cross-sectional type of study was conducted from November 2010 to May 2011with the

objective of assessing on the general health problems and welfare concerns of working

donkeys in peasant associations of the study area, Hintalo Wejirat. During the study

period, a total of 384 donkeys were checked for the welfare concerned general health

problems and behavioral responses. Both direct (animal related) and indirect (owners

group-focused discussions) assessment methods were used for the study. Out of the

totally sampled 384 donkeys 62.3% were found to be with a general health problems of

which skin accounts for 42.12%, parasites 33.33%, and 14.06% for the visible mucus

membrane and a least value for musculo-skeletal problems (13.02%). The results

obtained also show that donkeys of 6-7 years old are highly predisposed to many of the

health problems (7.03%), followed by 2.08%, 1.04% and 0.78%. The older donkeys were

relatively resistant to adverse health problems. Most of the health problems were found to

be highly prevalent in donkeys with moderate body condition scores (6.5%), followed by

3.41% for greater than moderate, and 3.65% for less than moderate. Donkeys with body

condition score of nine (very fat) were found to be relatively resistant or unaffected with

majority of the health problems encountered. Of the assessed behavioral responses 4.2%

of the donkeys were found to be hypersthatic, 22.6% depressed and 24.2% 0f them does

not respond when walk beside. Results of the indirect assessment through a point focus

discussion revealed out of the totally questioned people 25% said that most of the

questioned criteria (death, scale, severity or pain and out of use) are due to different

diseases, 23% due to attitude, 21.5% due to wounds and harness, 8.5% due to shelter

related problems, 7.5% due to external parasites and 15% of them said that the mentioned

problems are due to hyena bites. Only 0.5% said due to other causes.

Key words: cross-sectional, donkeys, welfare, health problems, behavior

9

PREVALENCE AND IDENTIFICATION OF PREDOMINANT CAUSATIVE

AGENTS OF BOVINE MASTITIS IN BOKE DISTRICT OF WESTERN

HARAGHE ZONE

Endeshaw Zerfu, Dr Habtamu Tassew, Dr Yohannes Hagos

ABSTRACT

A cross sectional study was carried out from November 2010 to April 2011 in Boke

District of Western Harerghe zone to determine the prevalence and isolate the majoar

bacterial agents that involved in bovine mastitis. The study was conducted on 384 local

zebu lactating cows which were examined through clinical examination, CMT test and

microbiological examination. From the 1536 quarters of 384 cows examined, 98(25.5%)

were positive on CMT bases for mastitis at cows level and 157(10.2%) at quarters level.

Out of these, 80 (20.8%) subclinical and 18(4.7%) clinical at cow level were infected.

whereas127 (8.3%) subclinical and 30(2%) clinical at quarters level. Six (1.6%) and

twelve (3.1%) were acute and chronic in cow level and 9(.6%) and 21(1.4%) were acute

and chronic in quarter level respectively. Out of CMT positive animals, 80(20.8%) in cow

level and 108(7%) in quarter level were cultured and positive for mastitis causal agents.

The 1480 (96.4) quarters were functional and the rest 56(3.6%) were blind. 26(7%),

9(2.3%) and 4(1%) animals had single, double and three blind teats respectively. From

CMT positive cases, 108 pathogens were isolated. The most prevalent bacterial

organisms isolated were Staphylococcus species (19%) following by Streptococcus

species (18%) and Enterobacteriacae (16%).The predominant bacterial species from the

isolated (Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Streptococcus agalactiae) were the highest

number of isolates. Risk factors analysis revealed that the age (p<0.05), parity (p<0.05)

and udder hygiene condition (p<0.05) were highly significant for the prevalence of

mastitis. Therefore, treating clinically infected cows, regular screening for early

detection, protecting hygienic condition, animal health service and giving attention to

health of the mammary gland were important in reducing the prevalence of mastitis in the

study area.

Key words: Bovine; isolation; mastitis; prevalence; quarter

10

INCIDENCE OF DYSTOCIA IN BOVINE IN AND AROUND MEKELLE

Berhe Hadera, Dr. Abraha,Tadelle, Dr. Gebregwergs Asebir

ABSTRACT

The study was conducted from November 25/2010 to April 15/2011, with the main

objective of investigating incidence of dystocia in bovines, observational study was

conducted on 313 at risk calving cows and heifers and questionnaire study was conducted

during the same time. According to the observational study, 23 calves out of 313 calves

born after dystocia. And overall incidence of dystocia found to be 7.3%.From the total 23

calving with dystocia 2.23% were with major difficulty while 5.22% were easy. There

was significant difference between parity groups (p=0.047). There were 16.98%, 10.12%,

4.61% and 2.58% in first, second, third and fourth and above forth, respectively.

Incidence of dystocia was higher in large size calves than in medium and small. This

factor was highly significant (p=0.001). And the incidence was19.23%, 6.76% and3.11%

in large, medium and small size calves respectively. In terms of sex the incidence of

dystocia was 8.63%, 6.32% in male and female, respectively. In relation to breed the

incidence of dystocia was 7.57%, 6.95% in cross and local breeds respectively. In relation

to body condition of the cow the incidence of dystocia was 9%, 6.99% and 5.7% in good,

average and poor body condition, respectively. Forty three percent of the dystocia was

caused abnormal posture and 17.39%, 26.09% were caused by insufficiency of expulsive

force and feto-maternal disproportion, respectively. The rest 13.04% was caused due to

combination of the causes. In relation to season dystocia was relatively higher in summer

than in winter, autumn and spring which was 12.5%, 5%, %, 8% and 9.52%, respectively

according to the questionnaire survey. The major economic loss was due to still birth and

early calf mortality. According to the questionnaire survey out of 17 calves born after

dystocia 2 of them born as still birth and 3 of them died early before weaned and this

account 11.75% and 17.64% from the total calves after dustocia.

Key words: dystocia, parity, fetomaternal disproportion, abnormal posture

11

A STUDY ONTHE PREVALENCE OF METALIC AND NON METALIC

FOREIGN BODIES IN THE STOMACH OF LARGE RUMINANTS

SLAUGHTERED AT MEKELLE MUNICIPALITY ABATTOIR

Tedros Tsige, Dr. Gebrehiwot Tadesse

ABSTRACT

A cross-sectional study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of metallic and non-

metallic foreign bodies found in the stomach of large ruminants slaughtered at Mekelle

municipality abattoir from November 2010 to March 2011. Age of the animals was

determined on the basis of dental erruption. The reticulorumen and other associated

organs (diaphragm, heart and liver) of 633 slaughtered animals were carefully examined

for the presence of any indigestible foreign body. Statistical analysis showed that the

prevalence of indigestible foreign bodies was 94% (n=595). The studied animals included

oxen (n=631) 99.7% and cows (n=2) 0.3%. Plastics were the most frequently retrieved

foreign bodies (44%). Others included: ropes (11.3%), leather (6.6%), rocks (7.4%), hair

balls (6.9%), cloth pieces (0.8%), metals (9.2%) and miscellaneous objects (13.8%).

There was a significant association between age and the occurrence of rumen foreign

bodies (p<0.05), weight of foreign body and body condition score (p<0.05). However,

there were insignificant associations between sex and the occurrence of rumen foreign

bodies (p>0.05). The prevalence was generally high in older animals. The weight of the

foreign bodies was completely dependent on the age of the animals as the size of the

recovered foreign bodies was comparatively big in older animals. The size of the foreign

body had significant effect on the body condition score of the animal. The weight of the

foreign body was heavier in large ruminants with thin and emaciated body condition. It

can be concluded that the high prevalence of foreign bodies in large ruminants is most

probably the result of food scarcity due to drought that led to starvation, pica and

subsequent ingestion of foreign bodies, careless spread and disposal of plastics and other

materials in pasture, extensive management system of the animals and the indiscriminate

eating habit of bovines contributed to the high prevalence.

Key words: Abattoir; foreign body; Mekelle; reticulorumen

12

CATTLE SLAUGHTERED AT DEBERE MARKOS MUNICIPAL ABATTOIR,

AMHARA REGIONAL ESTATE, ETHIOPIA

Gemberu Gebril, Dr. Habtamu Tassew, Dr. Yohannes Hagos

ABSTRACT

A cross-sectional survey on bovine hydatidosis was carried out on local zebu cattle

slaughtered at Debre Markos Municipal Abattoir from November 2010 to April 2011 to

determine the prevalence and economic losses. Out of the total 465 cattle examined, 193

(41.5%) were found to harbor hydatid cysts. The study showed a high prevalence rate

(41.5%) and significant estimated economic losses in the area. The prevalence was

slightly higher in cattle having poor body condition (50%) followed by medium (40.29%)

and good (36.17%). There was relatively insignificant association (p=0.286, χ2=8.558)

between different age groups with regard to cyst detection even though a bit higher

prevalence has been indicated in older (41.97%) than younger (34.48%) zebu cattle.

From the total of 193 infected animals, 79 (41%) had hydatid cysts found only in the

lung, 38 (19.7%) in the liver, and the rest 76 (39.3%) had multiple anatomical

distribution. Of the 275 viscera examined, the highest number of hydatid cysts (56.4%)

was found on lung followed by liver (41.4%), spleen (1.1%), kidney (0.7%) and heart

(0.4%). On the basis of cyst fertility and viability tests on 500 cysts, 128 (25.6%) were

fertile, 205 (41%) sterile and 167 (33.4%) calcified whereas from all fertile cysts

subjected for viability test, 73 (57%) were viable. This study considerably revealed high

annual economic losses (574463.22 ETB) due to organ condemnation and carcass weight

losses with the highest loss associated with liver condemnation followed by lungs.

Widespread practice of offering dogs with uncooked infected offals, the absence of well-

constructed abattoir and the habit of leaving condemned organs unburied might be the

predominant potential risk factors associated. Therefore, reduction of stray dog

population, creation of public awareness regarding about the disease, and conducting

regular meat inspection services should be exercised as relevant control measures.

Keywords: Abattoir; Debre Markos; economic significance; hydatidosis; prevalence

13

PREVALENCE AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF HYDATIDOSIS IN

CATTLE SLAUGHTERED AT ABERGELLE EXPORT SLAUGHTER HOUSE

Tsgab Alem, Dr. Yohannes Tekle

ABSTRACT

A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2010 to March 2011 to

investigate prevalence of hydatidosis and its associated economic losses. This study has

been carried out based on the Ante- mortem and post mortem examination. Among total

of 1048 slaughtered cattle examined, 224 (21.4 %) were found positive for hydatidosis

which harbor the cyst in different visceral organs (lung, heart, liver and kidney). The

overall high prevalence in this study was found due to poor husbandry system, absence of

awareness among the public about zoonotic importance of the disease, contamination of

pasture with dogs feces, unhygienic disposal of condemned organs, presence of stray

dogs, close relationship between cattle, dog and man, lack of cooperation between the

veterinary and public health professionals. Out of 687 cysts detected, 479 (69.72%) were

counted from lung, 18 (2.62%) were from heart, 186 (27.07%) from liver and 4 (0.58%)

from kidney. In this study among these cysts from different organs 103 (32.19%), 163

(50.93%) and 54 (16.88 %) were found fertile, sterile and calcified respectively. However

lung was highly affected than others. In addition, there was statistical significant

difference (p<0.05) on the prevalence of hydatidosis between cattle in different body

condition with higher prevalence in poor body condition (78.1%) than their counter parts

(5.1%).More ever, no significant variation was observed with regard to age and origin of

animals. Overall economic loss due to organ condemnation and carcass weight loss was

approximately 34710.2044USD.

Key words: Hydatid cyst, slaughter cattle, prevalence, echinococcus.

14

STUDY ON MAJOR REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH PROBLEMS OF DAIRY

CATTLE AT MEKELLE

Motuma Regassa, Dr. Berhan Mengiste, Dr. Guesh Negash

ABSTRACT

Study was conducted from December 2010 to April 2011 at Mekelle Veterinary Clinic

with objective to assess the incidence of various reproductive disorders, identify the

major reproductive disorders of dairy cows in study area and to suggest suitable remedial

measures to the farmers. This study was under taken by applying questionnaire survey;

data was collected from case book of clinics and examination of reproductive tract. Out

of 239 cows that have reproductive disorders, 29.7%, 18.8%, 17.2%, 12.1%, 8.8%, 5.4%,

4.6% and 3.3% were found to have repeat breeder, RFM, abortion, anoestrus, dystocia,

uterine prolapsed, metritis and vagina prolapsed, respectively. According to this study the

effect of age (p=0.423) and parity (p=0.742) on reproductive disorders were not

statistically significant. On the other hand breed and service (p<0.05) have significant

effect on the reproductive disorders of the dairy cows. Possible risk factors responsible

for the occurrence of reproductive health problems were identified and included as age,

parity, breed and type of service. Improvements in management systems (such as

housing, feeding and health care), heat detection and proper selection of bulls for

breeding could help in minimizing reproductive health problems and improve the

reproductive efficiency of small holder dairy cows.

Key words: Reproductive disorders; dairy cows; breed; artificial insemination.

15

PREVALENCE OF OVINE HAEMONCHOSIS IN AND AROUND BAHIR DAR,

ETHIOPIA

Zelalem Semahegn, Dr. Biruk Mekonnen, Dr. Yohannes Hagos

ABSTRACT

A study was carried out to estimate the prevalence of haemonchosis in sheep slaughtered

in three different hotels of Bahir Dar town from November, 2010 to March, 2011. During

the study period, 397 abomasums of sheep, 163 females and 234 males, were examined

according to the standard procedures. The haemonchus species were identified in sheep

abomasums with an overall prevalence of 45.8%. The prevalence was compared with age,

sex, body condition and origin of the sheep. There was no statistically significant

difference (p>0.05) observed among the risk factors of sex and origin; however, there

was statistically significant difference (p<.005) noticed among months, ages and body

conditions of the sheep in relation to the prevalence of haemonchus species. The results

revealed that the infection was significantly higher in wet season (November) compared

to dry season (March) and lower prevalence was observed in young than adult groups. It

was concluded that the epidemiological evidence of the present investigation showed that

haemonchosis is considerably prevalent disease of sheep in the study area. Hence, it

demands further studies on epidemiology particularly molecular one, and the economic

significance of haemonchus species. Moreover, economically acceptable control

measures are recommended in the study area.

Key words: Bahir Dar; haemonchus; prevalence; sheep

16

ASSESSEMENT OF MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEMS OF DOGS IN MEKELLE

VETERINARY CLINIC

Gebretsadik Atsbaha, Dr. Daniel Hussien

ABSTRACT

A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2010 to April 2011 in Mekelle

Veterinary Clinic to assess major health problems of dogs and to determine the associated

risk factors. A total of 109 dogs were examined based on history and clinical signs. Chi-

Square statistics and comparison of proportions were used to analyze the data. Out of the

total 109 dogs examined, 42 (38.5%), 36 (33.00%), 15 (13.8%) and 16 (14.7%) had skin,

respiratory and injury problems, respectively. Of 42 dogs that had skin problems, 25

(59.5%) were lice and flea infested and 17 (40.5%) were mange mite infested. From 36

dogs that had gastrointestinal tract problems, 21 (58.30%) showed diarrhea and 15

(41.70%) were with vomiting. Out of the 16 injured dogs, 11 (68.75%) were dogs biting

wounds and 5 (31.25%) were car accident, abrasion, and bad management inflicted

injuries. All 15 dogs that came with respiratory tract infection showed various degree of

coughing. The occurrence of the disease conditions did not show any statistical

significant difference between male and female (χ2=0.54; p=0.9). Moreover, the

difference in occurrence of health problems between the local and exotic breeds of dog

was not found to be statistically significant (χ2=7.5; p=0.05). Nevertheless, the difference

in occurrence of major health problems among various age categories was statistically

significance (χ2=19.8; p=0.019). It is recommended that pet owners should care more for

their pets by proper housing, feeding, and prevention of contamination of public places

by dog feces and regular deworming of dogs.

Key words: Dogs, health problems, mekelle veterinary clinic

17

STUDY ON THE PREVALENCE OF BOVINE DERMATOPHILOSIS IN

MEKELLE AND KUYHA VETERINARY CLINIC

Kassahun Asnake, Dr. Guesh Negash

ABSTRACT

A survey of bovine Dermatophilosis on 1250 cattle were carried out from November

2010 to April 2011 in Mekelle and Quiha in different areas of veterinary clinics.

Accordingly, 192 cross breed and 1158 local zebu breed were examined in the clinics,

and a total of 35(2.8%) were found positive for the disease with prevalence rate of 10

(5.21%) and 25 (2.16%), respectively. Clinical examination was made and skin scrapping

from suspected cases was examined for Dermatophilus congolense using Giemsa staining

technique. The influencing factors in the establishment and transmission of the disease

are indicated and the extent of the disease was compared and analyzed in relation to

breed, sex, age, working site, severity of skin lesion, tick infestation and seasonal

occurrence. In this study the significant difference (p<0.05) were seen in different breeds,

age groups, tick infestation and seasonal occurrence but the rest were insignificant

(p>0.05). Finally possible solutions to control the disease and to decrease the risk factors

were recommended.

Key words: Bovine; Dermatophilosis; Giemsa; Prevalence; Mekelle

18

STUDY ON THE PREVALENCE OF BOVINE TRYPONOSOMOSIS IN

DARAMALO DISTRICT, GAMU GOFA ZONE, SOUTH NATIONS,

NATIONALITIES AND PEOPELS REGION, ETHIOPIA

Teketel Achiso, Dr. Habtamu Tassew

ABSTRACT

A cross sectional study was conducted from November, 2010 to April, 2011 in Daramalo

District of Gamu Gofa Zone, South Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Region. The

study was carried out on cattle which are selected with systematic random sampling

technique from five peasant associations of the study area to determine the prevalence

and potential risk factors associated with bovine trypanosomosis. Based on sixty

community member interviews, bovine trypanosomosis was found to the primary disease

of cattle in all PAs. Out of 246 blood samples collected from selected cattle for laboratory

examinations, 61 (24.8%) samples were positive. Parasitological examinations revealed

that the infection rate caused by T.congilense (90.2%) being dominant over T. vivax

(6.5%). Mixed infection of the two species (3.3%) was also recorded. Most of the animals

with mean PCV values less than 26% were found positive for trypanosomosis. The mean

PCV values of parasitemic and aparasitemic animals were 21.2% and 26.1%,

respectively. There was statistically significant difference (p=0.000, χ2=23.092) between

PCV values and the prevalence of the disease. There was relatively insignificant

association (p=0.481, χ2=1.463) between different age groups even though a bit higher

prevalence has been indicated in older (27.7%) than younger (26.6%) zebu cattle. The

prevalence was slightly higher in cattle having poor body condition (37.7%) followed by

medium (9.2%) whereas animals in good body condition were found completely free

from the disease. The results of the present study revealed that trypanososomosis was a

major constraint for cattle production in the study area. Therefore, tsetse fly control and

regular strategic prophylactic treatment should be implemented in the study area.

Key words: Bovine; Daramalo District; prevalence; Trypanosomosis

19

HEALTH AND WELFARE ASSESSMENT OF WORKING DONKEYS AT

ENDERTA DISTRICT

Saron Redae, Dr. Berhan Mengiste

ABSTRACT

The cross sectional study was conducted from November 2010 to April 2011 with the aim

of assessing health and welfare problems of working donkeys in Enderta district around

Mekelle city. Direct assessment format was employed to obtain the required data. The

wound prevalence of the study area was 61.7%. Donkeys used for fire and charcoal

transport had higher prevalence of wound than those used for water and food transport.

Wound distribution on the donkeys body showed that 49.71%, 32.37%, 9.25%), 8.67%

are wounded at under the tail, point of shoulder and back, girth and other body parts

respectively. In this study, 57%, 37.8% and 5.2% the donkeys had body condition score

of 2, 2-3 and 3, respectively. There was statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in the

body condition score of the donkeys between the two sites. The donkeys used for food

and water transport have good body condition than those used for fire wood and charcoal

transport. The prevalence of external parasite was 78.61%. There was no statistically

significant difference (p>0.05) between the two sites in prevalence of external parasite.

The prevalence of external parasite in relation to body condition score, 219 score 2, 169

donkeys (44%) are positive, 145 score 2-3, 118 donkeys (30.7%) are positive and 20

score3, 15 donkeys (3.9%) are positive. Body condition score did not show statistical

difference by tick infestation (p>0.05). The tick prevalence is high which showed that

there could be serious problem concerning tick infestation in donkeys which is neglected

by owners and also by veterinarians. Finally, donkey owners and veterinarians should

implement appropriate control and preventive strategies of tick infestation of donkeys are

recommended.

Key words: donkey; health; welfare

20

STUDY ON THE PREVALENCE AND MAJOR CAUSES OF LAMENESS IN

WORKING HORSES IN AND AROUND MEKELLE CITY

Mohammednur Mohammed, Dr. Yohannes Hagos

ABSTRACT

A study was conducted from November 2010 to April 2011 in four selected sites in and

around Mekelle namely; Quiha, Adigdom, and Wukro to determine the prevalence and

major causes lameness and identify the likely potential risk factors using questioner

survey and clinical examination. A total of 410 working horses were randomly selected

from the four sites of the study area. The overall prevalence of lameness in this study was

found to be 11.5%. The prevalence of lameness was significantly influenced by body

condition (χ2=13.1, p=0.01) and it was higher in poor body condition (19.3%) by

comparing with those having moderate (12.2%) and good body conditions (6.1%),

similarly there was statistically significant difference (χ2=410.0, p=0.000) between the

prevalence and causes of lameness. Injury (67.86%) was found to be the major cause of

the disease, followed by back problem (42.86%), arthritis (40.0%), hoof over growth

(27.78%), epizootic lymphagitis (25.0%), wound (14.29%), nail piercing (18.75%) and

other causes (5.26%). However, no significant difference was observed between sites

(χ2=0.180, p=0.981) with a prevalence rates of 11.6%, 10.5%, 8.6% and 13.5% in

Mekelle, Adigudom, Quiha and Wukro, respectively. In this study grade-2 (38.2%) type

of lameness was found to be with higher prevalence than grade-1 (23.4%), grade-3

(23.4%) and grade-4 (14.8%). Generally, this study showed lameness as a major health

problem of horses and there are different causes of lameness in the study area. So a

comprehensive horse health and welfare promotion program is important to alleviate the

problem.

Key words: Horse, lameness, Mekelle, prevalence

21

IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL SCREENING OF EXTRACTS FROM SELECTED

ETHIOPIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS

Fetene Moges, Dr. Berhan Mengiste, Dr. Yohannes Hagos

ABSTRACT

The antibacterial activit of four selected Ethiopian medicinal plants was studied. The

whole parts of Verbena officinalis, fruits of Measa lanceolata, arial parts of Cissus

quadrangularis and leaf of Dodonae angustifolia were collected air dried under shed,

powdered and soaked in 80% methanol to be extracted. Invitro antibacterial assay of the

extracts was tested by the method of agar disk diffusion at different concentrations. The

plant extracts have shown broad spectrum activity against gram positive (S. aureus) and

gram negative (E.coli) bacteria, except Cissus quadrangularis which did not show

activity against E.coli. The plant extracts had concentration dependant zone of inhibition

against the tested bacteria. In fact, the highest activity was obtained for V. officinalis at

1000mg/ml against S. aureus. The activities are attributed to the presence of some

secondary metabolites present in the tested plants which have been associated with

antibacterial activities. This finding suggests that there is possibility to isolate potential

antibacterial drugs from these medicinal plants.

Key words: Antibacterial activity; extract; test bacteria

22

PREVALENCE OF POULTRY COCCIDIOSIS IN AND AROUND BAHIR DAR

Tegbar Getnet, Dr. Tehetena Alemayhu, Dr. Yohannes Hagos

ABSTRACT

A cross sectional study was conducted in and around Bahir Dar from November 2010 to

April 2011 with the objective of investigating the prevalence of poultry coccidiosis in the

study area on local strain chicken and white leghorn breed chicken that are kept under

free range and deep litter management systems respectively. A total of 409 chickens, 199

local strain chicken and 210 white leghorns were included in the study. Flotation

technique was employed to harvest coccidial oocysts from the sampled chicken. The

result revealed that out of 409 chicken examined during the study period 248 (60.6%)

were found to be positive for coccidial oocysts. Out of these positive cases 69.04 % were

white leghorn whereas 51.7 % were local strain chicken. Moreover, results of coccidiosis

by management system of chicken were assessed and the finding indicated that coccidial

infection in deep litter management system were significantly higher than that free range

system (χ2=12.795; p=0.000). Prevalence of coccidiosis by age group indicted that

significantly higher prevalence of coccidiosis (χ2=28.287; p=0.000) were registered in

young chicken. However, significant variation was not noticed by sex groups of chickens

(χ2=1.367; p=0.242). Generally, the present study shows that coccidiosis is the most

significant parasitic disease in the study area and further studies using large sample size

should be undertaken so as to get the overall picture of the disease in the area.

Key words: Bahir Dar; Coccidiosis; Poultry; prevalence

23

A CORSS SECTIONAL STUDY ON BOVINE FASCIOLOSIS IN WOLAITA

SODDO MUNICIPAL ABATTOIR

Tsedeke Maregu, Dr. YisehakTsegaye

ABSTRACT

A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2010 to March 2011 to assess the

overall prevalence of bovine fasciolosis and costs incurred due to liver condemnation in

cattle slaughtered at Wolatia Soddo Municipal Abattoir. Chi-square test was applied to

test if statistical association exists between the risk factors. The overall prevalence of

fasciolosis was found to be 27.25 % (109) from 400 randomly sampled animals. The

prevalence of F. hepatica and F. gigantica was 9.17% and 90.82%, respectively. The

prevalence of the disease in male and female animals was 27.17% and 28.12%

respectively. There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) observed between

sex. The highest prevalence of the parasite was recorded in animals with poor body

condition (53.06%), followed by medium body condition (38.74%), and 16.67% in

animals with good body condition. There was a statically significant (p<0.05) variation in

the prevalence among different body condition. There was significant difference (p<0.05)

in the prevalence between origin of animals. Animals originated from highland and

lowland area showed prevalence of 7.19% and 37.39%, respectively. A prevalence of

34.86% and 24.39% was recorded for cattle of age between 2 and 4 and greater than 4

years respectively. There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) observed in

the prevalence of fasciolosis among the studied age group. The cost associated with

condemnation of fluke infected liver was estimated to be 181,376 Ethiopian birr (10,563

USD, exchange rate 17.17) per annum. Coprology, revealed 22.5% (90) prevalence.

Accordingly, the sensitivity of feacal examination method was found to be 72.47%,

specificity was 96.21% and accuracy was 89.75% with substantial agreement between the

two tests (k=0.6999). Detailed studies should be conducted on the epidemiology of the

disease in order to expand and implement disease investigation and control strategy and

further diagnosis should be done to determine the efficiency of fecal examination method.

Key words: Bovine fasciolosis; post mortem; prevalence; Wolaita Soddo

24

ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND

ESCHERICHIA COLI

Tamirat Zelalem, Dr. Berhan Mengiste, Dr. Habtamu Tassew

ABSTRACT

Antibiotic sensitivity test was conducted from December 2010 to April 2011 on six

different antibiotics against two species of bacterial isolates with the objective of invivo

susceptibility of tested organisms to compare effectiveness of the test drugs and to

determine zone of inhibition against the bacterial isolates. Tetracycline had highest mean

zone of inhibition (28.60mm) against Staphylococcus aureus while norfloxacin had

highest mean zone of inhibition (28.60 mm) against Escherichia coli. There was high

significance (p<0.05) between groups of the drugs with the exception norfloxacin with

amoxicillin which was not significant (p>0.05) for S.aureus and tetracycline with

amoxicillin, sulfa + TMP with cefoxitin for E.coli. The study of antibiotic sensitivity

pattern and periodic surveillance of the isolates are useful in choosing the appropriate

therapy against the bacterial isolates.

Keywords: antibiotics; Escherichia coli; sensitivity; Staphylococcus aureus

25

PREVALENCE OF GASTRO INTESTINAL NEMATODE IN CART HORSES IN

AND AROUND KOMBOLCHA

Samuel Worku, Dr. Berihun Afera

ABSTRACT

A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2010 to April 2011 to determine

the prevalence of nematodes and identify common GIT nematode species in and around

Kombolcha using qualitative fecal analysis method in cart horses. A total of 384 animals

were sampled during the study period via collection of the fecal sample to examine GIT

nematodes and the overall prevalence of GIT nematode was 52.1% of which 32.6%, 6.5%

and 2.9% infested with Strongyle, Ascaris and Oxyuris, respectively. In addition, there

were also mixed infestation like Strongyle and Ascaris, Strongyle and Oxyuris and

Arongyle, Ascaris and Oxyuris with a prevalence of 4.9%, 4.4% and 0.8%, respectively.

There is statistical significance difference in the rates of the different nematodes

(p<0.05). Age specific prevalence of the parasites was observed and its rate was 9.4%,

27.6% and 15.1% in young, adult and old horses, respectively. And the prevalence was

found to be statically significant (p<0.05). Body condition rates also showed that the

prevalence were 18.5%, 27.1% and 6.5% in poor, medium and good body condition

horses respectively where statically significant difference was observed among the

different body conditions (p<0.05). This result showed that nematode parasites are more

prevalent in the area hence, regular deworming, pasture management are used to reduce

the warm burden in the cart horses.

Key words: Age; body condition; cart horses; GIT parasite; Nematodes; prevalence

26

ISOLATION OF BACTERIAL CONTAMINANTS FROM LESSIONS OF

EQUINE HISTOPLASMOSIS IN MEKELLE, NORTHERN ETHIOPIA

Dinku Biratu, Dr. Birhanu Hadush, Dr. Habtamu Taddele

ABSTRACT

A study was conducted between November 2010 to April 2011 to isolate bacterial

contaminants from confirmed lesion of Equine histoplasmosis (EH), determine the

antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the isolates and study the profile of white blood cells

(Neutrophils, Lymphocytes) across different severity stages of EH. From 24 EH positive

cart horses, a total of 47 samples were collected from either open and or closed lesions of

24 cases of EH of different stages of severity were used. Six different genera of bacteria

were isolated from the different lesions of confirmed EH cases namely Bacillus

(27.12%), Aeromonas (24.58%), Micrococcus (16.10%), Rhodococcus equi (14.41%),

and Klebsiella (0.85%) respectively. The dominant bacterium isolated from confirmed

closed lesions of EH was Aeromonas (31.91%) while from open lesions was Bacillus

(26.76%). The result of differential white blood cell count has indicated that there was

statistically significant association between severity of EH and Neutrophils count

(r2=0.95, p=0.000). On the other hand, statistically significant inverse relationship was

observed between severity of EH and lymphocyte count (r2=0.8875, p=0.000). The result

of the antibiotic sensitivity test on the dominant bacterial isolates showed that Bacillus is

susceptible to all antibiotics and Aeromonas was susceptible to Gentamycine and

Amoxacillin. On the other hand Staphylococcus has developed drug resistance except for

Cefoxitin. Micrococcus was susceptible to all antibiotics but tetracycline. The response

all antibiotics against Rhodococcus were moderate to poor. In conclusion, although the

primary cause of Equine Histoplasmosisis the fungus is the fungus Histoplasma

capsulatum var farciminosum (HCF), since bacteria do complicate the lesions treatment

of EH should include antibiotics in addition to antifungal drugs.

Key words: Bacteria; drug sensitivity test; Equine histoplasmosis

27

MAJOR PARASITIC CAUSES OF ORGAN CONDEMNATION IN

APPARENTLLY HEALTHY CATTLE SLAUGHTERED IN ABERGELLE

MODERN EXPORT ABATTOIR, MEKELLE.

Kflemaryam Tadesse, Dr. Netsanet Berhe

ABSTRACT

The study was conducted from November 2010 to March 2011 in Abergelle export

abattoir. The aim of this study was to identify and determine the major parasitic cause of

organ condemnation and estimate the magnitude of the direct losses attributed to the

condemned organs from cattle slaughtered in the abattoir. Standard ante mortem and post

mortem inspection procedures were followed throughout the study. During the study a

total of 902 cattle were examined. The study revealed that prevalence of different

parasites was 6.76% fasciolosis 19.02% hydatidosis and 9.20% cysticercosis. Out of 902

slaughtered cattle 188 (20.84%) livers were condemned due to various parasites at a

proportion of 61(6.76%) fasciolosis, 55(6.10%) cysticercosis, 51(5.65%) hydatidosis,

9(1.00%) concurrent infection of fasciolosis and cysticercosis, 6(0.67%) concurrent

infection of fasciolosis and hydatidosis, and 6(0.67%) due to concurrent infection of

hydatidosis and cysticerccosis. The association between age and body condition of the

animal in relation to fasciolosis were found to be statistically insignificant (p>0.05) but

the variation between origin and month found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). In

addition the association between concurrent infection of cysticercosis and fasciolosis in

liver found to be statistically significant (p<0.05), but the variation among origin, body

condition and different months were found to be statistically insignificant (p>0.05). For

independent infection of fasciolosis, cysticercosis and hydatidosis of liver the association

among different months found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). In this study

115(12.7%) lungs were condemned due to hydatidosis; and variation among age, origin,

body condition and months found to be statistically insignificant (p>0.05). Total

condemned heart were 13(1.44%) due to cysticercosis and there was not statistical

significant difference among age group, body condition, animal origin and months

(p>0.05). a total loss of 23978.59 ETB incurred in the abattoir from the three condemned

28

organs and it was estimated at approximately173457054.7 ETB loss per annum. After

thoroughly discussed pertinent conclusion was drawn.

Key words: Abattoir, cattle; cysticercosis; fasciolosis; hydatidosis, economic loss, organ

condemnation; prevalence

CHIEF CONSTRAINTS IN THE SUCCESS OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION

PROGRAME IN AND AROUND MEKELLE

Getachew Abadi

ABSTRACT

A study was conducted from November 2010 to April 2011 in and around Mekelle. This

study was conducted to assess problems and chief constraints that hinder the success of

AI in the study area. A total of 320 cattle owners and 21 Artificial Insemination

technicians were interviewed using structured questionnaire survey. Chief constraints in

the study area include: timing insemination problem (8.4%), heat detection problem

(11.9%), management problem (16.9%), disease problem (19.4%), low experience of

Artificial Insemination Technicians (7.2%) and lack of awareness about Artificial

insemination (35.9%). Lack of ownership and follow up, inadequate man power & lack

of commitment, lack of attention to this field, limitation of inputs, facilities and

infrastructural problems were also mentioned by Artificial Insemination technicians. The

study has found an alarming result with motivations of the Artificial insemination

technicians in which 78% of them have indicated that they are not motivated to work as

AI technicians due to associated problems and constraints

Key words: Constraints, Artificial insemination, Questionnaire survey

29

AGE PROFILE AND DENTAL DISORDERS OF DONKEYS IN TWO

SELECTED WORKING SITES OF TIGRAY DONKEY HEALTH AND

WELFARE PROJECT

Fikreslasie Dawit

ABSTRACT

Nutritional status, measured as body condition, has been used to assess welfare in

working Equines due to that; dental abnormalities have substantial impact on the

nutritional status of donkeys because they limit digestibility of feeds and the nutrient

utilization. This cross sectional study was conducted from November 2010 to April 2011

in two selected working sites of Tigray Donkey health and welfare projects, Adigudem

and Quiha with the objective of determining the prevalence of dental disorder and age

profile in donkeys in the working sites. A total of 384 donkeys were selected from the

total 990 donkeys presented to the clinics in the study area using systemic random

sampling method and all donkeys were examined by opening of mouth cavity using

mouth speculum. From the total 384 donkeys 154 (40.1%) of them had dental disorders.

In the current study three types of dental abnormality were examined which include

incisor teeth abnormality 11(2.9%), check teeth abnormality 128(33.3%) and periodontal

disease 15(3.9%). The age profile of donkey was also determined in those working sites

and the age proportion obtained were 4.4% (n=17), 22.4% (n=86), 46.4% (n=178), 18.4%

(n=71), 6.0% (n=23) and 2.3% (n=9) in age groups of <2.5years, 2.5-5 years, 6-10 years,

11-15 years, 16-20 years, 20+ years, respectively. There was no significant difference

(p>0.05) among the different soil type and sex but statistical analysis of dental disorder

on site, age and body condition scoring showed significant difference (p<0.05). This

study conclude that about 81.25% of above 16 years old donkey have dental disorder and

about 66.7% of donkeys presented in less than moderate body condition scoring have

dental disorders. The study revealed that dental disorder was an important constrains in

the welfare of donkeys which limit their nutritional status. Further study and extension

education should be carried out to create awareness on the people.

Key words: Adigudem; age profile; dental disorder; Donkeys; prevalence; Quiha

30

STUDY ON THE PREVALENCE OF BOVINE MASTITIS IN AND AROUND

BAHIR DAR DAIRY FARMS BAHIRDAR, ETHIOPIA

Muhammed Suleman, Dr. Gebreiwot Taddesse, Dr. Yohannes Hagos

ABSTRACT

A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2010 to April 2011 on a total of

311 lactating dairy cows (local and cross breed) to determine the prevalence of mastitis,

isolate the predominate bacterial causative agents, and to assess the role of some potential

risk factors of mastitis in Bahir Dar town and its surrounding. Clinical prevalence was

determined through examination of abnormalities in milk and udder where California

Mastitis Test (CMT) was utilized as a screening test to be able to determine the

prevalence of subclinical mastitis. The overall mastitis prevalence recorded in the study

area was 53.4% (n=166), out of which 2.6% (n=8) clinical and 50.4% (n=158) were

subclinical cases. Of the 1244 quarter examined, 2.3% (n=29) were blind teats and 27.3%

(n=332) showed evidence of infection of subclinical mastitis. About 142 bacterial isolates

were identified from CMT positive and mastitis milk samples. The most frequent isolates

were Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (CNS) species (45.77%), Staphylococcus aures

(S.aures) (23.2%), Streptococcus species (12.68%) and Entrobacteriaceae (9.8) other

than Escherichia coli (E.coli) (23.2%). Other species isolated included E.coli (3.5%),

Micrococcus (2.8%), Pseudomonas (1.4%), and Corynabacterium (0.7%). The

occurrence of mastitis varied significantly (p<0.005) among breeds which was higher in

cross breed cows 38.9% (n=121), than local Fogera 15.8% (n=49). The prevalence of

mastitis was also significantly (p<0.005) associated with the presence of tick and/or

lesion washing the udder and hand before milking. There was no significant difference

(p>0.05) between lactating cows with lactation stage and parity number. The study

showed that mastitis is the problem of dairy cows in the study area and the major isolates

were contagious pathogens. Therefore, hygienic milking practice, culling of chronically

infected cows and proper hygienic practice in the dairy farms could be feasible option to

control the disease in the study area.

Key words: Bacterial isolates, Bahir Dar, CMT, lactating cows, mastitis, prevalence

31

PREVALENCE OF BOVINE FASCIOLOSIS IN BAHIR DAR MUNICIPAL

ABATTOIR

Habtamu Terefe

ABSTRACT

A cross sectional study on prevalence of bovine Fasciolosis was carried out at Bahir Dar

municipal abattoir. The study was conducted from November 2010 to March 2011. This

study was used to establish the prevalence of bovine Fasciolosis in Bahir Dar municipal

abattoir and to compare diagnostic efficiency of faecal and postmortem examination. A

total of 384 cattle were randomly selected from the total number of cattle slaughtered

during the study period. Faecal samples were examined using sedimentation technique

followed by postmortem examination of each slaughtered animals. Abattoir survey

revealed that the overall prevalence of fasciolosis in the study was 32.3% and 44.8% in

coproscopic and post mortem examination respectively. There was also a statistically

significant (p<0.05) value in between this results. Coproscopic examination was revealed

a prevalence of 39.28% and 25.25%; post mortem examination was revealed a prevalence

of 50% and 39.89% in animals of old and adult age groups respectively. The current

study on age groups had statistically significant effect on the prevalence of bovine

fasciolosis (p<0.05). The prevalence of poor body condition animals under coproscopic

examination was 36.40% where as good body condition animals were 26.28%. The

prevalence of post mortem examination was 50.43% and 37.82% in poor and good body

condition animals respectively. It was statistically significant (p<0.05). From the total

livers found to be positive for bovine Fasciolosis 69.28% were infected with F. hepatica,

14.53% were infected with F. gigantica and 16.8% were infected with immature or

unidentified form of Fasciola species. These results indicate that F. hepatica was the most

common liver fluke species that leads to high liver condemnation rates in cattle

slaughtered in the study area.

Key words: Bahir Dar; bovine; coproscopy; fasciolosis; prevalence

32

STUDY ON PREVALENCE OF LUNG WORM INFECTION IN SHEEP

SLAUTHERED AT ABERGELE EXPORT ABATTOIR

Fiseha Kidanu, Dr. Yohannes Hagos

ABSTRACT

A cross-sectional study was conducted in Mekelle Abergelle export abattoir from

November, 2009 to April, 2010 to determine the prevalence of lung worm infection and

identifying the species of the lung worm using post mortem examination and Baerman

technique and to determine the likely potential risk factors by questionnaire surveys.

Accordingly, a total of 571 sheep were sampled. Out of 571 sheep examined, 177 were

found positive for lung worm on post mortem examination and the overall prevalence of

lung worm in the study area was found to be 31.0% (117/571). In this study the

prevalence rate of Dictyocaulos filaria (15.8%) was found to be higher than

Prostrongylus rufescens (8.8%) and Mulleries capillaries (6.1%). The prevalence of lung

worm infection was significantly influenced by age (χ2=29.125, p=0.000) and it was

higher in age groups of less than 1 year 3 month (42.72%) than 1year 3 months to 1 year

10 month (32.12%) and greater than 1 year 10 month (18.0%), similarly there was

statistically significant difference (χ2=32.235, p=0.000) in prevalence of lung worm

infection among thin body condition score (50.78%), average (24.39%) and fat (36.36%).

Generally, it is possible to conclude that ovine dictyocaulosis is major problem of sheep

within the different origins of the animals in the study area. Therefore, extension work to

increase the attitude of the society in using chemotherapy, sensible grazing system and

other possible prevention and control measures should be focused.

Key words: Mekelle, Ovine, Ovine dictyocaulosis, prevalence

33

PREVALENCE AND IDENTIFICATION OF HARD TICKS (IXODIDES) ON

BOVINE IN SHASHEMENE VETERINARY CLINIC

Mohammed Siraj, Dr. Nesibu Awol, Dr. Birhanu Hadush

ABSTRACT

This cross-sectional study was carried out from November 2010 to April 2011 at

Shashemene veterinary clinic with the objectives of determining the prevalence of tick

infestation and identifying the major species of ticks encountered in cattle. During the

study period a total of 393 cattle were examined and all of them were infested with tick.

A total of 1953 ticks were collected from half body regions of all cattle. As a whole four

genera and six species of Ixodid ticks were identified. The tick genera identified were

Amblyomma (55.97%), Boophilus (21.09%), Hyalomma (13.52%) and Rhipicephalus

(9.42%). Amblyomma variegatum (34.9%), Boophilus decolaratus (21.1%), Amblyomma

cohaerence (14%), Hyalomma marginatum rufipes (13.5%), Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi

(9.4%) and Amblyomma lepidum (7.1%) were the species of tick identified in decreasing

order. Further study and strategic control of ticks is recommended.

Key words: Cattle, Ixodid tick, prevalence, Shashemene.

34

EVALUATION OF THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF CROSSBRED

DAIRY CATTLE IN KALLAMINO DAIRY FARM, MEKELLE

Tsegay Haftu, Dr. Theodros Tekle

ABSTRACT

Evaluation on the reproductive performance of 70 crossbred Holstein Friesian dairy cows

was conducted at Kallamino dairy farm, Mekelle. The study was based on a retrospective

individual cow breeding record analysis covering the period 1998 to 2006. The mean age

of the cows was found to be 7.9 years and the mean parity of the dairy cows was

registered to be 4. The mean age at first service and mean age at first calving of the farm

were 26.1months and 35.2months, respectively. The average days to first observed heat

was 64.7days and days open of 114 days was recorded. Service per conception of 1.8, dry

period of 62.6days and calving interval of 15.3 months were recorded. According to this

study, parity has no significance effect (p>0.05) on S/C, average days open and average

days to observed heat. Based on the result of this study, the farm needs to check on age at

first calving and calving interval through developing good management systems mainly

based on feeding and effective reproductive health management.

Key words: Crossbred cows, Mekelle, Reproductive performance

35

STATUS OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION SERVICE AT FIELD LEVEL IN

EASTERN ZONE OF TIGRAY

Hagos Asgele, Dr. Gebregiorgis Ashebir

ABSTRACT

A retrospective study was conducted from November 2010 to April 2011 in eastern zone

of Tigray to determine the status of artificial insemination in the study area for the last

seven years (2004 to 2010). The data was collected from Regional Artificial Insemination

Center (RAIC) and by interviewing and discussing closely with the 325 livestock

owners.AI service eastern zone of Tigray has been showing a little progress in the

successive years, because of the farmers understanding the advantage of AI had good

progeny, increase milk quality and quantity, and economic importance rather than bull

keeping in their house would expose them to additional expenditure greater than AI

service. The AI field service operates use three strategies, the first and widely used

system is a daily round with which inseminators visit farms, villages and crush sites using

motor bikes alongside the main road, the second Static point with which AI technicians

are stationed on farms where a large number of animals are kept. Large number of

respondents had been observed to express that the main factors for failure to conceive

were associated with heat detection and insemination time (21.2%), management

problem, heat detection and insemination time (20.4%), management problem (10.8%),

management problem and diseases (15.2%), respectively. Problems related to only lack of

skilled technicians (6.4%), timing of insemination (14.4%), diseases (7.2%) and heat

detection (4.4%) were noticed to have a minor effect. According to the survey, more than

half (55.6%) of the respondents were getting their AI service on static points whereas,

(44.3%) of the respondents noted to have received their service by going to traveling on

request. The assessment of AI regard to different farming systems shows that more than

half (53.7%) of the respondent of intensive management system preferred AI service

relative to semi intensive and extensive farming system were recorded as, 38.1%,and

8.1% respectively.

Key words: Artificial insemination, dairy cattle, Eastern zone of Tigray

36

STUDY ON SERO-PREVALENCE OF BOVINE AND HUMAN BRUCELLOSIS

IN AND AROUND ASELLE, EASTERN ARSI ZONE, OROMIA REGIONAL

STATE OF ETHIOPIA

Abdulazim Usman Kimo, Dr. Yohannes Hagos

ABSTRACT

A cross-sectional study was conducted in and around Asella from November 2010 to

March 2011, to determine the prevalence of bovine and human brucellosis using RBPT

and CFT and to identify the likely potential risk factors. A total of 417 dairy cattle and

400 humans were sampled. The sampling involved all cattle above 6 months of age with

no history of previously vaccinated against brucellosis and humans suspected to the

disease with the history of exposure. Out of 417 cattle 22 (5.28 %) were positive to RBPT

of which 16 (3.84 %) were confirmed to be positive whereas out of 400 human screened

by RBPT, 9 (2.25 %) were positive of which 5 (1.25 %) were confirmed to be positive to

CFT. The overall prevalence of bovine and human brucellosis in the study area was 3.84

% and 1.25%, respectively. In cattle the prevalence of brucellosis was significantly

influenced by both abortion (χ2=36.434, p=0.000) and retained fetal membrane (χ

2=6.045,

p=0.014) and a prevalence rates of 35.71% and 22.73% were recorded with history of

abortion and retained fetal membrane, respectively, similarly in humans the prevalence of

brucellosis was statistically significant with exposure to animal products and by-products

(χ2=14.582, p=0.002) and occupational groups (χ

2=16.956, p=0.001). However, no

significant difference was observed between age groups (χ2=4.947, p=0.084) and sex

(χ2=2.318, p=0.128) in cattle, similarly in humans the prevalence was found to be

statistically insignificant with both sex (χ2=2.044, p=0.153) and age groups (χ

2=1.865,

p=0.761). The questionnaire survey were conducted on 14 farm owner and 113 humans

presented at hospital. Out of 14 farm owners only 3 (21.4%) had little knowledge on

brucellosis and wear protective gloves during handling aborted cows and retained fetal

membrane. Whereas out of 113 people presented at hospital 84 (74.34%) had no

information about its zoonotic importance. In general brucellosis control strategies in

cattle includes improved management practice, test and slaughter policy while in human

37

creating awareness of people on its zoonotic importance, use of cooked animal product

and by product and early treatment need to be initiated and promoted.

Key words: Asella; Bovine; Brucellosis; Human; Prevalence