book of abstracts - KRNAP...nedbalová Linda, Procházková Lenka, Kvíderová Jana & Kociánová...

book of abstracts

International Scientific ConferenceMountain Protected Areas in a Changing WorldŠpindlerův Mlýn, 21–24 May 2013

book of abstractsInternational Scientific Conference

Mountain Protected Areas in a Changing WorldŠpindlerův Mlýn, 21–24 May 2013

Recommended Citation:

For Book of Abstracts:Štursa J.& Andrle J. (eds) 2013: International Scientific Conference Mountain Protected Areas in a Changing World, Špindlerův Mlýn (Czech Republic) May 21 – 24, 2013; Book of Abstracts, 144 pp.

For Abstract: Engel Z., Traczyk A. & Braucher R. 2013: Chronology of the Quaternary glaciations in the Krkonoše Mts. In. Štursa J.& Andrle J.(eds), International Scientific Conference Mountain Protected Areas in a Changing World, Špindlerův Mlýn (Czech Republic) May 21 – 24, 2013; Book of Abstracts, 43.

Submitted abstracts were used without proofreading of English manuscripts

Issued by the Krkonoše Mountains National Park Administration in 2013.Text: © Jan Štursa, Jaroslav AndrleGraphic design: © Green MangoCover photo: © Kamila AntošováPrinted on recycled paper.

ISBN: 978-80-87706-18-3

content

Aim of the Conference, Topics, Sessions 6Conference Committees 8Conference Programme 9Excursions 24Abstracts 28List of all Abstracts 124Authors Index 134

content

Aim of the Conference, Topics, Sessions xxConference Committees xxxConference Programme xxExcursions xxAbstracts xxxList of all Abstracts xxx Authors Index xxx

Partners

International Scientific Conference Mountain Protected Areas in a Changing World Špindlerův Mlýn 2013 – Book of Abstracts6

International Scientific Conference Mountain Protected Areas in a Changing World Špindlerův Mlýn 2013 – Book of Abstracts 7

the aim of the conference

is to discuss the current knowledge on past and on-going changes in mountain natural systems and mountain landscapes transformed under increasing pressure from consumer society. The Krkonoše National Park is an outstanding example of a European medium-altitude mountain area, highly suitable for demonstration of long-term scientific activities and widespread use of scientific understanding in the protection of the mountains.

conference topics

• Experience from the past half century relating to research, scientific understanding, and management of mountain protected areas.

• Highlights of the scientific research in the Krkonoše National Park during the last fifty years.

• Significant changes in the stability and carrying capacity of present-day ecosystems of European medium-altitude mountain ranges.

• Implementation of effective management tools in mountain protected areas – possibilities and limits.

• The status, tasks and activities of people in the Krkonoše/Karkonosze National Parks and other similar mountain protected areas.

• Current environmental conflicts and possible solutions in the Krkonoše National park.

sessions

Session I

– Mountain Protected Areas in a Changing World 5 general contributions summarizing changes in mountain environments over the last decades (invited speakers from natural and socio-geographical disciplines).

Session II

– High Mountains 8 overview contributions focused on nature and landscape changes in the upper parts (above the alpine tree-line) of mountain protected areas, particularly in the Krkonoše/Karkonosze Mountains (natural sciences, forestry, hydrology, climatology…).

Session III

– Montane Landscape 7 overview contributions focused on nature and landscape changes in the lower and medium altitude belts of mountain protected areas, particularly in the Krkonoše/Karkonosze Mountains (natural sciences, forestry, farming hydrology, climatology…).

Session IV

– Mountains and People 6 overview contributions focused on impact of the current land use in mountain protected areas on their geobiodiversity, particularly in the Krkonoše/Karkonosze Mountains (outdoor activities, changes of landscape infrastructure, building activities, EIA process…).

Poster Sessions

Case studies and preliminary studies on all aspects of nature and landscape protection in mountain environments. Participation of at least one of the authors during the poster presentation is required.



conference organizers

Krkonoše National Park Administration and Karkonosze National Park Administration under the auspices of the Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic

conference steering committee

Ing. Jaroslav Andrle, Ph.D. Krkonoše National Park Administration, Czech Republic

RNDr. Jakub Hruška, CSc. Czech Geological Survey, Czech Republic

Ing. Jan Hřebačka Krkonoše National Park Administration, Czech Republic

Ing. Jiří Hušek Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic

Mgr. Roksana Knapik Karkonosze National Park Administration, Poland

Prof. František Krahulec, DrSc. Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Science, Czech Republic

Prof. dr hab. Krzysztof R. Mazurski Wrocław Technical University, Poland

Prof. dr hab. Piotr Migoń (Chairperson) University of Wrocław, Poland

Dr Jacek Potocki University of Economics, Jelenia Góra, Poland

Dr inż. Andrzej Raj Karkonosze National Park Administration, Poland

PhDr. Ivan Rynda Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic

RNDr. Jan Štursa (Secretary) Krkonoše National Park Administration, Czech Republic

Ing. Tomáš Tesař Deputy Minister of the Environment of the Czech Republic

Prof. dr hab. Bronislav Wojtuń University of Wrocław, Poland

conference organizing committee

Ing. Jaroslav Andrle, Ph.D. (Chairperson) Krkonoše National Park Administration, Czech Republic

Mgr. Jakub Kašpar Krkonoše National Park Administration, Czech Republic

Mgr. Luděk Khol Krkonoše National Park Administration, Czech Republic

Mgr. Roksana Knapik Karkonosze National Park Administration, Poland

Ing. Otakar Schwarz Ph.D. Krkonoše National Park Administration, Czech Republic

RNDr. Jan Štursa Krkonoše National Park Administration, Czech Republic

conference Programme

Monday 20st May 201317.00 Start of Registration/Accommodation

Tuesday 21st May 20137.30–12.00 Registration/Accommodation

9.30–10.20Opening Ceremony (50th Anniversary of the Krkonoše National Park, Welcome and Opening Speeches)

10.20–10.35 Coffee Break



Tuesday 21st May 2013

10.35–13.30

SESSIOn I – MOunTAIn PROTECTEd AREAS In A ChAngIng WORLd (5 key notes speeches with moderated panel discussion) Moderator: Ladislav Miko (European Commission, Brussels)

Key note speakers:

10.40–11.00Olaf Slaymaker (The University of British Columbia, Vancouver): Mountain Environment Changes in the Anthropocene Epoch

11.05–11.25

Terry V. Callaghan, Margareta Johansson & Christer Jonasson (Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm): The changing environment of the northern Swedish mountains

11.30–11.50Josef Fanta (University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science): Forests in Central European national parks: their protection and management

11.55–12.15

Thomas hansson & Carol Ritchie (EUROPARC Federation, Regensburg): EUROPARC Federation: working with mountain protected areas and local communities

12.20–12.40Zbigniew niewiadomski & Maria Andrzejewska (Centrum UNEP/GRID-Warszawa): Carpathian experience

12.45–13.15 Moderated panel discussion

13.30–14.30 Lunch


14.30–17.00

SESSIOn II – hIgh MOunTAInS (8 speakers) Chair / Co-Chair: František Krahulec / Bronislaw Wojtuń

Presentations:

14.30–14.45Zbyněk Engel, Andrzej Traczyk & Régis Braucher: Chronology of the Quaternary glaciations in the Krkonoše Mountain.

14.50–15.05Milena Kociánová, Jan Jeník, Valerian Spusta & Andrzej Brzeziński: Fifty years of avalanche research in the Giant Mountains

15.10–15.25

Jaroslav Vrba, Jan Fott, Zuzana hořická, Jiří Kopáček, Linda nedbalová, Veronika Sacherová & Evžen Stuchlík: Detecting environmental change – limnological research of mountain lakes in Central Europe

15.30–15.45Jan Štursa: Development of opinions on the geobiodiversity of the Giant Mountains arctic-alpine tundra

15.50–16.10 Coffee Break

16.10–16.25

Václav Treml, Tomáš Chuman, Tereza Ponocná, Lukáš Píro & dita Bosczyková: Trees are advancing higher and growing better along the treeline ecotone in the Sudetes Mountains

16.30–16.45

Cezary Kabała, Adam Bogacz, Beata Łabaz, Jarosław Waroszewski: Mountain pine „rain forest” on the extremely skeletal soils in the Karkonosze Mountains

16.50–17.05Jan Jeník: Topography and geo-ecological nature of Krakonoš´s Backgarden in the Giant Mountains




17.10-17.25

Michal hroneš, Michal Sochor & Radim J. Vašut: What do we know about the downy willow (Salix lapponum L.) in the Krkonoše Mts.? Remarks on its ecology, population structure and the genetic variability

17.40–19.00 POSTER SESSIOn RELATEd TO SESSIOn II (High Mountains)

Biereznoj-Bazille urszula: The condition of the high-land Swertia perennis L. populations in Central Europe

Fabšičová Martina: Grasslands dominated by Deschampsia cespitosa – changes during last 50 years.

Chrtek Jindřich & Szeląg Zbigniew: Krkonoše/Karkonosze Mts as an important interglacial refugium of high mountain hawkweeds (Hieracium s. str.)

Málková Jitka, Kociánová Milena, Prajsová Eva & Fedor Vojtěch: Extensive and intensive monitoring of endemic species Pedicularis sudetica Willd. in the Czech part of the Krkonose Mountains

Málková Jitka, Pávová Kateřina, Procházková Lucie & Prajsová Eva: Distribution of Campanula bohemica HRUBY on the czech part of the Krkonoše Mts. and its depence on the biotopes

nedbalová Linda, Procházková Lenka, Kvíderová Jana & Kociánová Milena: Red snow algae from the Krkonoše Mts.: phylogeny and ecophysiological characteristics


17.40–19.00Pusz Wojciech & Kita Włodzimierz: The health status of mountain pine‘s needles (Pinus mugo Turra) in subalpine zone of Karkonosze National Park

Robakowski Piotr, dworzycki Krzysztof & Kroczek Marta: Morphological acclimation to irradiance and partitioning of energy absorbed by leaf in Saxifraga nivalis and Saxifraga basaltica

Souček, Jiří: Development of dwarf pine stands in Krkonoše Mts

Šenfeldr Martin & Maděra Petr: Tree-line dynamic in the East Sudetes

Šenfeldr Martin, Treml Václav, Maděra Petr & Volařík daniel: Effects of dwarf pine stands on Norway spruce clonal groups in the treeline ecotone of the Hrubý Jeseník Mountains, Czech Republic.

Špinlerová Zuzana: Dwarf Pine (Pinus mugo Turra) Biomass Estimation Methodology

Vojta Jaroslav, Sklenář Petr, Černý Martin & nedbalová Linda: Spatial and temporal variation in snowpack and its relationship to vegetation composition above treeline at Králický Sněžník Mt., Czech Republic

Wojtuń Bronisław & Przewoźnik Lidia: Mires of the Karkonosze National Park

Treml Václav, Kašpar Jakub & Zákravská Šárka: Timing and duration of xylem formation along the treeline ecotone in the Giant Mountains

Jankovská Vlasta: Vegetation of the West Carpathians in the Last Glacial Period. And what about Czech Massif in the same time?




17.40–19.00

Martiš Miroslav & Rýznar Vojtěch: Long term monitoring of Carabid beetles as biondicators of environmental changes in alpine zone of Krkonoše mountains during last decades

Materna Jan: What can the common tick say about climate change?

Miko Ladislav: Giant Mountains National Park as important source of biological diversity of oribatid mites (Acarina, Oribatida) in the Czech Republic

Kociánová M., Vaněk J. & harčarik J.: Tundra of the Krkonoše Mts. in the context of international research

uxa Tomáš, Křížek Marek, Engel Zbyněk &Treml Václav: Spatial distribution, morphology and clast arrangement of sorted polygons in the Krkonoše Mountains

Bojko Oskar & Kabała Cezary: Heavy metals content in sediments of Wielki Staw lake in Karkonosze Mts

Kocowicz Andrzej: Soil properties in the surrounding of the mountain hostel on the Karkonosze Mts National Park area

Kędzia Stanisław & Parzóch Krzysztof: The activity of debris flows in the Łomniczka Corrie in the light of lichenometric dating

Migała Krzysztof & Sobik Mieczysław: Manifestation of global change and climate variability in the Karkonosze

Tuesday 21st May 2013urban grzegorz& Tomczyński Karol: Trends in the variation in air temperature on Śnieżka Mt. in conjunction with solar activity in the period between 1881 and 2012

Krakowski Krzysztof: Influence of slope aspect and inclination on physical properties of snow cover in western part of Karkonosze Mts during winter season 2011/2012

harčarik Josef: Snow relationships of the arctic-alpine tundra of the Giant (Krkonoše) Mts

Kociánová Milena, Jeník Jan, Spusta Valerian, Brzeziński Andrzej and others: Fifty years of avalanche research in the Giant Mountains

19.00 Dinner

20.30Open debate on the topic: “Communication between deaf foresters” moderated by Leffert Oldenkamp (Wageningen, NL)

Wednesday 22nd May 20137.30–8.30 breakfast

8.30–11.30

SESSIOn III MOnTAnE LAndSCAPE (7 speakers) Chair / Co-chair: Josef Fanta / Krzysztof R. Mazurski Presentations:

8.30–8.45

Krzysztof Parzóch & Anna Solarska: Morphodynamics of areas protected against erosion – the results of monitoring in the Karkonosze Mountains



Wednesday 22nd May 2013

8.50–9.05Łukasz Pawlik: Catastrophic windthrows in the Karkonosze Mts. National Park – their ecological significance and geomorphic impact on hillslopes.

9.10–9.25

Miroslav Svoboda, Pavel Janda, Vojtěch Čada & others: Variability of the disturbance regime in temperate mountain spruce forests of Central Europe.

9.30–9.45Jiří Flousek: Birds – a flagship group of long-term scientific and management activities in the Krkonose Mts.

9.50–10.15 Coffee break

10.15–10.35

Stanislav Vacek, Vilém Podrázský, Otakar Schwarz & others: Status and development of the soils and tree compartment of forest ecosystemsand ecosystems above timberline in the Krkonoše Mts.NP in years 1976 –2012

10.40–10.55Jakub hruška, Filip Oulehle, Pavel Cudlín & others: Recovery from soil acidification and its effect on Norway spruce conditions.

11.00–11.15Antonín Buček & Jan Šebesta: Long-term monitoring of mountain forests on research polygons in Eastern Carpathians.


11.20–12.30 POSTER SESSIOn RELATEd TO SESSIOn III (Montane Landscape)

Kasprzak Marek, Traczyk Andrzej & Tábořík Petr: Morphostructural conditions determining the evolution of the Izera river valley

urban grzegorz: Evaluation of accuracy of selected methods of calculation of the daily mean air temperature depending on atmospheric circulation (the case study of the Western Sudety Mountains and their foreland)

goliáš Viktor, hrušková Lenka, Przylibski Tadeusz Andrzej, Lipanský Tomáš & Černík Tomáš: Radioactive springs of the Krkonoše and Jizera Mts. as geological phenomena, healing sources and tourist attractions

hladíková Zuzana, Strnadová nina & Andrle Jaroslav: Water quality evaluation on the upper reach of river Labe, Úpa and Jizera in KRNAP

Suchánek Miloslav, Pošmourný Karel & Vaněk Jan: Monitoring of heavy metals in surface waters and stream sediments in the Krkonoše (Giant) Mountains

Bińczycki Tomasz, Weber Jerzy & Tyszka Rafał: Forms of selected heavy metals in soils of the upper parts of the Karkonosze Mountains

Šír Miloslav, Tesař Miroslav & dvořák Igor: Extreme runoffs from the Modrý důl basin in the vegetation season.

Tesař Miroslav & Šír Miloslav: Long-term hydroecological monitoring in the Krkonoše Mountains




11.20–12.30

Ceitel Jan, Zientarski Jacek & Raj Andrzej: Evaluation the influence of the distribution of Norway spruce seedlings on their survival and growth in the upper mountain zone in the Karkonoski National Park

Ceitel Jan, Zientarski Jacek & Raj Andrzej: Possibilities of group planting of beech seedlings (Fagus sylvatica L.) as the method of the spruce sand conversion in lower mountain zone in the Karkonoski National Park

Ceitel Jan., Zientarski Jacek & Raj Andrzej: Evaluation of the application of European larch as the pioneer species for the conversion of the species composition of the forests in the Karkonoski National Park

Cudlín Pavel, Vašutová Martina, Chmelíková Ewa, Beran Miroslav & Edwards Magda: 20-year investigation of Norway spruce tree health status and fungi occurrence on permanent plots in the Krkonoše Mts

Černý Martin & Russ Radek: Biomonitoring and operational inventory as a tool of forest assessment in KRNAP

godek Michał, Błaś Marek, Sobik Mieczysław, Owczarek Piotr & Migała Krzysztof: Growth dynamics of Norway spruce (Picea abies) tree-rings in the context of fog deposition in the Karkonosze Mts

holub Filip, Vašutová Martina, Edwards Magda, dvořák Miloň & Cudlín Pavel: Does influence Norway spruce crown status the formation and functioning of its ectomycorrhizal association?


11.20–12.30Ochtyra Adrian, Zagajewski Bogdan, Kozłowska Anna & Marcinkowska Adriana: Comparison of spruce forests condition in Karkonosze and Tatras

Raczko Edwin, Zagajewski Bogdan, Marcinkowska Adriana, Kupková Lucie & Ochtyra Adrian: Forest species classification of Karkonosze National Park using hyperspectral images and neural networks

Starý Martin, Čížková Pavla & Bečka Pavel: Natural regeneration of mountain spruce forest in areas with spontaneous succession – the latest results from the Biomonitoring project

Vacek Zdeněk & Bulušek daniel: Structure and development of forest stands on the locality Bažinky in the Krkonoše Mts.

Zwaduch Przemysław: Silver fir restitution in Stołowe Mountains National Park

dobrowolska-Martini Karolina, gramsz Bożena & Martini Marek: Observations of the rare bird species in the Polish part of Karkonosze Mts. in 2012

dobrowolski Marek: Research on invertebrates in Karkonoski National Park - actual state and future requirements

Kůrka Antonín & Vaněk Jan: Spider fauna (Araneae) in beech forests of the Krkonoše Mts

Materna Jan: Tell me which species live in a forest and I’ll tell you what does the forest look like – Which organisms are the best indicators of forest habitat quality?




11.20–12.30

Mazur Andrzej & dobrowolski Marek: Where is a center of biodiversity in the Karkonosze Mts.? About Staphylinids communities (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) in the high mountain spruce forests in the Sudetes

horáková Viera: Natura 2000 in the Krkonoše Mts

Marcinkowska Adriana, Zagajewski Bogdan, Kupkova Lucie, Jelenek Jan & Ochtyra Adrian: Condition of invasive plants of the Giant Mountains

Špatenková Iren, & horáková Viera: Botanical inventory research of the Krkonoše Mts.

Wilk-Woźniak Elżbieta, Mróz Wojciech, gadzinowska Joanna, Kukawski Mateusz, Piotrowicz Ryszard, gąbka Maciej dunalska Julita and others:The assessment of the state of water natural habitats in Karkonosze and Natura 2000 network in Poland

12.30–13.30 Lunch

13.30–16.30

SESSIOn IV MOunTAInS And PEOPLE (7 speakers) Chair / Co-chair: Martin Šolar / Jakub Kašpar

Presentations:

13.30–13.45dorota Wojnarowicz, Jacek Potocki & Zygmunt Jała: Land use changes in the Karkonosze region in the period 1888-2008.

13.50–14.05Pavel Treml & Adam Beran: Impact of snowmaking on the runoff regime in the streams of the Krkonoše Mountains National Park

14.10–14.25Miroslav Tesař & Miloslav Šír: Early warning system for flash floods in the Krkonoše Mountains


14.30–14.45

Jana Müllerová, Michaela Vítková & Ondřej Vítek: The impact of roads: effects on soil and species composition in a nutrient poor environment of the Krkonoše Mts alpine tundra

14.50–15.20 Coffee break

15.20–15.35Krzysztof R. Mazurski: The Karkonosze National Park and the English Geopark: Comparative Study of Protection and Education

15.40–15.55

Zygmunt Jala, Monika Rusztecka, daniel Starczewski, & dorota Wojnarowicz: Karkonosze/Krkonose in INSPIRE- common GIS in nature protection

16.00–16.15

Zagajewski B., Kupkova L., Markowicz K. M., Kozłowska A., & all.: EUFAR‘s HyMountEcos - documentation and mapping project of the Karkonosze area

16.20–17.20 POSTER SESSIOn RELATEd TO SESSIOn IV (Mountains and People)

Bujalský Luděk, harmáčková Zuzana & Vačkář david: Long-term social-ecological research in Krkonoše: an ecosystem service perspective

dvořák Igor Jan, Burda Jiří, Čurda Jan and others: Geological Factors of the Environment of the Giant Mountains and their Foothills

gryszel Piotr: “Highlanders style of The Karkonosze”i.e. natural and cultural heritage of Polish Karkonosze Mountains as the tourism oriented product. Status and directions of tourism development in The Karkonosze Mountains




16.20–17.20Knapik Roksana & Migoń Piotr: Problems of geotourism management in the Karkonosze National Park

Kucharska Magdalena & Sidorczuk Magdalena: The geological-tourist maps of Polish National Parks

Marcinkowska Adriana, Zagajewski Bogdan, Ochtyra Adrian, Raczko Edwin and others: Hyperspectral images and artificial neural networks for vegetation mapping of Karkonosze National Park

Mierczyk Monika, Zagajewski Bogdan, Roksana Knapik, Kupková Lucie and others: Hyperspectral tools for rock and mineral mapping of Karkonosze

Kupková Lucie, Pomáhačová Michaela, Březina Stanislav & Andrle Jaroslav: Remote sensing for meadows associations monitoring in the Krkonoše national Park

Traczyk Andrzej & Kasprzak Marek: Digital geomorphological map of the Polish Karkonosze Mountains

Zagajewski Bogdan & Kozłowska Anna: Assessment of neural networks and Imaging Spectroscopy for vegetation classification of the High Tatras


16.20–17.20

Zagajewski Bogdan, Kupkova Lucie, Marcinkowska Adriana, Ochtyra Adrian and others: Analysis of the mountain meadows’ condition the Polish Karkonosze National Park using remote sensing and biometric measurements

17.30 – 18.30 Plenary Closing Session Conference feedback + conclusions

20.00 – 21.00 Gala diner

21.00 – 22.00Awards ceremony for the long-time contribution to scientific research in the Giant Mountains

22.00 – 0.30 Entertainment with music and dancing

Thursday 23rd May 201307.30–08.30 breakfast

8.30–17.30

Full-day guided-excursions 8 options according participant´s registration (some changes are possible) All excursions will start in front of Hotel Harmony at 8.30 a.m.



Excursions

1. Ridges of the Western

Krkonoše Mts.

(full day, physically demanding route, walking tour c. 15 km)

Focus: Arctic-alpine tundra phenomenon of the Western Krkonoše Mts. and its geo-biodiversity

Zoning of KRNAP and KPN

Forms of forestry management in KRNAP and KPN and the Face project

Management activity in the Ist and IInd zones of KRNAP

Tourism – conflicts and their solutions (Labská bouda Chalet, Pramen Labe – Spring of Elbe, cycle-tourism)

2. Ridges of the Western

Krkonoše Mts.

(shorter, full day, less physically demanding route, walking tour

c. 8 km)

Focus:

Georelief of arctic-alpine tundra of the Western Krkonoše Mts.

Geo-biodiversity of glacial cirques

Arctic peatbogs and Nardus meadows

Management activity in the Ist and IInd zones of KRNAP

Tourism – conflicts and their solutions (Labská bouda Chalet, Pramen Labe – Spring of Elbe, cycle-tourism)

3. Ridges of the Eastern

Krkonoše Mts.


Focus: Arctic-alpine tundra phenomenon of the Eastern Krkonoše Mts. (frost modelling, glacial lakes, summit etchplains)

Arctic peatbogs and Nardus meadows

Management activities in the Ist and IInd

zones of KRNAP (reconstruction of touristtrails)

Tourism – conflicts and their solutions (Mt. Sněžka, Lučníbouda Chalet, cycle-tourism)

4. Forest ecosystems of the Western Krkonoše Mts.


Focus:

Diversity of forest ecosystems in the 6th, 7th

and 8th forest vegetation zones

Forms of forestry management

Emission damage to mountain forests, its historical development and current condition

Forest ecosystems and sporting/tourist activities



5. Forest ecosystems of the

Eastern Krkonoše Mts.

(full day, less physically demanding route, walking tour c. 8 km)

Focus:

Černohorské rašeliniště, montane mire and waterlogged spruce forests

Natural forest ecosystems at the 8th forest vegetation level

Forms of forestry management

Forest ecosystems and sporting/tourist activities

6. Špindlerův Mlýn and

surroundings – mountain tourist and recreational resort and its long-term

development


Focus:

Town planning solutions in mountain recreational resorts

Socio-economic development of the resort

Sporting and recreational infrastructure and its development

Management of mountain meadows and forests

7. Eastern Krkonoše Mts. –

historical developments in the relationship between man and montane nature


Focus:

Mountain chalet cultivation and its role in shaping the Krkonoše landscape

Phenomenon of montane log cabins

Renewal of historical and ecclesiastical monuments

8. Eastern and Central

Krkonoše Mts. – historical development of mountain meadows,

their biodiversity focused mainly on flora and

vegetation values, scale of meadow management and

practises

(full day, less physically demanding excursion, predominantly by bus with

walking tour c.6 km)

Focus:

Character of mountain landscape in the Eastern and Central Krkonoše Mts.

History of farming in the 18.-19. century

Previous and current methods of caring for mountain meadows



Urszula Biereznoj-BazilleUniversity of Bialystok, Bialystok, PL, [email protected]

the condition of the high-land Swertia perennis L. populations in central Europe

Keywords: Gentianaceae, habitats, Carpathians, population structure, Sudeten

Swertia perennis L. (Gentianaceae) is a circumboreal perennial plant with discontinuous geographical distribution from Central Europe through Asia to western North America. It is stenotopic plant, which grows mainly in calcareous fen ecosystem. This species is under protection and is classified from vulnerable to highly endangered or even extinct in many red data lists in Europe. My research presents one year preliminary populations’ studies of S. perennis L. from three mountains regions in Central Europe: Tatra (TA), Beskid Żywiecki (BZ) and Karkonosze (KA). The aim of the study was an investigation of population size and structure as well as habitat conditions of five high-land S. perennis populations. The examination was conducted with application of the populations’ ecology standard methods. Habitat conditions were evaluated according to a national methodology of the habitat and species of Natura 2000 monitoring. The populations differed in sizes. The largest population was noted in population from the BZ region. The population age structure varied also. The lowest percentage of seedlings (5%) were observed in TA, the highest (ca. 50%) in population from the BZ region. The highest contribution of reproductive adults (ca. 27%) was noted in TA, the lowest (ca. 3%) in population from the KA region. Habitat types (its structure and disturbances, e.g. herbivory) might be considered as the one of most important factor shaping of phenotypic plasticity within high-land S. perennis populations.

BTomasz Bińczycki, Jerzy Weber & Rafał TyszkaWroclaw University of Environmental and Life Science, Wroclaw, PL, [email protected]

forms of selected heavy metals in soils of the upper parts of the karkonosze Mts.

Keywords: soil pollution, heavy metals, lead, sequential extraction

Heavy metal concentration is a factor which is commonly considered when the anthropogenic influence on the environment is assessed, even in the most remote places. Many studies show that the knowledge about their quantities and also forms of occurrence in different soil horizons gives a possibility to track pollution in natural environment and thereby monitor and protect unique places. Previously conducted studies on the region of the Karkonosze National Park shows a significant content of heavy metals in the ectohumus horizons (up to 350 mg/kg). The origin of these particles is not clearly defined, as their amounts may be affected by the parent rock weathering, anthropogenic influence on the environment, or the both these two sources, which is more likely. The knowledge on the forms of heavy metals is necessary for their later isotopic identification. The submicroscopic study combined with chemical fractionation allows more detailed characterization of components of industrial origin, and allows to conclude on forms and possibilities of migration of heavy metals. Using sequential extraction methods (such BCR method), the content of different forms of occurrence of lead in the soil environment was measured. According to the BCR method the following fractions were determined: ion exchange and easily soluble organo- metallic complexes, carbonate and easily reducible, organic bound, oxide and residual. The enrichment of ectohumus horizon with lead associated with organic matter suggests its anthropogenic origin connected with air deposition. Although top horizons indicated the highest concentrations of lead, also illuvial horizons showed an increased contents of that heavy metal, which can be originated from anthropogenic sources.

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Oskar Bojko & Cezary KabałaWrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, PL, [email protected]

Heavy metals content in sediments of Wielki staw lake in karkonosze Mts.

Keywords: heavy metal, bottom sediments, mountain lake, Karkonosze.

Lake sediments are the perfect “natural archives” to track changes in the environment in local and regional scale, and can provide valuable information on the causes of those changes. As the main paleoclimatical research subjects mountain bogs are used, and mountain lake sediments in this regard are far less understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical composition of sediments of the Wielki Staw lake with particular emphasis on the heavy metal content.The 11m thick core was sampled from the middle part of Wielki Staw lake, located at the 1225 m a. s. l. The core was divided into 55 sections 20-cm-long and pH, particle size disribution, organic carbon content, total content of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd, Ni, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca, K, Na were determined in each section. Correlation between properties of sediment and heavy metal content was also established. Deposits, due to the prevalence of acidic granites in the surroundings, are characterized by low pH and - in comparison with Tatra’s lakes - lower Ca content. Texture of lake sediments is in most cases loamy (with only a 60-cm-thick sandy layer at the depth of 8,6 m) and the mean organic carbon content reaches 7,81%. Increase of contamination with Zn and Pb is evident in recent sediments (upper sections of the core). Content of zinc is rising from 21.8 to 50.3 mg kg-1 and lead- from 35.0 to 81.8 mg kg-1 from the depth 1,4 m to the depth 0,0 m. The concentration of other elements is on similar, slightly differentiated level in the whole core, with an exception of sand layer, where the concentration of all elements is significantly lower. The content of all heavy metals, with exception of Pb, correlates well with silt + clay fraction. Pb doesn’t show correlation with any examined property.

BAntonín Buček & Jan ŠebestaMendel University in Brno, Brno, CZ, [email protected], [email protected]

Long-term monitoring of mountain forests on research polygons in Eastern carpathians

Keywords: primeval forests, vegetation dynamics, long-term monitoring

The hypothesis about the effect of possible global changes on the landscape can be verified by monitoring of the dynamics of natural forests. For a better understanding of possible vegetation changes is valuable to study changes of vegetation over long time scale. The network of research plots established in the 1930s by A. Zlatník in mountain virgin forests in Eastern Carpathians is important in this respect. The study site is situated in the core area of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve in the Zakarpattya province of Ukraine. Repeated research of 8 plots (47,8 ha) in the 1996–2007 resulted with valuable data on the dynamics of mountain forests. The placement of plots was chosen by Zlatník in 30s and methods of our field survey strictly followed methods of him. Vegetation changes were studied regarding the years of survey between 1930s and 1996–2007 applying multidimensional statistics and plant community characteristics. After 70 years, herb species composition partly changed, in the 30th a total of 159 species were recorded, of which 35 were not found during the repeat survey. During the later survey, 137 species were found, of which 13 were new findings. We tested the influence of environmental factors to changes in species composition. We verified the influence of time span of 70 years and altitude to these changes. Fir-beech forest is exhibited an increase of nitrophilous taxa (Rubus idaeus, Urtica dioica, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Stellaria nemorum). There was an expansion of the lower tree and shrub layers, primarily Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies, and decline of Abies alba, which can be explained by reduced cattle grazing and by changes in landscape management along with effect of acid deposition. Gradual management changes as well as climate changes and soil acidification could have affected changes of vegetation. Note: this research was supported by the Internal Grant Agency of the FFWT Mendelu Brno, Project Number 12/2010 and by the Project Creation and Development of Multidisciplinary Team on the Basis of Landscape Ecology No. CZ.1.07/2.3.00/20.004.

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Luděk Bujalský, Zuzana Harmáčková & David VačkářGlobal Change Research Center AS CR, v.v.i., [email protected],[email protected], [email protected]

Long-term social-ecological research in krkonoše: an ecosystem service perspective

Keywords: ecosystem services, socio-ecological system, LTSER, LTER, DPSIR

The aim of our contribution is to summarize the experience with the transformation of long-term ecological research (LTER) and the development of long-term socio-ecological research (LTSER) in the Krkonoše (KRNAP). We also present an overview of local ecosystem services (ES). The project assesses current trends in human exploitation of ecosystems with an emphasis on science-based evaluation. It also aims to provide the administration of KRNAP with information on the sustainable ways of ecosystem management and to establish environmentally compatible regional development. The research is based on the concept of socio-ecological systems (SES), i.e. systems including both natural ecosystems and socio-economic parts. SESs are characterized by the complex network of relationships and system parameters, such as resilience, sustainability, evolution, adaptation, or collapse. We have studied the SES of ski-slopes, which represents a highly characteristic feature of KRNAP. The extensive utilization of ski-slopes provides the region with income and overall development, but at the same time causes strong exploitation processes to the local ecosystems, which may result in the depletion of natural resources, the loss of biodiversity and the disruption to ES. The design of the project: 1.Outlining the SES of ski-slope and evaluating the quality and quantity of its inner relations. 2.Correlating the results from former LTER observations with data coming from the socio-economic field. 3.Proposing the DPSIR (Drivers, Pressures, States, Impacts and Responses) framework and its integration into the environmental assessment in KRNAP. The development and testing of selected methodological procedures will contribute to the integration and systematic development of the LTSER platform in KRNAP.

BTerry V. Callaghan, Margareta Johansson & Christer JonassonRoyal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, SE, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

the changing environment of the northern swedish mountains

Keywords: Climate change, biotic changes, abiotic changes, Abisko area, sub-arctic Sweden

The physical environment of northern Swedish subarctic mountains has changed, often dramatically, over the past 100 years. Long-term monitoring programmes at the Abisko Scientific Research Station show increases in mean annual temperature of 2.5oC. The growing season has become longer and the frequency and magnitude of mid-winter warming events that lead to snow melt and ground ice formation have increased. Summer precipitation has increased, and particularly extreme events that have led to slope failures and infrastructure damage. Snow depth increased over most of the 20th century but since the mid 1980’s it has decreased. Lake ice duration has decreased by up to 40 days over the past century and lowland permafrost has become warmer and thinner in some areas. These significant changes in the abiotic environment, together with a change from intensive to less intensive reindeer management that occurred a century ago, have led to complex impacts on ecosystems. The forests have become denser overall and treelines have generally risen in elevation, but not everywhere. Whereas summer warming has led to increased tree recruitments and growth at some treelines, increased winter temperatures have led to more intense insect pest outbreaks that have contributed to driving the treeline downwards. Tall shrubs have increased in range and growth consistent with trends in many tundra areas but changes in species composition of heaths, meadows and wetlands (the latter created by permafrost thaw) range from minor to significant. Both abiotic and biotic changes lead to significant implications for local residents who must adapt to the changes and also for the global community as a result of biophysical feedbacks (such as carbon GHG emissions and decreases in albedo) to the climate system.

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Jan Ceitel1, Jacek Zientarski1 & Andrzej Raj21Poznań University of Life Sciences, PL, [email protected], [email protected] National Park Administration, Jelenia Góra, PL, [email protected]

Evaluation the influence of the distribution of Norway spruce seedlings on their survival and growth in the upper mountain zone in the karkonoski National Park

Keywords: Karkonoski National Park, upper mountain zone, seedling’s distribution patterns of seedlings, survival, growth

This paper contains results of the experiment which verifying the effect of different distribution patterns of planted Norway spruce seedlings on their survival and growth. Within the frame of the experiment 4 series of elementary experiments were established in the upper mountain zone in Karkonoski National Park. They were established in the openings after damaged spruce forests. Each elementary experiment consists of 3 circle plots located close to one another at the same site conditions. The radius of the single plot is 7,98 m (200 m2). The same average density was assumed (4444 trees/ha). Three patterns of seedling distribution were tested: regular, random and clumped. Total height of trees and current annual height increment were measured. Survival of plants as well as the degree of damaged from games were estimated. The effect on plant survival was not stated. Favourable effect of random and clumped distribution of seedlings was observed on their growth. Advantageous influence of clumped pattern was stated also on the degree of grazing by wild animals.

CJan Ceitel1, Jacek Zientarski1& Andrzej Raj21Poznań University of Life Sciences, PL, [email protected], [email protected] National Park Administration, Jelenia Góra, PL, [email protected]

Possibilities of group planting of beech seedlings (Fagus sylvatica L.) as the method of the spruce stand conversion in lower mountain zone in the karkonoski National Park

Keywords: Karkonosze Mountains, species composition, conversion method, group planting

The experimental method of artificial spruce stands conversion in the lower mountain zone was based on the using of beech seedlings planted in groups under the spruce canopy. From 150 to 200 groups consisted of 20-30 beech seedlings each, are established in dense spacing under the canopy. In the Karkonoski National Park in 2003 this method was applied in 70 spruce stands. Six of them were selected for the estimation of the usefulness of this method. The aim of measurements and observations was to determine the influence of the size, density and the location of the beech biogroups within the stand on the growth and degree of damaged caused by games. This paper presents the evaluation of this method of conversion after 10-years of experiment. Conclusions are based on the linear correlations between the densities of seedling groups with growth parameters and degree of damages of beeches. Observed results prove the dependence of beech seedlings’ growth on the size and density of groups and confirm the usefulness of this method under the large pressure of herbivores. Further observations are needed.

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Jan Ceitel1, Jacek Zientarski1& Andrzej Raj21Poznań University of Life Sciences, PL, [email protected], [email protected] National Park Administration, Jelenia Góra, PL, [email protected]

Evaluation of the application of European larch as the pioneer species for the conversion of the species composition of the forests in the karkonoski National Park

Keywords: Giant Mountains, Karkonosze, pioneer species, conversion methods

In the Karkonoski National Park the pioneer crops of European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) have been used in the lower mountain zone conditions. This method is based on planting of beech seedlings under the canopy of several years old larch trees. Beech seedlings benefit from the protective influence of larch canopy against the unfavourable biotic and abiotic factors. This paper includes the evaluation of this method after the 10 year of lasting experiment and it is based on 2 sample stands. Conclusions are based on the linear correlation between growth parameters of larch trees as well as the locations under the crowns and growth parameters and degree of damages of beech seedlings caused by games. This method limited the damages caused by wild games till the accepted level.

CJindřich Chrtek1,2 & Zbigniew Szeląg3

1Institute of Botany ASCR, Průhonice, CZ, [email protected] University, Prague, CZ3Jagiellonian University, Kraków, PL, [email protected]

krkonoše/karkonosze Mts. as an important interglacial refugium of high mountain hawkweeds (Hieracium s. str.)

Keywords: Hieracium, apomixis, taxonomy

Hieracium is one of the largest genera of Asteraceae and likely the taxonomically most difficult group of vascular plants of the Krkonoše/Karkonosze Mts. An extremely high diversity and richness at such relatively small (in comparison with e.g. the Alp and Carpathians) topographic dimension attracted botanists since the beginning of the 19th century. Golden era of Hieracium exploration falls in second half of the 19th century, when the Krkonoše/Karkonosze Mts. became a well-known and very popular area for studies aimed at this genus. Since the nineties of the 20th century karyological data (chromosome numbers) as well as data about breeding systems and genetic diversity of selected species were gathered and two very important aspect were stressed, namely high diversity without recent sexuality (all examined mountain taxa are apomictic) and a unique isolated „island“ localition of the mountains, extremely suitable for studies aimed at the evolutionary history. Although the diversity of Hieracium in the Krkonoše/Karkonosze Mts. is relatively well known, many open questions still remain. First of all, taxonomic revision of selected groups at European scale is urgently needed to properly evaluate the endemic status of local taxa. Furthermore, the revision can bring indices useful in formulation of evolutionary scenarios leading to recent Hieracium diversity, mainly with respect to the origin of intermediate (hybridogeneous) taxa (Holocene origin in the Krkonoše/Karkonosze Mts. versus migration of stabilized hybridogeneous types). In the present contribution, we provide an overview of the history of hieraciological research, current state-of-art and prospects for future investigations of Hieracium s.str. in the Krkonoše/Karkonosze Mts.

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Pavel Cudlín1, Martina Vašutová1, Ewa Chmelíková1 Miroslav Beran2 & Magda Edwards1

1Global Change Research Centre AS CR, v.v.i., CZ, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Bohemian Museum in České Budějovice, CZ, [email protected]

20-years investigation of Norway spruce tree health status and fungi occurrence on permanent plots in the krkonoše Mts.

Keywords: Krkonoše Mts., Norway spruce, forest regeneration, fruitbodies, ectomycorrhizal species

Forest stands in the Krkonoše Mts. were exposed to high air pollution load in 70s and 80s, which caused their gradual decline accompanied by a significant decrease of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) species diversity, based on fruitbodies monitoring. This trend has been documented in other parts of Europe affected by air pollution. To estimate the relationship between the state of mountain spruce forests and diversity of ECM fungi, 5 permanent plots (2500 m2) were established in 1992 in the Krkonoše Mts. in order to cover the gradient of air pollution levels (direction W–E). Spruce trees on each permanent plot were classified into 4 stress categories (resistant, damaged, resilient, transformed-damaged) based on estimation of defoliation and percentage of secondary shoots. On each plot 3 times per season (Sept. – Oct.) fungal fruitbodies were counted. Later the monitoring was limited to 3 plots. Since 2012 ECM species forming inconspicuous resupinate fruitbodies have been studied – Tylospora fibrillosa was found to be a dominant species. In general, since 1992 the number of ECM species has considerably increased, it reached its peak in 1998–2001, minimum in 2004, and then slowly rises again. Number of ECM fungi fruitbodies showed more fluctuations, probably associated with climatic factors. Number of saprotrophic species is approximately constant (minimum in 1992 and 2002–2004). Number of saprotrophic fungi fruitbodies had maximum in 1994 and 2001. The distinct peak in 2001 could be a reaction to a sudden decline of spruce trees in 1999, which caused litter increase (more substrate for saprotrophs). The mycoflora of a plot exposed to highest air pollution level (80% of the trees in stress category 4) has been strongly reduced, fruitbodies of maximum 7 ECM species per year were recorded. Other 4 plots are more or less comparable (fruitbodies of up to 33–49 ECM species per year). The ECM species richest plot has the highest proportion of resistant trees.

CMartin Černý & Radek RussIFER – Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research, s.r.o., Strašice, CZ, [email protected], [email protected]

biomonitoring and operational inventory as a tool of forest assessment in krNaP

Keywords: Monitoring, operational forest inventory, forest ecosystem, forest management planning

In 2009, a new biomonitoring system was introduced in KRNAP. For the management of KRNAP, the system provides representative data on state of forest ecosystems and their development in annual and long-term cycles. Conducted in a collaborative effort with KRNAP, a basic inventory grid was established so as to cover forest ecosystems of the entire National Park. The main inventory subject is the state of tree layer (species composition, number of trees, wood volume, distribution of stem diameters and tree height), dead wood volume (composition and decay degree) and ground vegetation cover by vegetation groups. The data surveyed are for the evaluation purposes stratified according to the forest development types (characterized by the natural conditions according to the common Czech typological system). In the coming years, KRNAP intends to create time series of repeated surveys on the inventory plots, which enable assessment of development trends of various indicators characterizing forest ecosystems. The inventory grid enables linking of other specific surveys and research. For example, in 2012, the system of statistical operational forest inventory (intended for development of the new forest management plan) was set-up in conjunction of the existing biomonitoring grid. The results of the forest inventory surveys are and will be used for/as: assessment of the forest state for the forest management planning on the basis of operational inventory, specifically for close-to-nature forests with rich structure and for forest converted from clearcut systems to shelterwood and selection forest management systems objective evaluation of forest ecosystems and their development (long-term trends on the basis of repeated inventory surveys) (i)control of the management effectiveness (if the results of forest management correspond to the expected goals and if these goals are appropriate) (ii) input data for the revision of the Czech FSC standard (iii) data contributing to the NATURA 2000 reporting (iv) source information on biotopes, linked to other specific surveys (v) research purposes.

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Karolina Dobrowolska-Martini1, Bożena Gramsz2 & Marek Martini31Karkonosze National Park Administration, Jelenia Góra, PL, [email protected] of Natural Sciences, Jelenia Góra, PL, [email protected]. Wandy 19/5, 53-320 Wrocław, PL, [email protected]

observations of the rare bird species in the Polish part of karkonosze Mts. in 2012

Keywords: Rock Trush Monticola saxatilis, Greenish Warbler Phylloscopus trochiloides

On 19th May 2012 a male of a Rock Trush Monticola saxatilis in a breeding plumage was recorded in the Śnieżne Kotły area in the Polish part of the Karkonosze Mts. The individual was presumably a migrating bird. Since the only data on encounters of the Rock Trush in this region are related to the 17th and the 19th century, this is the first contemporary record of this species in the Polish part of the Karkonosze Mts. In the Czech part of the Karkonosze Mts. the Rock Trush has bred in shortly after the World War II and also the species was recorded in 1955, 1969 and 1971.On May and June 2012 the singing males of a Greenish Warbler Phylloscopus trochiloides were observed several times in various locations in the Polish part of the Karkonosze Mts. Birds were recorded in different, not necessarily optimal habitat for the species, which suggests, that at least some of these individuals was the migrant birds. Greenish Warbler is a rare breeding species in the Karkonosze Mts. and it is characterized by the extreme deviations of the population size in this area. It is also known, that during this period in 2012 the Greenish Warbler was recorded also on many stands in the Czech part of the Karkonosze massif and, moreover, in different parts of Poland. All observations mentioned above was accepted by the Polish Avifaunistic Commision.

dMarek DobrowolskiKarkonosze National Park Administration, Jelenia Góra, PL, [email protected]

research on invertebrates in karkonoski National Park – actual state and future requirements

Keywords: animal taxonomy, invertebrates, insects, molluscs, arachnids

The detailed review of newer literature on invertebrates research in Polish part of Karkonosze Mts shows some lacks in this area. Only few groups as Mollusca, Coleoptera, Macrolepidoptera and some other orders of insects are known very well and it can be well seen through the number of contemporary publications. There is the big lack in the knowledge on bugs, orthopterans, Microlepidoptera, Hymenoptera and many others. There are few reasons for which we should take care on taxonomic research. First reason is hidden in the newest history of the Karkonosze Mts. area. Since the big deforestation in the seventies and eighties of 20th century occurred we have observed some deep changes in the functioning of forest ecosystems. This was based mainly on some changes in the acidity of soils and surface waters but the changing species composition and age structure of forests was significant too. The successive action of Karkonoski National Park targeted on the permanent conversion of stands structure - from previous monocultures to the more natural mixed forests- is the next step of all big changes in the mountain environment. Due to this we have to recognize if the recolonization of forests by invertebrates goes on, on what scale and in which order. The poster presents invertebrate taxons and the latest research papers devoted to the particular taxonomic groups in the Polish Karkonosze Mts. Additionally it indicates the problem of weak transferability of taxonomic data between the Bohemian and Polish part of mountains. This is exemplified by the comparison of arachnid fauna of both parts.

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dIgor Jan Dvořák1, Jiří Burda1, Jan Čurda1, Jana Janderková1, Václav Kachlík2, Jiří Konopásek1, Karel Martínek1, Petr Rambousek1, Jan Sedláček1, Darja Skácelová1,

Zuzana Skácelová1 & Jan Štursa3

1Czech Geological Survey, Prague, CZ; 2Charles University, Prague, CZ3Krkonoše National Park Administration, Vrchlabí, CZ

Geological factors of the Environment of the Giant Mountains and their foothills

Keywords: geofactors, geophysics, bedrock structure, granite, geobotany

The sensitivity of earth system processes and their interactions with ecological resilience are fundamental in informing conservation management of dynamic ecosystems in the mountain environments. There are the environmental geological conditions, events and properties of the territory, the geological factors – geofactors – of the environment. Appearance of these geofactors on both the surface and subsurface, and their variety are well known as a geodiversity. Both natural and antropogenic geofactors, which – together with biological processes – form the environment, can be divided to three groups: geological potentials, geological barriers and geological hazards. Set of more than 40 applied map schemes or maps as a supplement to the basic geological maps in the area of the Giant Mountains and their foothills was completed in the years 2009 – 2012. For each new geological map the set of structural, hydrological, geophysical, mineral resources and environmental geofactors maps or map schemes were compiled. The results of geological mapping enabled construction of the geotectonic pattern of the bedrock and its structure which influences mainly the hydrology of the studied area. Geological factors were analysed and then divided into three groups – geological hazards, barriers and potentials. In the upper part of the Giant Mountains the granite fracturing is one of the main factors together with water erosion, slope movements, snow avalanches, wind drifted snow accumulations and frost weathering. All these geofactors influence the geomorphology, and to a lesser extent the biodiversity, of the mountain area. The vegetation pattern visible on the surface is not only the result of weather conditions, but also the result of direct communication between deep fissure or fissure/interstitial aquifers and shallow interstitial aquifers. The processes linking geodiversity and biodiversity involve interactions between the geotectonic pattern, the unsaturated zone of the soils, movements of fissure and surface water and the shallow rhizosphere of the vegetation.

Zbyněk Engel 1, Andrzej Traczyk 2 & Régis Braucher 3

1Charles University, Prague, CZ, [email protected] of Wrocław, Wrocław, PL, [email protected], Aix en Provence, Provence, FR, [email protected]

chronology of the Quaternary glaciations in the krkonoše Mts.

Keywords: mountain glaciations, chronology, exposure-age dating

The Krkonoše Mts. belong to Central European Variscan ranges which hosted local mountain glaciations during the Quaternary. Local glaciations of these ranges may provide important palaeoenvironmental information for large regions of Central Europe, as mountain glaciers are sensitive indicators of climatic oscillations. In this respect, the Krkonoše Mts. together with the Vosges and Bayerischer Wald/Šumava Mts. are the most important areas with a well-preserved record of glaciation. In-situ produced 10Be exposure ages and Schmidt Hammer rebound values obtained for terminal moraines on the northern and southern flank of the Krkonoše Mts. suggest that the oldest preserved moraines represent early phases of the last glacial maximum. Large moraines at the outlet of the Śnieżne Kotły Cirques and in the middle part of the Obří důl Trough deposited around 21 ka while a series of smaller moraines above the last glacial maximum deposits represent re-advances that occurred no later than 18.1 ± 0.6 ka, 15.7 ± 0.5 ka, 13.5 ± 0.5 ka and 12.9 ± 0.7 ka. Exposure age of 13.8 ± 0.4 ka obtained for protalus ramparts at the foot of the Úpská jáma Cirque headwall indicates that glaciers advanced in north- to east-facing cirques only during the Lateglacial. The last glacier fluctuation was synchronous with the Younger Dryas cold event. The timing of local glacier advances during the last glacial episode correlates with the late Weichselian glacier phases in the Alps and in the Bayerischer Wald/Šumava Mts.

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Martina FabšičováInstitute of Botany ASCR Průhonice, Dept. Brno, CZ, [email protected]

Grasslands dominated by Deschampsia cespitosa – changes during last 50 years

Keywords: mountain grasslands, Deschampsia cespitosa, vegetation changes

Vegetation changes in mountain and alpine grasslands dominated by Deschampsia cespitosa were studied in Giant Mts. in years 1998-2000. Vegetation relevés and soil samples were recorded in higher altitudes both in western and eastern parts of the mountain range. At each site vegetation relevés were collected according to the method of repeated relevés classification. Historical records of mountain vegetation based on the unpublished data of Hadač (50th years of the 20th century) and Štursa & Rejmánek (1968-1969) were used to compare changes in vegetation through last 50 years. From total amount of 34 historical localities 29 was visited and 69 vegetation relevés was recorded there. Some localities were completely destroyed during last 50 years, others changed their species composition towards ruderalization. Localities in lower altitudes were more sensitive to changes in species composition, while the other ones occured in cirques remained uniform during the whole period.

FJosef FantaUniversity of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, CZ, [email protected]

forests in central European national parks: their protection and management

Keywords: mountain forests in Central Europe, management of forests in national parks,

Central European mountains and their forests have been affected by human activities already since the early Middle Ages. The primary concept of forest management was developed in Central Europe 300 years ago and contributed strongly to the conversion of natural forests into cultivated, man-made forests of our time. The intensity of the commercial use of forests grew up with the concept of the age-classes-forestry and with the development of modern cutting and wood transport technologies. In spite of changes introduced until now, forests in mountain areas are valuable islands of nature in man-made Central European landscapes. That´s why some of them were declared national parks and/or landscape protected areas. In most Central European national parks, forests cover more than 80 % of their area. Herewith, the importance of a well-considered protection and protective management of their forests is given. The protection concept grew up from the fact, that mountain forests have multiple functions and deliver ecosystem services indispensable for human society. These services are often more important than the usual commercial use of forests for wood and timber production. To save and extend these functions and services is the general obligation of national parks´ forest management. All management tasks put high demands on conceptual decision-making, on development of scientific information and on qualification of national park´s management teams. That´s why research and monitoring has to be an indispensable component of national park´s activities. Results of this research bring valuable information, which can be used and applied also in management of forests outside national parks. Similarly to commercial forests, also forests in national parks have been affected by disturbances – both natural (windstorms, insect plagues) and caused by man (eg. industrial immissions). As a result, conversion from commercial to protective management is an uneasy task for national parks´ management. Ongoing climatic instability with unexpected and unpredictable fluctuations makes the matter still more complicated and emphasizes the conceptual approach to management of forests in national parks: sustainable protective management leading to development of self-sustaining forest ecosystems.

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FJiří FlousekKrkonose National Park Administration, Vrchlabí, CZ, [email protected]

birds – a flagship group of long-term scientific and management activities in the krkonose Mts.

Keywords: birds, atlas mapping, long-term trends, climate change, peatbogs

More than 30 years of ornithological work in the Krkonose National Park is summarized, covering atlas studies, monitoring of breeding populations, impact of climate change on vertical distribution, population dynamics of mountain species, or changes of bird communities in peatbogs. Breeding bird distribution in the whole Krkonose Mts. range has been studied in 2012–14, repeating the Czech-Polish atlas mapping from1991–94. First results show significantly less places occupied by some species (e.g. Falco subbuteo), more localities by several others (Phylloscopus trochiloides), as well as findings of new species (Picoides tridactylus, Miliaria calandra). Long-term trends of breeding bird species documented both steep decline or steady increase in population numbers in 1983–2011 (e.g. Anthus spinoletta or Sylvia atricapilla respectively), fluctuating trends of some species reacted to seed years of spruce and beech trees (Loxia curvirostra, Carduelis spinus). Patterns in bird altitudinal shifts were found that corresponded to increasing temperatures in last two decades – more species moved up (41 spp., esp. Sylvia sp., Lanius collurio or Emberiza citrinella) than down (10 spp.). The altitudinal shifts were related to species’ habitat preference, with open habitat species showing larger magnitude of shifts than forest species. Monitoring of bird communities in peatbog habitats (1989–2012) revealed slight decline in total densities but significant increase in total number of species, esp. in subarctic peatbogs above the timberline. Many examples illustrate how the data mentioned are used in decision-making and management activities (both in forests and meadows) of the Krkonose NP Administration.

Michał Godek, Marek Błaś, Mieczysław Sobik, Piotr Owczarek& Krzysztof Migała1University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, PL, [email protected],[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Growth dynamics of Norway spruce (Picea abies) tree-rings in the context of fog deposition in the karkonosze Mts.

Keywords: pollutant deposition, dendrochronology, tree ring, forest degradation

In spite of their moderate altitude (1000-1600 m a.s.l), the Karkonosze Mts belong to areas with high efficient fog precipitation in Europe. Intense of industrial activity caused by intensification of atmospheric pollutants’ deposition via precipitation and fog take place since the 1950s. In the second half of the 1970s a massive spruce forest dieback began affecting coniferous forests in the upper parts of the mountains. The emission abatement started in the early 1990s, contributed to gradual improvement of remaining spruce forests health status. In 2010 there were 60 dendrochronological samples collected from the Norway spruce (Picea abies) stems at 6 different locations in the vicinity of the Mt Szrenica. It was documented that tree growth reduction was stronger on the western slopes which is consistent with spatial distribution of fog deposition. For the five sites it has been proved that deep minimum of trees growth took place between the early eighties and the early nineties. This reaction coincides with the highest pollutant deposition rate. Only one site representing the lowest part of leeward slope showed gradual decrease of tree rings, which is connected with trees age rather than the ecological stress. Spruce forest ecosystems in the Karkonosze Mts have an ability to create relatively fast response to both negative and positive stimuli, related to changes in environmental contamination. Acid granite bedrock with its low natural buffer capacity intensifies acid deposition impact and negative growth response of the Norway spruce in this area.

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Viktor Goliáš 1, Lenka Hrušková1, Tadeusz Andrzej Przylibski2,Tomáš Lipanský1 & Tomáš Černík1

1Charles University, Prague, CZ,[email protected], [email protected],[email protected], [email protected]ław University of Technology, Wrocław, PL, [email protected]

radioactive springs of the krkonoše and Jizera Mts. as geological phenomena, healing sources and tourist attractions

Keywords: radon, radioactivity, groundwaters, radioactive springs, mineral waters, healing sources, tourism

The region of the Krkonoše and Jizera Mts. is known for many remarkable geological phenomena. One of them are springs of radioactive medicinal groundwaters. By the radiohydrogeochemical mapping methods was discovered more than 40 previously unknown radioactive medicinal springs on the nearby Czech and Polish mountain areas in the years 2005 – 2012. Field research works were realized mainly in cooperation of Prague and Wrocław sister institutions. Events were attended by a large number of Polish and Czech students, who measured the activity of several hundred water sources in the field. Sites are very different by their accessibility in mountain terrain. The best and most accessible of the springs were technically captured for the collection and use of radioactive mineral water for healing purposes. Local governments and the nearby spa organizations (Janské Lázně and Lázně Libverda) were informed. These medicinal resources were also promoted through articles in local newspapers and public lectures. Basic information on the best accessible sources has been published on a www.estudanky.cz server. Some of them seem already started to be frequently visited by the public. Direct analysis of the frequency of attendance would be very time-consuming. Therefore, an analysis of the website statistics of visits estudanky.cz for was done. The analysis reveals that the most popular objects are generally: 1) Near the dwellings and 2) Closely accessible by car. In the Krkonoše Mts. the most popular is the Lopuchový spring near the Malé Pardubické boudy chalets. By far the highest numbers of visitors, however, have Rafael spring at Nové Město p. Smrkem in the Jizera Mts. This is easily accessible by car, promoted on the site and recommended by doctors at a nearby Lázně Libverda spa.

gPiotr GryszelWrocław University of Economics, Wrocław, PL, [email protected]

“Highlanders style of the karkonosze” i.e. natural and cultural heritage of Polish karkonosze Mountains as the tourism oriented product. status and directions of tourism development in the karkonosze Mountains

Keywords: mass tourism, natural heritage, cultural heritage.

Comparing to other Polish mountainous areas the Karkonosze Mountains are characterized by an extensive dissimilarity, regarding both their cultural and natural assets. In the perception of Polish tourists mountains are usually associated with their characteristic construction style, local dialect and original folklore – usually Podhale oriented one. Natural, mainly scenic and aesthetic, advantages are listed as the main reasons behind the decisions of visiting mountainous regions. Therefore, are tourists visiting Polish part of the Karkonosze aware of natural and cultural differences characteristic for this region? Do entrepreneurs offering tourism services sell the original assets typical for the Karkonosze? Can the development of tourism in this area be called a sustainable one? These are the main questions to which the Author of the hereby paper is trying to provide answers. The actual objective of the paper is to analyse the status and directions of tourism economy development in the Polish part of the Karkonosze Mountains.

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Thomas Hansson & Carol RitchieEUROPARC Federation, [email protected], [email protected]

EUroParc federation: working with mountain protected areas and local communities

Keywords: National Parks, Protected Areas, Biodiversity, Sustainable Tourism, Management, Youth, Natura 2000

Mountain protected areas, which are in charge of the management and protection of some of the most beautiful landscapes and fragile habitats in Europe, constitute crucial reservoirs of biodiversity. Those areas, which have been preserved for centuries, mainly thank to their remote position and to the hard life conditions they could offer, are today challenged by severe pressures that require strategic and frequently international coordinated actions. Instead of listing the risks and threats pending on those areas, we would like to share some successful experiences and good practices from across our wide network, focusing on conservation and promotion of the mountain protected areas values, on local communities involvement, on youth education, and on transboundary cooperation. We will therefore introduce the role of the EUROPARC Federation and look more in details at some programs and initiatives we are running, mainly focusing on the European Charter for Sustainable Tourism, the Junior Ranger Programme and the Transboundary certification scheme.

h hZuzana Hladíková1, Nina Strnadová1 & Jaroslav Andrle2

1Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, CZ, [email protected] University of Life Sciences Prague, CZ, [email protected]

Water quality evaluation on the upper reach of river Labe, Úpa and Jizera in krNaP

Keywords: surface water, KRNAP, water quality

The objective of this work is to evaluate the quality of surface water in the Krkonoše National Park. In 2010 we focused on the Labe River, in 2011 we monitored the upper stream of Upa river, and finaly in 2012 the Jizera River. The water quality monitoring took place in the period when the sites were accessible, with no snow cover, usually from November to April once a month. Evaluated were TOC, CHSKMn, pH value, conductivity, as well as chosen cations and anions. The focus was laid not just on the upper streams of the rivers but also on their important tributaries. During the monitoring it was found out that the courses of the rivers are not just naturally polluted from its headwaters but also in the lower parts they are polluted because of human activity. With the collected data after the three year long monitoring it is possible to evaluate the chemical content of little mineralized watersheds of the upper streams of these rivers. So far such a monitoring to such an extend has never taken place. The collected data are valuable not just for the information about chemical contents in the rivers but also as a prediction of fauna and flora appearance. An important part of this study is the monitoring of not just the main course of the upper parts of Labe, Upa and Jizera rivers but also the monitoring of all its tributaries. By general comparison of average values monitored, it was found out that e.g. the value of conductivity in upper part of Labe shows lower values. On the other hand the upper part of Upa and Jizera river shows higher values in conductivity in lower located sites than at its source.



Josef HarčarikKrkonoše National Park Administration, Vrchlabí, CZ, [email protected]

snow relationships of the arctic-alpine tundra of the Giant (krkonoše) Mts.

Long-term monitoring indicates large temporal and spatial variability of snow cover in the arctic-alpine tundra of the Giant (Krkonoše) Mts. Monitoring projects have been established in different types of the arctic-alpine environment (plateaux, leeward areas, and wind-exposed alpine summits). The employees of the Krkonoše National Park Administration have been carrying out this monitoring especially within the framework of two projects: 1) snow distribution on the Labská louka meadow and its near surroundings (manual measurements of snow height and snow profile description on two transects) and 2) monitoring of the snow bed “Map of the [Czech] Republic” (with the use of modern geoinformational technologies and GPS devices). Snowpack has been regularly measured also on the localities of other monitoring projects, e.g. on places of microclimatic and topoclimatic monitoring (Studniční hora Mt., Úpské rašeliniště peat bog).

hFilip Holub1, Martina Vašutová1, Magda Edwards1, Miloň Dvořák2

& Pavel Cudlín1

1CzechGlobe - Global Change Research Centre AS CR, v.v.i., [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] University in Brno, Brno, CZ, [email protected]

Does influence Norway spruce crown status the formation and functioning of its ectomycorrhizal association?

Keywords: Krkonoše Mts., Norway spruce, ectomycorrhizas, morphotypes, ITS

In the years 2009, 2010 and 2012 a relationship between crown status and ectomycorrhizal symbiosis of Norway spruce (Picea abies /L./ Karst.) in natural spruce forest stands in the Modrý důl Valey in the Krkonoše Mts. was investigated. Mycorrhizas were sampled from trees of different stress categories, based on estimation of defoliation and percentage of secondary shoots (Polák et al. 2007). Subsequently they were classified into morphotypes (DEEMY method, Agerer et Rembold 2004–2013) and four types of extramatrical mycelium (EM). Each root tip was assigned to one of three vitality classes (turgide, shrivelled, dead root tip). Mycorrhizal symbionts of selected morphotypes were identified by ITS rDNA sequencing. Data were processed by multivariate analysis in the CANOCO programme. The total of 136 samples from 57 trees were collected. Mycorrhizas with rhizomorphs (EM 3 and 4) and the turgide root tips (fully active tips) occured most frequently on roots of resistent trees, classified into stress category 1 (defoliation ≤ 35%, secondary shoots ≤ 50%). Shrivelled tips (less functional tips) were the most common on roots of resilient trees (stress category 2: defoliation ≤ 35%, secondary shoots > 50%). Mycorrhizas with hyphae (EM 2) were most often associated with trees of stress category 3 (defoliation ≥ 40%, secondary shoots ≤ 50%), mycorrhizas without hyphae and rhizomorphs (EM1) with trees of stress category 4 (defoliation ≥ 40%, secondary shoots > 50%). Trees classified into category 1 and 3 hosted more morphotypes than these classified into category 2 and 4. The total of 19 species were identified as ectomycorrhizal symbionts based on DNA analysis of mycorrhizas, among others Chamonixia caespitosa, which is a critically endangered species of the Czech Republic, that has never been found on the plot as a fruitbody. Our results indicate casual relationship between defoliation and crown structure transformation of Norway spruce and state and diversity of mycorrhizas.

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Viera HorákováKrkonose National Park Administration,Vrchlabí, CZ, [email protected]

Natura 2000 in the krkonoše Mts.

Keywords: European network Natura 2000, the SPA Krkonoše, the SCI Krkonoše, monitoring of species and habitats

Declaration of Natura 2000 site Krkonoše has started nature protection in the context of European network. The Special Protection Area was declared by statutory act of the Czech Republic on 27. 10. 2004. The area incorporates the whole of the Krkonoše National Park and selected parts of its buffer zone. Seven bird species are protected here. Based on the survey of the presence of habitats and species, the whole territory of the Krkonoše National Park and its buffer zone was nominated as a Site of Community Interest. It was established by the government of the Czech Republic on 22. 12. 2004 for protection of 21 types of habitats, 4 plant species and 2 animal species. Nowadays the process of regathering data of original habitats mapping helps to improve the management planning, the State Administration and other activities. In same time the monitoring of each habitat types is running. The permanent plots are fixed in chosen habitat types every year. These plots will be regularly observed in specified time periods. This observation is a part of habitats monitoring within whole Czech Republic holding by Agency for Landscape and Nature Conservation of CR. Next we aim our attention to providing special management activities to hold the sustainable status of habitats and species in continuity of declaration of Natura 2000 site. As good example of management aimed to habitats is the project of elimination of Pinus mugo in Krkonoše. The main aim is to eliminate the planted shrubs in alpine grasslands because Pinus mugo acts to reduce other plant species. The EU funded the transboundary INSPIRE project focuses on mapping both sides of Krkonoše Mountain – this includes the various layers of Natura 2000 habitats. This currently running project will produce a map server, which can be used by specialists and members of the public.

hKarel Houdek & Milan MaršálekCzech University of Life Sciences Prague, CZ, [email protected]

the aim is objectivity in the management of protected areas in the Giant Mountains

Keywords: cultural landscape, sustainable development, environmental management, monitoring, objectivity.

50 years of the National Park is not only a reason to celebrate, but also an opportunity and a challenge to objectively reflect on what is needed or what can be improved in the interests of nature and landscape protection and sustainable development of life in the region, which has statute of the Biosphere Reserve.

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Michal Hroneš, Michal Sochor & Radim J. VašutPalacký University, Olomouc, CZ, [email protected]

What do we know about the downy willow (Salix lapponum L.) in the krkonoše Mts.? remarks on its ecology, population structure and the genetic variability

Keywords: alpine flora, Salicaceae, threatened species

Downy willow (Salix lapponum) is predominantly distributed in boreal and subarctic belt of Europe and West Siberia and also higher mountains of Central and South Europe (e.g. Krkonoše Mts., Hrubý Jeseník Mts., Massif Central, Pyrenees, Vitosha Mts. and Rila Mts.). Species is considered to be a rare and endangered relic taxon in the Czech Republic. It is distributed in three main areas in the Krkonoše Mts.: 1) in the broader surroundings of Pančavská and Labská meadow and the Labský důl glacier cirque, 2) area between Bílá meadow and Úpská jáma glacier cirque, 3) surroundings of the Mały and Wielky Staw glacier cirque. We aimed at better understanding of its populations, predominantly in the Czech part of the mountains, in order to provide solid data for conservation of this species.We thus studied overall genetic diversity, population structure, extent of hybridization with S. silesiaca, sex ratio, spatial sex distribution and morphological variation. We found that the downy willow is morphologically very variable in comparison with other European populations. Also the genetic variability is surprisingly high, even in man-made populations with slightly lower clonal diversity. This phenomenon is probably caused by extensive hybridization with S. silesiaca. Our results significantly improve the knowledge of biology and genetics of the species in the Krkonoše Mts. and can serve as a base for future management plans of downy willow conservation.

hJakub Hruška1,2, Filip Oulehle1,2, Pavel Cudlín2, Pavel Krám1,2, Michal Rybníček3, Tomáš Kolář3 & Otakar Schwarz4

1Czech Geological Survey, Prague, CZ; 2Global Change Research Centre, ASCR, Brno, CZ; 3Mendel University in Brno, Brno, CZ; 4Krkonoše National Park Administration, Vrchlabí, CZ

recovery from soil acidification and its effect on Norway spruce conditions

Czech Republic was known as one of the most polluted regions of the world, but during last the two decades, mostly during 1990´s, sulphur emission declined by 90% (deposition by ca. 60%) and nitrogen emissions by ca. 40% (deposition by ca. 20%) compared to 1980´s. As a result, SO4 in soil solutions of shallow mineral soil situated in several Norway spruce stands of the Ore Mountains (Načetín), Giant Mts. (Bílá Voda a Bílé Labe) and the Slavkov Forest (Lysina) declined significantly, typically from ca. 500-800 ueq L-1 in mid 1990´s to present ca.100-300 ueq L-1 (annual average) and generally followed decline in atmospheric deposition. Such decrease was followed also by decrease of base cations (mainly by divalent Ca and Mg). Thus soil solution pH increased only slightly, typically by 0.1-0.2 units, often statistically not significant. As ionic strength of soil solution declined, concentration of dissolved Al also declined significantly (from c. 300 to 150 umol L-1 at Načetín, from 100 umol L-1 to 30 umol L-1 at the Giant Mts. and Lysina. Thus (Ca+Mg+K)/Al molar ratio of soil solution in rooting zone did not increase during recovery of acidification, and remained below 1 at all sites. At Načetín it even decreased from 0.50 to 0.35 between 1994 and 2009. Also NO3 concentrations declined significantly from 100-300 ueq L-1 to <5 to 20 ueq L-1. The of NO3 in soil solutions decline was explained by enhanced microbial and fungi activity caused by decline of Al and H+ concentration in soil solution. Soil base saturation of mineral soil is very low at all sites (<7%) and according to the model predictions (MAGIC and SAFE) soil base cation supplies were significantly depleted during the 20th century. Both models predict base saturation recovery for the next 4 decades, but it will be rather small (typically by 3-5%) in comparison to predicted pre-industrial situation. But significant recovery (increase of pH, base saturation and Al decline) was observed and also predicted (SAFE model at Lysina) for organic soil and uppermost mineral soil. Spruce at all sites showed recovery in comparison to 1990´s. Enhanced stem increment was observed and tree defoliation decreased. Thus tree conditions have improved despite the lack of Bc/Al increase in soil solutionit (it even declined in fact). It implies that probably the decline of Al concentrations itself, rather than Bc/Al ratio, was the most important factor driving the tree conditions.

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Zygmunt Jala1, Monika Rusztecka2, Daniel Starczewski2& Dorota Wojnarowicz1

1Karkonosze National Park Administration, Jelenia Góra, PL2Center UNEP/GRID, Warsaw, PL

karkonosze/krkonose in INsPIrE – common GIs in nature protection

Keywords: nature conservation, participatory GIS, Giant Mountains (Karkonosze/Krknose)

Geoinformation techniques and spatial information are indispensable tools for those institutions which are in charge of management of protected areas. Geospatial tools play a key role in making sound decisions about space, with respect to both environment as well as needs and benefits for the society. Therefore, geospatial data are especially crucial in strategic planning of nature conservation and management of protected areas accessible to local communities and general public. In particular, the tasks associated with effective nature protection, including conservation of biological and landscape diversity and management of particularly precious areas, require suitable geoinformation infrastructure and spatial data of appropriate quality. In the case of transboundary protected areas, institutions responsible for their management face a real challenge – how to uniformly describe nature resources in the spatial database? How to maintain those databases in the way that would ensure coherency of decisions made for the sake of nature on both sides of the border? How to provide convenient and broadly understandable access to data resources for various group of stakeholders in order to foster planning processes in public units (such as municipalities and communes)? In order to achieve these goals it was established project between both: Polish and Czech Giant Mountains (Karkonosze) National Parks aiming to develop transboundary common GIS for nature conservation. Beside technical challenges taken under the project implementation (e.g. data harmonisation) core effort is aiming to provide tools and good practices of application of developed datasets for the purpose of the sustainable spatial planning. Involving communes and other stakeholders in planning process enable a participatory approach to environmental conservation and management at the local and regional level. Common PL-CZ activities contribute to better management and financial efficiency of the current and future development of the Giant Mountains (Karkonosze) region.

JVlasta JankovskáInstitute of Botany ASCR Průhonice, Dept. Brno, CZ, [email protected]

Vegetation of the West carpathians in the Last Glacial Period. and what about czech Massif in the same time?

Keywords: Last Glacial, palaeovegetation, Carpathians-Czech Massif

In the Czech and Slovak Republics sediments of peat bogs, lakes, alluvial deposits, etc. are the source of information for palaeovegetation. We have sufficient data for the Late Glacial and Holocene. However, we are short of similar sources of pollen-analytical data for the Last Glacial. Suitable sediments from that time were destroyed by erosion or are “buried” under younger sediments. Thanks to random finds of such layers covered by solifluction, landslides, alluvial deposits, etc. it was possible to reconstruct palaeovegetation for the Last Glacial. The W Carpathians results confirmed the existence of various types of coniferous taiga namely for MIS3 with an overlap to MIS4 and MIS2. Depending on climate there had taiga in this region different tree composition. In it larch, stone pine and spruce were dominant with admixture of Scottish pine, birch, alder, etc. The obtained radio-carbon data range from more than 53,000 to 16,000 BP in the W Carpathians region. Pollen analysis newly documented even occurrence of fir with the date 53,230 ± 490 BP on Chlebovice locality (E Moravia). The question is whether it is Abies alba or A.sibirica. The last taxon is currently a component of the continental Siberian taiga. Suitable sediments from the Last Glacial were not hitherto found in the Czech Massif. Praha-Podbaba is an exception for the time being. Here vegetation of forest-steppe with larch can be reconstructed around 31,000 BP. In the Last Glacial existed differences between Carpathians and Czech Massif vegetation. It is probable, however, that Larix growths with Pinus cembra were widespread also in the Czech Massif. The degree of continentality, different in both the regions, played an important part. The research is the part of the project GA of the CZ - P209/10/0515.

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Jan JeníkCharles University, Prague, CZ, [email protected]

topography and geo-ecological nature of krakonoš´s backgarden in the Giant Mountains

Keywords: origin of biodiversity, key factors in ecology, Ferrel Cell, anemo-orographic system, Hercynian mountains

The presentation strives to elucidate the origin of a reputable locality called Krakonošova zahrádka in Czech, and hereafter named Krakonoš´s Backgarden in English. The Czech toponymum was occasionally used as a sign of botanical richness and subsequently served as symbol of multilateral biodiversity. Current geo-ecological studies confirm that this locality provides reasonable data for explanation of the biodiversity centers in many progressively denuded Paleozoic mountains of Europe and eastern North America. Consistent reasoning suggests the essential impact of three primary factors: (1) geological morfostructure created by the Hercynian/Acadian orogeny and interlacing volcanic events, (2) occurrence of small islands of mineral-rich bedrocks outcropping amidst silicate massifs, and (3) long-term impact of unilateral wind action due to the prevailing westerlies within the Ferrel Cell in mid-latitudes. Related exogeodynamics and aerodynamics were locally reinforced by the anemo-orographic systems, whose principle has been detected in the High Sudetes about 50 years ago. Essential features of Krakonoš´s Backgarden are predisposed by the above mentioned primary factors and enhanced by the function of Bílé Labe Anemo-Orographic System. This backgarden is situated in the lee of a prevailing orographic wind, on the E and ESE facing slope with favourable inclination, under the largest annual snow drifts, on a frequented avalanche path, and along the seepage area which steadily irrigates the soil and outcropping bedrock. A wide range of recent scientific observations indicates that Krakonoš´s Backgarden remained treeless in the course of the entire Holocene and continually exposed its array of periglacial, hygrophilous and subthermophilous microhabitats to migrating plants and mobile animals. Comparative observations in other European Hercynides and in northeastern Appalachien Mts suggest similar reasoning for their isolated centres of biodiversity.

JCezary Kabała, Adam Bogacz, Beata Łabaz & Jarosław WaroszewskiWrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, PL, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Mountain pine „rain forest” on the extremely skeletal soils in the karkonosze Mountains

Keywords: stony covers, initial soils, organic matter, water balance

Extensive blockfields, distinctive relicts of the Pleistocene, occur on the upper slopes of the Karkonosze Mts, both on granite and hornfels bedrock. Most of the block covers have an open work texture that means an absence of fine-earth particles between rock fragments. Block covers have extremely low fertility and no capacity for water retention at the surface. Deep Hyperskeletic Leptosols (according to FAO-WRB classification) are in general free of any vegetation cover. However, any accumulation of organic litter on the larger stones may retain water from rain (or snow melting, clouds etc.) and allow succession of mosses and other plants. The plant debris do not decompose under cold and wet conditions and accumulate as thin peat layer on the block surface and in the fissures between stones. The organic layers are strongly acidic, however, contain a certain pool of nutrients and can retain water throughout the vegetation season. There are specific organic soils “hanging” on extremely permeable rock substrate thus highly dependent on the amount of water inflow from the atmosphere. Such Folic Hyperskeletic Leptosols create unique habitat for the mountain pine patchy shrubs, the “rain forest” of the Karkonosze Mountains.

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Marek Kasprzak1, Andrzej Traczyk1 & Petr Tábořík2

1University of Wrocław, Wrocław, PL, [email protected],[email protected] University, Prague, CZ, [email protected]

Morphostructural conditions determining the evolution of the Jizera river valley

Keywords: Izera river, structural geomorphology, tectonics, ERT, LiDAR

Upper section of the Izera river was developed in intra-mountain flatness. The river channel has meandering shape and some of its tributaries are directed opposite to outflow course of main river. Such a situation results from structural and tectonic situation of the massif. Authors interpret geological and geomorphological conditions of upper Jizera catchment using aerial images, high resolution DEM (LiDAR data), peatbog sondages, electrical resistivity tomography of ground (2D ERT profiling) and detailed geomorphological mapping. ERT profiles, taken through the Jizera valley, showed discontinuities of deeper ground, indicating tectonic movements. The axis of the valley is therefore tectonic zone, which is not explicitly marked on the geological maps. Under peat cover there is strong weathering layer of granitic bedrock (15–30 m thickness). Even outcrops, identified locally in the river bed at the Hala Jizerska, are strongly weathered. Their presence suggests weathering in situ – river sediments do not form a layer of considerable thickness. A parameter Topographic Wetness Index, used in DEM analysis, allows to predict places topographically determined to surface outflow concentration. They coincide with contemporary presence of peat covers, mainly filling of concave, elongated forms. Observations indicate that the tectonic movements affect bedrock weathering and creating concave landform. DEM analysis shows that it creates a fault zone lengthwise of valleys: Smědá – Šindelový Potok –-Jizera – Kobyła – Kamienna – intra-mountain depression of the Karkonosze Mts. (Karkonoski Padół Śródgórski). This zone is located parallel to another, similar fault zones in the south (Mumlava – Elbe – White Elbe) and in the north (Kwisa – Mała Kamienna and then Sobieszów fault).

KStanisław Kędzia1 & Krzysztof Parzóch2

1 Dept. of Geomorphology and Hydrology of Mountains and Uplands PAS, Kraków, PL,[email protected] of Wrocław, Wrocław, PL, [email protected]

the activity of debris flows in the Łomniczka corrie in the light of lichenometric dating

Keywords: lichenometric dating, debris flows, Łomniczka Corrie

Around 70 landforms resulting from debris flows have been mapped in the Polish part of the Karkonosze Mts. However, only 13 landforms, which formed in the last 50 years, are of the known age. Most of the debris flows (27) were recorded in the upper part of the Łomniczka valley, but their dates of formation are known only for 6 landforms (5 in 1994 and 1 in 1964). In 2012, the lichenometric dating of 6 debris flow tracks in the Łomniczka Corrie was carried out, basing on the rock lichen Rhizocarpon species. Although the age of most of the landforms was known, the lichenometric dating provided new information about their actual time of formation and present activity. According to the current knowledge, one of the tested landforms was created in 1994. However, lichenometric studies revealed that in the upper part of the debris flow track the oldest thalli started to grow at the turn of the 19th and 20th century. It was probably in 1897, as this year was known for numerous debris flows in the Karkonosze Mts. The landform was modified by heavy rainfalls in the following years, which caused a number of smaller or larger morphological changes of the track. It is proved by the thalli, which were dated for 1964, 1994, 1980s, 1990s and very young thalli formed after 2000.However, some of the debris flows were created during one event and they were not active afterwards. Therefore no new thalli developed within them (e.g. debris flows from 1994 and 1964). Each of the 6 tested landforms differs substantially, considering either the date of their formation or the intensity of later transformation.

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Roksana Knapik 1 & Piotr Migoń2

1Karkonosze National Park Administration, Jelenia Góra, PL, [email protected] of Wrocław, Wrocław, PL, [email protected]

Problems of geotourism management in the karkonosze National Park

Keywords: geodiversity, geosites, geotouristic access

Providing access to geodiversity in the Karkonosze National Park may lead to conflicts between nature protection and geotourism because of strict rules which govern tourist access in protected areas. In geotourism, direct contact between tourists and geoheritage is very important and this is why planning geotouristic access within the Karkonosze NP requires a special approach which needs to consider both the value and educational potential of each geosite as well as rules of nature protection. In the national park the zonal concept of nature protection has significant implications for geotourism. Many geosites are located in the strict protection zone and beyond tourist trails, which precludes their use as geotouristic attractions. On the other hand the buffer zone has no special limitations on geotourism development. At the same time, it is characterized by high geodiversity and offers many opportunities for geotouristic development. The next issue is how to effectively manage geosites which are essentially viewing points and provide an opportunity to explain long-term geo-history. Paradoxically, many excellent observation points appeared in the 1970s and 1980s when high levels of air pollution resulted in catastrophic die-back of montane forests. Nowadays, due to successful forest regeneration many of these points are overgrown. Another problem to deal with is vandalism, perhaps an inevitable outcome of easy access and high numbers of visitors. The proposed and implemented means of promoting geodiversity of the Karkonosze Mts., adjusted to various needs that may be present among the visitors and to more general rules of nature conservation within the national park, include information through media, provision of access in the field, enhanced understanding through education and specialist access to specific geosites.

KMilena Kociánová1, Jan Jeník2, Spusta Valerian3 & Andrzej Brzeziński41Krkonose National Park Administration, Vrchlabí, CZ, [email protected] University, Prague, CZ, [email protected]; 3Okružní , Špindlerův Mlýn, CZ, [email protected]; 4Andrzej Brzeziński Karpacz GOPR – Karkonosze, Karpacz, PL, [email protected]

fifty years of avalanche research in the Giant Mountains

Keywords: snow cover, mountain nature, biodiversity, rescue service

Snow avalanches should be understood and respected mainly from two viewpoints: as an essential natural phenomenon and a potential danger to human life, property and exploitable forests. This influential mountain factor was first recorded in the Krkonoše/ Karkonosze Mts (formerly Riesengebirge, presently Giant Mts) by members of the expedition organized by the Czech Royal Academic Society in 1786, but in the following centuries it remained only occasionally interpreted by specialists in natural science and history. Early experience of local inhabitants with avalanches is connected with winter tragedies, which affected localization of the settlements (mostly outside the frequented avalanche terrain), however only few efficient precautions have been adopted. Expansion of tourism and skiing since the end of 19thcentury was the main reason for the establishment of mountain rescue groups on both the Czech and Silesian/Polish side. A geo-ecological study and summarizing treatment of 19 avalanche areas in all ranges of the High Sudetes clarified the essential natural factors and positive effects of avalanche action on mountain biodiversity (J. Jeník 1958, 1961). Extensive measurement of the snow cover and observations of avalanche action have been independently performed on the Czech Krkonoše side by mountain rescue staff since 1954, on the Polish side since the 1968. Under the guidence of V. Spusta and A. Brzeziński., local avalanche specialists, a register called “avalanche cadastres” has been continually compiled since 1962. Establishment of two national parks astride the Polish and Czech boundary, in 1959 and 1963 respectively, further stimulated regular observations and intensive scientific research. More than 1100 avalanches have been recorded on the Czech territory, so far, and analogous number is estimated in the Polish Karkonosze. Participation of national parks´ staff at international avalanche conferences, cooperation with foreign universities and multiple contributions of various specialists were also fruitful. Two nationally organised mountain rescue teams (HS and GOPR) presently ensure the avalanche forecast, human safety and occasional rescue operations in this mountain range.

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Andrzej KocowiczWrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences,Wrocław, PL, [email protected]

soil properties in the surrounding of the mountain hostel on the karkonosze Mts National Park area

Keywords: tourism, soil properties, soil degradation

The aim of the work was to establish tourism influence on selected soil proprieties. Investigations were conducted on Karkonosze Mts National Park area in the vicinity of „Na Hali Szrenickiej” mountain hostel. This object is situated in western part of Karkonosze Mts, 1175 m above sea level close to the walking and skiing routes. From these of regards invites considerable number of tourists both spending night in the hostel and stay for a short time. Influence of the hostel on environment was connected with wastes disposal, heating, tourist’s presence and buildings exploitation. The objects of the investigation were soil profiles situated from 30 to 500 m from the hostel and the control profiles. Samples of the soils were taken from all soil horizons. Investigations showed changes in morphology and properties of the soil profiles localized close to the hostel in comparison to the controls. The soils developed in short distances from the hostel showed looser sod level and less compacted soil material as well as better developed O and A horizons than the controls. Additionally these soils had lower C/N ratio and higher base saturation than distant and the control profiles. This showed influence of the mountain hostel on soil properties especially in the surroundings of this object. These changes from agricultural point of view showed improvement of the soils value, however taking under account interference in ecosystem of Karkonosze Mountains are unprofitable.

KKrzysztof KrakowskiKarkonosze National Park Administration, Jelenia Góra, PL, [email protected]

Influence of slope aspect and inclination on physical properties of snow cover in western part of karkonosze Mts during winter season 2011/2012

Keywords: snow cover, physical properties

For a study area slopes of Mt. Kamiennik (Luboch, CZ) 1295 m a.s.l. with 3 different locations were chosen: 1) seepage spring area of the Kamieńczyk stream, NE, 15°, lawny slope at 1240 m a.s.l., 2) flat, saddle-like area, near peatbog under Mt. Kamiennik at 1249 m a.s.l., 3) granite block fields area, SW, 25° slope of Mt. Kamiennik at 1209 m a.s.l. At two locations (1 and 3) Onset Hobo data loggers were placed to measure temperature profile within a snowpack at height 0, 50 and 100 cm above ground. During winter season 2011/2012 at above mentioned locations 10 attempts of field works were performed with complete snow pit profile measurements containing: snow cover height, temperature, density, water equivalent, number of layers, their hardness, liquid water content, snow grains characteristics (shape and size). The results of the study shows that physical properties of snow cover can be very different within the same mountain and mainly depends on slope aspect and inclination. Influence of slope aspect and inclination is best visible in snowpack height, density and water equivalent. Although the pattern and number of layers within snowpack in different locations are almost the same, their characteristic can vary in case of influence of slope aspect and inclination. Temperature measurements within snowpack profiles shows that it mainly depends on the air temperature, snow cover height and snow layer pattern which partly depends on slope aspect and inclination. During the thaw episode on February 29, 2012, an interesting process of formation sink-like channels around tree trunks on inclined slopes was observed. In this process water melted in upper snow cover layers was transported directly to the ground, although in nearby snowpack profiles there still were dry layers.

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Jan Kučera1, Josef Halda2, Tomáš Hauer1,3, Radka Mühlsteinová1

& Petra Šťastná4

1University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, CZ, [email protected], [email protected]; 2Museum and Galery of Orlické Mts., Rychnov n. Kněžnou, CZ, [email protected]; 3Institute of Botany ASCR Průhonice, Dept. Třeboň, CZ, České Budějovice, [email protected]; 4Krkonose National Park Administration,Vrchlabí, CZ, [email protected]

biodiversity of vascular plants, lichenized fungi, cyanobacteria, algae and bryophytes of the Harrachova jáma cirque in the Labský důl valley

Keywords: Krkonoše Mts., Labský důl valley, the Harrachova jáma cirque, cyanobacteria, algae, bryophytes, vascular plants, lichenized fungi

A detailed study focused on species biodiversity of vascular plants, lichenized fungi, cyanobacteria, algae and bryophytes at the locality of Harrachova jáma cirque was done in the years of 2011–12. For access to the rocky terrain we used the modern technique for working at heights to explore places on the more than 100 m high rock faces of the cirque. Now we know 90 species of lichen fungi, according to Red list of lichen species for the Czech Republic: 1 extinct, 4 critically endangered, 3 endangered, 21 vulnerable, 21 close to endangered, 3 little known and 37 of common species. The most important substrates for rocky specious are cold rocky faces. Amazing was the finding of Catolechia wahlenbergii, which has not been confirmed since 1879 and was considered to be extinct – we have found two localities. Pilophorus strumaticus was for Czech Republic found in 2010 and we bring 15 new localities. Significant is also an occurrence of the freshwater species: Dermatocarpon luridum, Ionaspis lacustris, Porina lectissima, Sporodictyon cruentum, Verrucaria funckii and Verrucaria margacea. From bryophytes is the most important report of Lophozia atlantica, which has been for a long period thought to be extinct. Shaded cold sides of rocky amphitheatre provide unique climate for rich population of boreal and psychophile species e.g. Anthelia julacea and Sphagnum lindbergii, in total we found 167 taxons of bryophytes. For cyanobacteria Chroococcus montanus was found the second locality in the Czech Republic, Scytonema mirabile, Scytonematopsis starmachii, Stigonema informe, Cosmarium decedens and Staurastrum pileolatum are the species with very rare morphotypes, valuable for the Czech Republic. In total we found 108 taxons of algae and cyanobacteria. In total we have found 102 species of vascular plants e.g. new locality for Prunus padus subsp. borealis and several stands of Poa laxa, Triphophorum alpinum, Carex capilaris, Galium boreale, Drosera rotundifilia, Dactylorhiza fuchsii subsp. sudetica and many other more outstanding species. The species biodiversity of the Harrachova jáma cirque showed its uniqueness and value of this place.

KMagdalena Kucharska & Magdalena SidorczukPolish Geological Institute - National Research Institute, Warsaw, PL, [email protected], [email protected]

the geological-tourist maps of Polish National Parks

Keywords: geological-tourist maps, national parks, geological heritage.

Since 2010 the Polish Geological Institute - National Research Institute has published several geological-tourist maps of Polish National Parks. In 2013 another 5 maps will be issued, describing the National Parks in different parts of Poland: Drawa National Park, Gorce National Park, Ojcow National Park, Pieniny National Park, Warta Mouth National Park. These areas are of very different geological structure, so it is possible to spread the geological knowledge of the country and to draw attention to the relationship between geology and wildlife. The recipients of geological-tourist maps are different groups, in particular persons who are not geologists. The maps are also important tool for popularization and promoting of geotourism in regions and their geological heritage. These maps show the geology in an easy and understandable way. Final product, based on legacy maps and dedicated field work, includes the geological-tourist map accompanied by a description, graphs, photos and other visuals and the digital map on CD. The geological-tourist maps are created in GIS. In addition to the geological layers, they have topography, infrastructure, tourism and geosites. The maps are a complex and multi-layered structure, suitable for the further research and environmental studies over areas involved.

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Lucie Kupková1, Michaela Pomáhačová1, Stanislav Březina2 & Jaroslav Andrle3

1Charles University, Prague, CZ, [email protected], [email protected] National Park Administration,Vrchlabí, CZ, [email protected] University of Life Sciences Prague, CZ

remote sensing for meadows associations monitoring in the krkonoše National Park

Keywords: meadows association, remote sensing, WorldView2, classification, the Krkonoše National Park

Traditionally managed meadows are one of the most valuable ecosystems in the Giant Mountains. Regular management is essential for the meadows sustainability and high species diversity. Management monitoring requires reliable and repeatable mapping of various types of meadows associations. It is also important to distinguish what type of management practice has been applied in a given year. Visual associations mapping and management monitoring have certain disadvantages. It is often devaluated by a subjective error that disables reliable interpretation of the maps created by different mappers. The management practice monitoring is very time consuming. Remote sensing methods can help to map objectively and repeatedly the associations and to control monitoring practice without such a time demand. The aim of this study was to evaluate suitability of WorldView-2 imagery for meadows associations and management types classification in the Giant Mountains National Park. The classification was based on the legend compiled by a botanist. In order to eliminate the effects of other types of land cover on the classification accuracy, a mask of grasslands was created. Using discriminant analysis, the significance of spectral bands of WorldView-2, as well as significance of selected vegetation indices and components from Principal Component Analysis to distinguish particular classes of grassland vegetation was evaluated. Based on the results of discriminant analysis, classifications using neural networks method and also maximum likelihood method were performed in ENVI 4.7 software. The accuracy assessment was based on the training data set. All the overall accuracies were better than 80 % but generally the better results were achieved by the neural network classification method.

KAntonín Kůrka1 & Jan Vaněk2

117. listopadu 1173, Mladá Boleslav, CZ, [email protected]á 1325, Vrchlabí, CZ, jvanek @krnap.cz

spider fauna (araneae) in beech forests of the krkonoše Mts.

Keywords: spiders, beech forests

We investigated spider fauna of beech forests between the years 2002 and 2009 at eight different localities (Bartův les, Boberská stráň and Dvorský les in the eastern part of the Krkonoše Mts, Červený potok, Lánov I. and Lánov II. in the central part, Janova cesta and Údolní cesta in the western part). We used following methods during the survey: pitfall trapping, sweeping of the vegetation, knocking tree branches, sifting of the substrate and individual collecting. We recorded from 22 to 45 species per locality. We can conclude on the bases of the results that the species diversity of spider fauna in beech forests of the Krkonoše Mts is relatively poor. However we recorded 12 notable species, which are known according to species classification based on habitat requirements, abundance and threat (Buchar, růžička, 2002) as species preffering climax biotopes or as rare or very rare species: Amaurobius jugorum, Centromerus pabulator, Coelotes atropos, Helophora insignis, Lepthyphantes expunctus, Lepthyphantes nodifer, Mughiphantes mughi, Nusoncus nasutus, Obscuriphantes obscurus, Robertus scoticus, Saloca diceros, Zygiella montana. The highest number (6) of these species we found at two localities – Boberská stráň and Dvorský les. The species Lepthyphantes expunctus is listed as endangered species in the Red list of invertebrates of the Czech Republic (růžička, 2005). Literature: Buchar J. & růžička V. 2002: Catalogue of spiders of the Czech Republic. Peres Pulishers, Praha, 349 pp. růžička V. 2005: Araneae (pavouci). In: Farkač J., král D. & Škorpík M. (eds): Červený seznam ohrožených druhů České republiky. Bezobratlí. Agentura ochrany přírody a krajiny ČR, Praha: 76-82.

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Jitka Málková1, Milena Kociánová2, Eva Prajsová1 & Vojtěch Fedor1

1University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, CZ, [email protected]ého 597, Vrchlabí, CZ, [email protected]

Extensive and intensive monitoring of endemic species Pedicularis sudetica Willd. in the czech part of the krkonoše Mountains

Keywords: Pedicularis sudetica, Krkonoše Mts., monitoring, vegetation, soil chemical analyses

Pedicularis sudetica – endemic species of the Krkonoše Mts. is classified as a critically endangered species of the Flora of the Czech Republic and Poland, and as a species of European importance NATURA 2000. Since 2005 its intensive monitoring (every year) and extensive monitoring (5-6 years intervals) has started in framework of the AOPK project on the Czech part of the Krkonoše Mts. Methodology of extensive monitoring follows from the former research in 1996 (Štursová et Kociánová 2006). It is based on: i) counting of juvenile, infertile, fertile individuals and tussocks on each of current 11 localities, ii) research on historical localities. The changes evaluation is based on phytocenological surveys within each locality and chemical analyses of soil samples (Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4

-, NO3-, SO4

-, Al3+, Cd+, Cu+, Hg+, Pb+) taken off in the vicinity of plots. The intensive monitoring is represented by 13 monitoring plots of space 1x1m situated at current localities. Position of all growing forms of Pedicularis sudetica (tussock, infertile, fertile, juvenile individuals and seedlings) is recorded into micromap every year. Other regular records are concerned to number and length of leafs each of Pedicularis sudetica plant, number of inflorescences, and number of inflorescences bitten off by red dears. Current results of extensive monitoring indicate the increase of quantity of Pedicularis sudetica plants about 10% on eight of localities observed since 2005 (in the west 200 plants, in the east ca 7500 plants). Three localities in Úpská jáma corrie will be monitored in 2013. Numbers of plants will be synthesized in the results of the post. Intensive monitoring proves the ability to generative reproduction however most of seedlings are becoming extinct because of the second season. The population is stable in the west part (ca 200 plants), mildly increasing in the eastern part (more than 7500 plants).

MJitka Málková, Kateřina Pávová, Lucie Procházková & Eva PrajsováUniversity of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, CZ, [email protected]

Distribution of Campanula bohemica HrUbY on the czech part of the krkonoše Mts. and its depence on the biotopes

Keywords: Campanula bohemica, extensive monitoring, Krkonoše, management, vegetation characteristics

Campanula bohemica is a Czech endemic species of European importance (4069*), that’s why a higher attention of its protection is needed. A methodology for extensive monitoring of the species was designed by Málková. Since the year 2008 Málková and students have determined an expansion of the taxon in the whole territory of the KRNAP and its conservation zone. Field survey has been proceeding in 50 enclaves marked by the KRNAP workers during the monitoring process. The taxon has been searched for in other meadow enclaves in the altitude above 650 m. In the meantime the research has been completed in 49 from the originally marked localities (apart from the western Krkonoše ridges), newly has been found in 94 localities. The ridge localities were subdivided into segments because of the cover heterogeneity. Altogether the species has been discovered or checked in 185 localities (in majority of them much higher number of campanulas has been found) and in 47 localities without campanula presence. The quantity of the taxon, its connection to habitats, potential endangerment, and optimal managements has been being determined in the areas of its occurrence. The quantity of the species is registered for each locality by the tabular and graphic methods. 155 phytocenological surveys with Campanula have been conducted and should serve as a base for the future monitoring. The species´ connection to the habitats in dependence on the altitude, the conditions on individual locations and on the local management methods has been monitored too. From the TWINSPAN method evaluation of 101 phytocenological surveys followed, that the species grows most of all in association of Polygono bistortae-Trisetion flavescentis, Nardion strictae a Nardo strictae-Agrostion tenuis.

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Adriana Marcinkowska1, Bogdan Zagajewski1, Lucie Kupková2, Jan Jelenek2 & Adrian Ochtyra1

1University of Warsaw, Warsaw, PL, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] University, Prague, CZ, [email protected]

condition of invasive plants of the Giant Mountains

Keywords: condition, invasive plants, reflectance, spectral characteristics, ASD FieldSpec, Karkonosze National Park

Giant Mountains has been exposed to the anthropopressure, which caused weakening of natural immunity of the ecosystem and entrance of invasive species. One of the most spreading species is: Rumex alpinus L. and Lupinus L. Rumex alpinus L. belongs to the Polygonaceae family. It occurs in the Carpathian and Sudetes Mountains. Its presence can be primarily seen in the areas rich in nitrogen. It was probably dragged from alpine areas. Lupinus L. is a permanent-species belongs to the Fabaceae family, comes from the western part of North America. Wild lupine grows rather common in these areas. Basing on fieldworks in June and July 2012 in Giant Mountains were collected spectral curves of invasive and natural plants using ASD FieldSpec 3 spectrometer. Basing on this it is possible to compare reflectance in different ranges of electromagnetic waves responsible for different plant characteristics, for example the chlorophyll content, water content or the cell structures of leaves. Analyses of this spectral characteristics shows invasive species condition in relation to the surrounding natural species. Due to the results of these researches can predict whether invasive plants will continue to spread. It is very important for monitoring protected areas.

MAdriana Marcinkowska1, Bogdan Zagajewski1, Adrian Ochtyra1, Edwin Raczko1 & Lucie Kupková2

1University of Warsaw, Warsaw, PL, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] University, Prague, CZ, [email protected]

Hyperspectral images and artificial neural networks for vegetation mapping of karkonosze National Park

Keywords: APEX, hyperspectral tools, mapping, neural networks, vegetation, Karkonosze National Park

Registration of the electromagnetic spectrum in many narrow bands of electromagnetic radiation allows the use remote sensing for vegetation studies. This is particularly important for areas that are difficult to access. In the literature are many examples of mountain research areas. Airborne Prism Experiment (APEX) hyperspectral images consists of more than 300 bands registrants radiation in the visible, near-and mid-infrared range in high spatial resolution (1,75 m). The scanner is currently the most modern spectrometer in the world. Data from this scanner allow for very accurate identification of vegetation. This data were acquired in September 2012 during flight campaign realized in HyMountEcos project. The aim of the study is to determine the suitability of APEX imagery to identify vegetation communities and to prepare a map of actual vegetation of the Polish Karkonosze National Park. The legend of map will contain 45 non-forest and 8 forest communities of vegetation, as well as water and areas without vegetation. To prepare the classification of plant communities will be used artificial neural networks (fuzzy ARTMap and Self Organizing Maps) which identifies objects an exceptionally complex structure, however, requires a substantial number of additional information, which provides APEX spectral bands. Research algorithm includes fieldworks, analysis of APEX bands quality, semi-automatic classification, compression of data, classification of images using artificial neural networks, field verification of post-classification maps, statistical analysis and finally, preparing a map. An effect of studies will be algorithm, possible to use in other areas and a map of associations of Karkonosze National Park vegetation.

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Miroslav Martiš & Vojtěch RýznarCzech University of Life Sciences Prague, CZ

Long term monitoring of carabid beetles as biondicators of environmental changes in alpine zone of krkonoše mountains during last decades

Keywords: Carabidocenosis, alpine zone, emission load, bioindicators, long term monitoring

The development of key environmental characteristics during past four decades has occurred even in extremely sensitive alpine ecosystems such as Krkonoše Mountains. Carabid beetles (Col., Carabidae) prove to be useful as bioindicators of environmental changes. Presented study compares data from two three years periods of field monitoring of carabidocenosis in west Krkonoše Mountains (Vysoké Kolo, Violík, Harrachovy kameny). Impoverishment of species diversity of the cenosis and particularly richness of any species becomes evident in the highest locations (Vysoké Kolo, 1509 m height above sea level). Following three years monitoring of this beetle´s cenosis using pitfall traps in the same biotopes of local alpine zone will continue in this year. The research would support to answer any questions connected with supposed emission load of environment.

MJan MaternaKrkonoše National Park Administration,Vrchlabí, CZ, jmaterna@ krnap.cz

tell me which species live in a forest and I’ll tell you what the forest looks like – Which organisms are the best indicators of forest habitat quality?

Keywords: forest ecosystems, restoration, bioindicator, review

Conditions of forest ecosystems in the Krkonoše Mts are rapidly enhancing. It’s due to coincidence of several factors among them the key role plays considerable decrease of air pollution together with applied new forest management. The aim is to create vertically as well as horizontally stratified multi-age and species rich forest instead of existing spruce monocultures. This approach is resulting to increase of forest area with non-intervention management on the territory of the Krkonoše National Park. The modern forest inventory approaches based on sophisticated statistical approaches are used to plan, validate and update these processes. Although they are very powerful, they are largely focused only on trees as dominant and the most remarkable part of forest ecosystems. They do not usually tell anything about huge diversity of other organisms which are directly linked or entirely depend on variety of habitats provided by forests in various stages of its development. The long-termed man influenced forest due to absence of particular components (e. g. old and dying trees) and natural processes have lost substantial part of its biodiversity in comparison with virgin or natural forests. The recovery of forest biodiversity is a gradual and long-termed process. To be able to analyse forest restoration process in its complexity and to evaluate quality of its results, it is absolutely necessary to include among its evaluation criteria also biological indicators. The aim of the present contribution is thus to analyse suitability of different taxonomic groups for such indication on the bases of extended review of literature, experiences from other forest protected areas and evaluation of hitherto realized forest monitoring on this field in the Krkonoše/Karkonosze Mts.

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Jan MaternaKrkonoše National Park Administration,Vrchlabí, CZ, jmaterna@ krnap.cz

What can the common tick say about climate change?

Keywords: climate change, altitudinal shift, experimental approach, Ixodes ricinus

The life cycle of the common tick Ixodes ricinus is largely dependent on temperature conditions. A considerable shift of the upper I.ricinus altitudinal distribution limit by 300–400 m during the last 2 decades was observed in the Krkonoše Mts. The viable local tick populations are currently found up to the alpine timberline. We suppose that causes of the tick encroachment could be found in analysis of long-term (1961–2008) climatic data from the Krkonoše Mts., which showed a significant rise of the mean annual air temperature by 1.4 ºC at 1 000 m a.s.l. The most pronounced temperature increase (mean monthly temperature by 2–3.5 ºC!) was determined in May–August, which is crucial for tick host finding and development. To verify our hypothesis, we arranged a field experiment, where we compared the developmental capability of different life stages along altitudinal transect reaching from deciduous submontane forests, through montane spruce forests, subalpine dwarf pine stands up to the alpine belt. The experiment clearly determined that all tick stages may successfully survive and develop at least up to the alpine timberline at the present. It further revealed that the temperature conditions of 19 from 21 tick seasons since 1990 has been suitable, thanks to climate warming, for development of all tick stages near the timberline. Therefore engorged ticks recently introduced into higher altitudes by red deer or birds may there develop and establish new local populations. In contrast, ticks introduced to mountain areas in the past might have survived there for a while but they were never able to give a rise to a local population due to low temperatures. The tick thus may serve as very sensitive and suitable indicator of climate change impact in mountain ecosystems.

MKrzysztof R MazurskiWrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, PL, [email protected]

the karkonosze National Park and the English Geopark: comparative study of Protection and Education

Keywords: geopark, Karkonosze, Malvern Hills, comparisons

Geoparks are a new form in the popularization of abiotic nature in Poland. The Karkonosze National Park received such status in 2010, where the nature is protected on the strength of general act. It was interesting in this situation to compare possibilities and directions of the Park performing as the geopark with already such existing, experienced parks in Western Europe. AMHG became chosen as a comparative object. It is situated in western England near the border with Wales and covers 1250 km2 in the borderland of four counties, stretching itself meridionally from Bridgnorth in the north to Gloucester in the south. Its borders have a theoretical and indicatory character, without legal results for area embraced by them. Here are two of principle physiographical units, edifying the geopark stem, namely two hilly ranges, clearly separated in the scenery and possessing rich geological profiles as well as morphologically interesting places (river beds, crags etc.). Source-studies and own observations from this Park were serviced as the base for analysis and conclusions. Some methods and forms of the AMHG activities can be useful also for KPN. First of all, a creation of a wide volunteers’ circle is at stake – basically from the local community, but also from other lovers of the Karkonosze Mts. Before 1945, members of German Bergwacht were working in the interest of these mountains, after 1945 – Polish Guard of Nature Preservation (the voluntary formation), done away unfortunately in 2001. It would be profitable to extend a circle of donors in the face of the liquidation of auxiliary farms in 2010 as sources of own earnings at national parks. It is necessary to emphasize the engagement of local authorities in the realization of the idea of the geodiversity protection in England as opposed to generally arrogative attitudes towards protected areas in Poland.

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Monika Mierczyk1, Bogdan Zagajewski1, Roksana Knapik2, Lucie Kupková3, Adrian Ochtyra1 & Adriana Marcinkowska1

1University of Warsaw, Warsaw, PL, [email protected],bogdan@zagajewski, [email protected], [email protected] National Park Administration, Jelenia Góra, PL, [email protected] University, Prague, CZ, [email protected]

Hyperspectral tools for rock and mineral mapping of karkonosze

Keywords: APEX, hyperspectral techniques, mapping, minerals, rocks, Karkonosze National Park

This research presents an application of hyperspectral data for identification of minerals and rocks of The Karkonosze Mountains (Giants Mountains). In this study hyperspectral data was gained from high-tech field spectrophotometer ASD FieldSpec 3 and imagery of airborne 312-channeled scanner APEX. The obtained data is necessary for creating new spectral library compared to existing reference data base USGS and SPECCHIO spectral libraries. In the project there are used absorptive lines of specific materials as a distinctive feature, spectral distribution of pixels (spectral unmixing) and classification algorithm (Spectral Angle Mapper). Results are proven with geological maps. The major part of the Karkonosze Mountains consists of granite and metamorphic rocks (gneiss, mica schist, phylite, amphibolite). Mica schist surrounding granite intrusion developed into hornfels through contact metamorphism. Hornfels is much more resistant to erosion than other rocks so it forms many of the ridges (Kozie Grzbiety, Czarny Grzbiet, Śnieżka). In the mass of metamorphic rocks there appear insertions and lens of crystalline limestone and dolomites. The final result of the analysis is a digital map of identified rocks and minerals. The next purpose is developing and testing a new algorithm of classification for analysis diagnostic rocks of Polish and Czech Karkonosze National Park area.

MKrzysztof Migała & Mieczysław SobikUniversity of Wrocław, Wrocław, PL, [email protected],[email protected]

Manifestation of global change and climate variability in the karkonosze

Keywords: climate change, global warming, air temperature, NAO index, impact of changes

At the end of the nineteenth century, after a few hundred years of the Little Ice Age period, which favoured weathering and growing of arctic-alpine tundra on the Karkonosze plateau, climate trend slowly has reversed. The results of meteorological measurements carried out continuously on Mt Śnieżka since 1880, well document warming observed in global scale. The data analysis for the period 1901-2000 indicates a warming expressed by an increase of mean annual air temperature 0.8 oC/100 years. Much higher increase of temperature was recorded in two last decades at the turn of XX and XXI century. Mean decadal air temperatures have increased from 1,0oC to 1,3oC. Area of Karkonosze is directly influenced by zonal circulation of maritime air masses from the North Atlantic, which is illustrated by strong relation between thermal condition on Mt. Śnieżka and NAO index. Much weaker correlations are observed in the area of the Carpathians and the Alps. The attribute of climate in Karkonosze is pretty high interannual variability. In the long-term scale observed are 2-3 and 7-8years thermal cycles effected by relations between Icelandic Low and Azores High atmospheric pressure centers. In the period 1881-2010 till 33,8% of annual mean temperatures, 47,7% cases of mean temperature of January and 64,6% records of mean temperature in July on Mt Śnieżka were within the climatic normal 1961-1990. The consequences of the progressive warming are shorter winters with the downward trend 14 days/100 year, earlier spring thaws and longer vegetation period. The temperature rise that occurred from the late XIXc. means that climatic boundaries of vegetation belts, which were fixed more than 100 years ago, moved up now by 160-180m, encouraging the expansion of the frontiers plants from the lower zones.

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Ladislav MikoCharles University, Prague, CZ, [email protected]

Giant Mountains National Park as important source of biological diversity of oribatid mites (acarina, oribatida) in the czech republic

Species richness of oribatid mites known from the territory of Giant Mountains National Park is analysed. High importance of this territory for soil biodiversity in the Czech Republic is documented by presence of 40 % of all known oribatid species of the Czech Republic. Oribatid fauna is characterised by presence of many species of subalpine and boreomontane distribution and rare species linked to less disturbed and undisturbed habitats. From the Czech oribatid fauna, 4 species are known only from Giant Mountains, other 2 species are present only in High Sudeten mountain range (Giant Mountains, Kralický Sněžník, Hrubý Jeseník). Giant Mountains National Park supports viable populations of 5 endangered species of oribatids, listed in the Czech red list of the invertebrates. Compared with other large scale protected areas of the Czech Republic, Giant Mountains National Park represents one of the four most important territories from the point of view of oribatid fauna (together with Šumava Mountains, Český Kras and Hrubý Jeseník Mountains).

MJana Müllerová1, Michaela Vítková 1 & Ondřej Vítek 2

1Institute of Botany ASCR Průhonice, CZ, [email protected], [email protected] Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic, Prague, CZ, [email protected]

the impact of roads: effects on soil and species composition in a nutrient poor environment of the krkonoše Mts. alpine tundra

Keywords: human disturbances, road-related vegetation changes, physical-chemical soil properties, alkalinisation effect

For centuries, the Krkonoše Mts. arctic-alpine tundra suffers from extensive human impact. It was first connected with grazing, building of chalets, and clear-cutting of mountain pine (some later re-planted), and later with industry air pollution and tourism (eutrophication around chalets, trampling, and soil erosion). The most profound changes were caused by alkaline road building material used in 1970’s and 1980’s, generating roadside vegetation with high amount of synanthropic species. In presented study, we assessed overall effects of roads in the area since 1986, aiming to (1) reconstruct the colonization of roadside plant species using historical aerial data and GPS field mapping, (2) study effects on physical-chemical soil properties and vegetation composition along transects, and (3) propose effective conservation measures to stop further damage. Along alkaline roads, fast and profound shifts in physical-chemical soil characteristics and species composition were recorded. Stress-tolerant tundra species were replaced by meso- to nitrophilous species and species preferring man-made habitats. The intensity of changes depended significantly on the type of road material and the site position relative to the road (slope position, distance from the road). The alkaline road stabilizing gravel seems to be the main cause of changes driven by water transport of particles into surroundings. Reconstruction of alkaline paved roads started in 1996 (replacing the alkaline gravel by siliceous materials). The ability of arctic-alpine tundra to recover in the extreme climatic conditions is limited and the process is expected to be slow. Still, after the removal of non-indigenous alkaline material, we consider the restoration possible.

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Linda Nedbalová1,2, Lenka Procházková1, Jana Kvíderová2

& Milena Kociánová3

1Charles University, Prague, CZ, [email protected], [email protected] of Botany ASCR Průhonice, Dept. Třeboň, CZ, [email protected]še National Park Administration, Vrchlabí, CZ, [email protected]

red snow algae from the krkonoše Mts.: phylogeny and ecophysiological characteristics

Keywords: snow algae, Chloromonas reticulata, Chlamydomonas nivalis, molecular evaluation, temperature, light

The snow ecosystem is considered to be one of the most extreme found on the Earth. Red, orange or green coloration of snow in mountain and polar regions is caused by snow algae that had to develop adaptations to the life in conditions of low temperature including episodic freezing and high irradiance. The most common worldwide is the red coloration of snow caused by the mass development of the species that was traditionally reported as Chlamydomonas nivalis (Bauer) Wille. However, it is mostly determined only on the basis of typical red spherical cells without any observation of flagellates. It is thus probable that the red coloration of snow at alpine sites is caused by more species with similar immotile cells. Small patches of red snow are also regularly observed in the alpine zone of the Krkonoše Mts., which is the only known locality of this phenomenon in the Czech Republic. We have studied the morphology, molecular phylogeny and ecophysiology of the strains that were isolated from snow samples collected on the slopes of the Luční hora Mt. Based on the sequencing of 18S rDNA and ITS combined with morphological observations, the isolate forming red snow in the Krkonoše Mts. is identical to Chloromonas reticulata (Goroschankin) Gobi, a species that has recently undergone a major taxonomic revision. Strains of the red snow alga were also isolated at other European sites (Tatra Mts., Alps, Scandinavia) and some of them were shown to belong to the same species as the Krkonoše isolates. Interestingly, our results indicate that the temperature dependence of growth of Chloromonas reticulata is rather unusual for an alga that was considered to be strictly psychrophilic. Generally, these results suggest a broader range of ecophysiological strategies in snow algae than expected.

nZbigniew Niewiadomski & Maria AndrzejewskaCenter UNEP/GRID-Warsaw, PL, [email protected], [email protected]

carpathian experience

Keywords: Carpathian Convention, cooperation, thematic protocols, protected area network

The Framework Convention on the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Carpathians (Carpathian Convention) signed ten years ago (on 22 May 2003 in Kyiv) is the second multilateral agreement worldwide focusing on a single mountain range, besides the Alps. It provides a legal framework for sub-regional and transboundary cooperation between seven countries of the region, including coordinated scientific research and exchange of information. Moreover, the Convention promotes the EU approach towards nature conservation in Parties to the Convention not yet being the EU Member States, such as Serbia and Ukraine. Thematic protocols to the framework Convention facilitate the integration of the conservation and sustainable development objectives into national sectorial policies of the Parties (in particular on spatial planning, agriculture and forestry, water and river basin management, tourism). Three Protocols have so far been adopted: on conservation and sustainable use of biological and landscape diversity (Bucharest, 2008), on sustainable forest management (Bratislava, 2011), and on sustainable tourism (Bratislava, 2011). Other two thematic Protocols, on sustainable transport and infrastructure, and on cultural heritage are currently prepared for adoption by the 4. Conference of the Parties (COP4) to be held in May 2014 in the Czech Republic. Cooperation under the Convention includes eight thematic common Working Groups, and the Carpathian Network of Protected Areas, established in 2006 and linking over 90 protected area administrations. UNEP/GRID-Warsaw Centre, which is also involved in harmonizing GIS databases in Krkonoše Mts., coordinates a project supported by Switzerland for the implementation of the Carpathian Convention in Poland.

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Adrian Ochtyra1, Bogdan Zagajewski1, Anna Kozłowska2 & Adriana Marcinkowska1

1University of Warsaw, Warsaw, PL, [email protected],[email protected], [email protected] of Geography and Spatial Organization PAS, Warsaw, PL,[email protected]

comparison of spruce forests condition in karkonosze and tatras

Keywords: field measurements, hyperspectral tools, remote sensing indices, vegetation, Karkonosze National Park, Tatra National Park

Protecting of natural heritage is a very important task faced by each country. There are many forms of nature protection. Monitoring of environment condition is laborious in large and difficult access areas. Remote sensed data allow to analyse and to compare whole area in short time. One of the most accessible data is satellite images offered by Landsat program, where most of free of charge scenes are available for more than 40 years (from 1972 to 2011). This paper presents research focused on Norway spruce (Picea abies) condition. From several years population of these trees is attacked by woodworm (Ips typographus) and chloroses. Researches based on filed bio-radiometric measurements and spectral analyses of Landsat TM images. During field measurements were acquired spectral characteristics of needles of Norway spruce in Giant Mountains as well as in Tatras. It allowed a statistical analysis of remote sensing indices of vegetation derived from field and satellite levels. Results of analyses will be shown during the conference as a set of maps.

OKrzysztof Parzóch1 & Anna Solarska2

University of Wrocław, Wrocław , PL, [email protected], [email protected]

Morphodynamics of areas protected against erosion – the results of monitoring in the karkonosze Mts.

Keywords: anti-erosion protections, monitoring, geomorphological processes

The tourist pressure and skidding are the main factors of anthropogenic origin which influence the functioning of the slope system in the Karkonosze National Park (KPN). They contribute to a linear expansion of degraded zones due to acceleration of surface drainage and intensification of the slope sediment transfer. Tourist infrastructure can be threatened by these processes, there are some examples of debris flows, which are located close to the tourist trails. The degraded zones or areas threatened by degradation have been protected in the KNP since 1995. Several selected sites are covered by the projects, which aim at the reduction of human impact. Special measures have been taken in order to limit degradation processes within various erosional landforms. They result in the restoration of the stability of slope system. Wooden dams mounted within the degraded areas are examples of such protection. Monitoring of the areas with anti-erosion protections has been in progress in the KPN since 1998. The paper discusses its results for the following sites: 1) Kopa - gully erosion, 2) Lomniczka - debris flows track, 3) Labski - tourist trail, 4) Szrenica - development of skiing infrastructure. The results of the environmental monitoring show that the applied anti-erosion protections are highly efficient in the context of the activity of geomorphic processes. Wooden dams, which are installed within the erosional landforms, slow down the slope wash and force accumulation of rock material within them. As a result, the original morphology of slopes is gradually restored. Similarly, a decrease of washing and cryogenic processes has been observed within the tourist paths, which have been closed or subject to anti-erosion measurement. A rapid succession of vegetation follows within these highly degraded areas.

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Łukasz PawlikUniversity of Wrocław, Wrocław , PL, [email protected]

catastrophic windthrows in the karkonosze Mts. National Park – their ecological significance and geomorphic impact on hillslopes

Keywords: windthrow, forest, tree uprooting, hillslope, Sudetes, denudation.

The range of the Karkonosze Mts. owns a special position within the Sudetes Mts. because of its highest elevation, altitudinal zonality of vegetation assemblages and harsh climate conditions. In terms of changes in forest ecosystems, the wind conditions of the Karkonosze Mts. are one of the most important factors of natural disturbance in both, upper and lower belt of the massif. High speed winds and frequency of hurricane events are modulated by the mountain range relief, the geographical orientation towards approaching air masses and the regional pattern of prevailing atmospheric circulation. All the above reasons as well as human impact on forests in the past in this part of the Sudetes Mts. change the forest structure, its species composition, spatial extent and make the windthrows be frequently observed both on the Polish and Czech part of the massif. Despite the fact that windthrows are a well-recognized and common phenomenon, still many aspects of their occurrence require urgent studies. Sometimes, they can have catastrophic effects on the entire forest ecosystem. Their ecological significance and influence on different aspects of forest management is beyond doubt. The aim of the present project is to find out whether catastrophic windthrows, apart from their ecological impact on forest stands, have any geomorphic significance in terms of hillslope dynamics and evolution of slope covers and soils. For instance, the proportion between windsnaps and uprooted trees would be an important piece of information and would have a special value in terms of proper appraisal of hillslope geomorphic subsystem within the forest belts of the Karkonosze Mts

PWojciech Pusz & Włodzimierz KitaWrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, PL, [email protected], [email protected]

the health status of mountain pine’s needles (Pinus mugo turra) in subalpine zone of karkonosze National Park

Keywords: pathogenic fungi, mountain pine, diseases of needles

The field obsevations and mycological analyses of infected mountain pine’s needles were conducted for two years (2011 - 2012). During the field research, it was found that most infected mountain pine’s needle falls in July. Then observed the greatest severity of symptoms on the needles as yellow spots. In the first year of the study (2011) were yellow blotch symptoms at 90 - 94% of infected needles on the shoots. In the next year of the study had less shock in the same month of observation. In 2012, signs were spotted yellow needles of 38% of infected needles to shoot in the area of Smogornia to 85% of infected needles on the objects in the region Śląskie Kamienie. To a lesser extent the mountain pine needles were spotted wilt symptoms caused by Mycosphaerella dearnessi and causing pine needles rust - Coleosporium vesicular. The isolation of fungi was conducted in end of July when the intensity of disease symptoms on needles was the highest from few experimental places: Kopa, Śląskie Kamienie, Kocioł Smogorni, Sokolnik, Łabski Szczyt, Szrenica, Kocioł Małego i Wielkiego Stawu. The main species isolated from the infected needles was probably new species of Lophodermium. Except for this species, there also Lophodermium pinastri and other species were found f.ex. Botrytis cinerea, Epicoccum niger and some saprotroph’s fungus like Aspergillus niger. To this time on literature one of the most popular factors of needle cast is Lophodermium spp.

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Edwin Raczko1, Bogdan Zagajewski1, Adriana Marcinkowska1, Lucie Kupková2 & Adrian Ochtyra1

1University of Warsaw, Warsaw, PL, [email protected],[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] University, Prague, CZ, [email protected]

forest species classification of karkonosze National Park using hyperspectral images and neural networks

Keywords: classification, forest, species, reflectance, spectral characteristics, artificial neural networks. Karkonosze National Park

The classification of forest species of the Karkonosze National Park base on data obtained from airborne hyperspectral APEX scanner.. It is one of the most modern detectors, which is the result of collaboration between ESA and the RSL, University of Zurich and Belgian VITO. APEX images characterised by very high spatial (1.75 m) and spectral (312 bands) resolutions. The data were collected on September 10, 2012 in the framework of the project HyMountEcos. The aim of proposed paper is an analysis of a potential for hyperspectral mapping of forest species and a development of a classification algorithm for hyperspectral data from APEX images using neural networks. Due to the variety of land cover studies neural networks seem to be one of the most effective methods for classification of large areas of complex structure. Due to the need to identify areas that serve as a model for learning neural network for data analysis will be performed to determine the objective spectrally homogeneous areas. This method will be used to Pixel Purity Index, which aims to determine homogeneous areas, which will be selected for validation of classification accuracies. The results of classification are sets of post-classification maps and error matrices.

RPiotr Robakowski1, Krzysztof Dworzycki2 & Marta Kroczek2

1Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, PL, [email protected] National Park, Jelenia Góra, PL

Morphological acclimation to irradiance and partitioning of energy absorbed by leaf in Saxifraga nivalis and Saxifraga basaltica

Keywords: acclimation to light, chlorophyll a fluorescence, plant protection, reintroduction

Saxifraga nivalis and Saxifraga basaltica are both threatened by extinction in the Karkonosze National Park. To increase the number of individuals and protect the existing populations in situ the programme of the species active protection and reintroduction was launched. The aim of the present study was to determine the most favourable light conditions of growth and to compare shade tolerance of S. nivalis and S. basaltica. Seedlings were acclimated to one of three light treatments: 1) 100%, 2) 39% and 3) 16% of full irradiance. From May to October 2012 diameters of leaf rosette and leaf length and width were measured. Chlorophyll a fluorescence was measured in vivo on one occasion to obtain the light curves of quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII). Partitioning of light energy absorbed by leaf to photochemistry (ΦP), to xanthophyll-regulated thermal dissipation (ΦNPQ) or to constitutive thermal energy dissipation and fluorescence (Φf,D ) were calculated. In shade S. nivalis showed longer petioles and larger leaf blades compared to plants grown in full irradiance. The highest proportion of energy absorbed by leaf was transferred to photochemistry in plants acclimated to full irradiance. In shade, the shares of ΦNPQ and Φf,D were higher than the leaves acclimated to full irradiance. In contrast, S. basaltica rosettes were bigger in mid shade compared with full irradiance. Energy partitioning did not differ among the light treatments so remarkably as it was in S. nivalis leaves. Morphological traits and partitioning of energy absorbed by leaf suggest that S. basaltica is more shade tolerant compared with S. nivalis. When S. basaltica is reintroduced into its sites of occurrence, it should be planted in low or even mid-shade. In contrast, S. nivalis would prefer low shade or open sites. The results obtained from the present study can be helpful for the selection of microsites which will be the most suitable for the reintroduction of S. nivalis and S. basaltica.

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Miloslav Šír, Miroslav Tesař & Igor DvořákInstitute of Hydrodynamics, v.v.i. ASCR, Prague, CZ, [email protected]

Extreme runoffs from the Modrý důl basin in the vegetation season

Keywords: surface runoff formation, headwater catchment, water balance, soil water monitoring

The main objective of the present article is to advance understanding of the complex role of various vegetation cover in extreme runoff formation in the Modrý potok basin. This watershed (1010–1554 m a.s.l., 2.62 km2) is situated in the northern part of the Czech Republic in the eastern part of the Krkonoše Mts. The soil types are the mountainous Podzole and Lithosol with a thin humic layer on crystalline bedrock. Monitoring stations with data transfer to the internet are installed on several localities differing in the type of vegetation cover (in the grassland and dwarf pine above the forest margin, in the growth of mature spruce forest, and in the grassland below the spruce forest). The discharge at the closing profile is continuously recorded. Meteorological data are collected at a station close to the Výrovka chalet (1360 m a.s.l.): year-round precipitation, solar radiation, wind speed and direction, air and soil temperatures and soil moisture. The long-term monitoring of the water balance of the headwater catchment Modrý potok and its soil water regime was evaluated taking into account the discontinuous character of water transport in an unsaturated zone. Extreme runoffs in a vegetation season are caused by these factors: (1) oversaturation of the soil profile, (2) water repellency of the soil surface, (3) gravitationally destabilized flow of water in the soil profile, (4) extreme rainfall. The typical combinations are (1) and (3) – gravitationally destabilized flow of water can be caused even by a small rainfall under the oversaturation, (2) and (4) – long-term drought can cause the water repellency of the soil surface and the extreme rainfall. The research is supported by the Czech Science Foundation (205/09/1918) and by the Technology Agency of CR (TA02021451).

SOlav SlaymakerUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, CA, [email protected]

Mountain Environment changes in the anthropocene Epoch

Mountain geosystems are changing under the influence of three primary drivers: relief, hydroclimate (or life zones) and human modification. Mountain environments have high gradients and are located at elevations greater than 500 m.a.s.l. Low, mid-elevation and high mountains are commonly differentiated. Because hydroclimates of mountain environments are poorly monitored, life zones are used as surrogates for hydroclimate. Humid, temperate montane, humid, tropical montane, polar nival, dry temperate montane and humid, temperate hills are the most widely distributed life zones, occupying approximately 80% of the world’s mountain environments. These same five life zones also sustain over 90% of the mountain peoples of the world. Although relief and hydroclimate are constantly changing, the intensity of human modification is the most rapidly changing driver. Specific suspended sediment yield data from around the globe confirm the assumption that mountain environments show high rates of sediment flux, but they also show that tropical mountain environments have higher sediment flux rates than elsewhere. Additionally, it can be shown that mid-elevation humid tropical mountains which have the highest mountain population densities also produce the most sediment. Deforestation for pasture and agricultural expansion, grazing and land degradation, transportation corridors, urbanization and accelerated population growth are the major proximate factors responsible. This evidence is the most powerful argument in favour of the designation of our times as the Anthropocene Epoch. In global terms the case for the priority of human impacts in mountains seems clear but, for example, polar nival mountain changes continue to be controlled primarily by relief and hydroclimate. The unravelling of the relative importance of the environmental change drivers will be illustrated with particular reference to the mid-elevation mountains of the tropics, the temperate lands and the polar regions

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Jiří SoučekForest and Game Management Research Institute, Research Station Opočno, CZ, [email protected]

Development of dwarf pine stands in krkonoše Mts.

Keywords: dwarf pine, health, nutrition, fertility, Krkonoše Mts.

Development of dwarf pine stands have been studied on permanent research plots in Krkonoše Mts. since 1981. Health status shows no important damage by biotic or abiotic factors in last years. Mean length increment of branches (5.0 ± 2.1 cm) varies on different localities and shrubs. Foliage varies only partially in last years (2.7 ± 0.6 needle years), fluctuations between years are due to occurrence of damage by biotic and abiotic factors. On the average 85 % of needles survive into 2nd year, 58 % into 3rd year. Long-term analysis of nutrient contents in needles confirmed considerable fluctuation among years, significant changes and low values of nutrients sprung up in years 2003, 2007-2009. Content of nutrients reach the low limits presented by other authors. No significant relationships were determined among health status, damage and fertility of shrubs in years. Fertility fluctuates among shrubs and years, no cones on plots were found in year 2012. Germination capacity is relatively high (over 60 %).

SZuzana ŠpinlerováMendel University in Brno, Brno, CZ, [email protected]

Dwarf Pine (Pinus mugo turra) biomass Estimation Methodology

Keywords: non-autochthonous dwarf pine, biomass, reduction, Hrubý Jeseník Mts.

Pinus mugo Turra is a very variable and taxonomically difficult species. In the complex of the pine, there are many ambiguities concerning particularly the origin of taxa, taxon classification and also the question of a natural range often dealt with also in the Czech Republic. The problem of dwarf pine autochthony is actually much discussed in the Hrubý Jeseník Mts., because we can encounter here nearly closed-canopy stands of planted dwarf pine. Due to non-autochthonous origin and also due to the alleged effect of the gradual degradation of the condition of several valuable ecophenomena of the Hrubý Jeseník summit parts, the question arises, how to manage these stands. Based on several proposals for dwarf pine reduction, the aim of three-year research was to establish the probable amount of the aboveground biomass of the dwarf pine that really grows in the Hrubý Jeseník Mts. above the timberline and that would have to be dealt with after a potential reduction of the stands. Four representative transects (in area of 4 m2) of different age and with different dwarf pine size were selected. All aboveground biomass was cut down and transported to the laboratory. In the laboratory, the fresh mass and the total volume (timber, small timber, needles separately) were determined using verified methods. Also dry mass was subsequently determined. Results confirm the assumption that dealing with the removed biomass of the dwarf pine would be an uneasy task. For example, the aboveground biomass of the oldest dwarf pine stands in the explored area reaches the similar values like the timber biomass of 100 years old mature spruce stands. The creation of trend curves expressing biomass rising due to age is the most valuable result. From these curves where derived equations that allow to estimate aboveground biomass of all dwarf pine stands of various age levels and canopy in the areas above the timberline in Hrubý Jeseník Mts. The equations for biomass calculation can also be applied to other artificially planted stands in other mountain ranges.

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Martin Starý1, Pavla Čížková1 & Pavel Bečka2

1Šumava National Park, Vimperk, CZ2Šumava Landscape Protected Area, Kašparské Hory, CZ

Natural regeneration of mountain spruce forest in areas with spontaneous succession – the latest results from the biomonitoring project

Keywords: Bohemian Forest, mountain spruce forest, dead wood, natural regeneration, Norway Spruce

The Šumava National Park is the biggest national park in the Czech Republic. It belongs to one of the most valuable Natura 2000 sites (SPA Šumava since 2004 and SCI Šumava since 2005) in the Middle Europe. Apart from the unique bog woodlands (91DO) and non-forest areas there are large areas covered by mountain spruce forests (9410 – Acidophilous Picea forests of the montane levels). This type of the vegetation together with its natural growth dynamics is getting more and rarer from the European perspective. During the past decade the Šumava National Park was hit by a large scale bark beetle outbreak (the first wave culminated in the late nineties of the 20th century, the second wave after the windstorm Kyrill from the 17th of January 2007). A long-term ecological inventory of areas with no or very extensive past management currently with spontaneous succession is therefore highly important. The results from 5 years of this project show the importance of natural regeneration. More than 90 % of inventory plots showed regeneration densities higher than 100 ind.ha-1. We found, that there were enough seedlings of young trees to guarantee the new generation of forests. It has been revealed, that the lying dead wood is an important microsite for natural regeneration especially for Norway spruce. The size and quality (e.g. decay stage) of the dead wood play the crucial role for the successful natural regeneration and for the future forest stand structure. The lying dead wood covers only 5% of the inventory plots, while more than 10 % of the seedlings were found on these microsites. Our results from this continuing inventory survey build a good knowledge base for the current and future national park management.

SPetra Šťastná1, Miroslav Válek1, Jan Pačák1 & Luboš Kala2

1Krkonoše National Park Administration, Vrchlabí, CZ, [email protected] Partnership Foundation, Brno, CZ, [email protected]

Monitoring of the visitor flow in the core zone of the krkonoše Mts. National Park

Within the Czech-Polish project “Krkonoše Mts. in INSPIRE – collective GIS in nature protection“the monitoring counters were installed on 27 selected localities. We chose all trails accessing to the most protected zone of the mountains and then selected roads with limited entrance for cars. In total we are monitoring pedestrians on 26 places, cyclists on 9 and motor vehicles on 8 localities. The used technical system is the ECO counter (http://www.eco-compteur.com/) which is the same system (and thus comparable) installed on Polish side of the Krkonoše Mts. Namely we are using wooden pillars with thermal sensor (PYRO sensor) for pedestrians and inductive loops integrated into road surface for cyclists (ZELT sensor) and motor vehicles (ZELT sensor). These counters are continuously monitoring passing of followed objects and through the application of ECO Visio we can online control the activity of the counters, capacity of batteries and also make the graphs from the gained data. The limiting factor for functioning of counters is the snow cover and the rime, thus we were testing 4 telescopic pillars during the winter time 2011/12. Our monitoring period started in September 2011.The preliminary results show that for 7 month of monitoring dominated visitor flows at the trails leading to Sněžka Mt., to Luční chalet, to Labská chalet and the accesses to Sněžka through Obří důl and around Jelenka chalet (tens or hundreds thousands of visitor passing). These touristic goals are the traditional ones. For the cyclists was the most attractive goal the Monument of Mr. Hanč and Vrbata, than the Labská and the Luční chalet (5–9000 passings for 7 month). The results also showed that not of all cyclists are returning back by the same way (legal cyclist trail) but continue by other touristic trail. The passing of cars was the highest on the road to Špindlerovka chalet (ca 48 000 passages for the 11 month) – this result show alarming number of the car transit on this road. Other results showed various interesting connections, for example density of passing through the day or in relationship to type of the day in the week, corresponded with special events held e.g. on Lucni chalet etc. We plan to continue in monitoring for next years.

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Miloslav Suchánek 1, Karel Pošmourný2 & Jan Vaněk3

1Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, CZ, [email protected] Malém klínu 20, Prague, CZ, karel.posmourny@seznam3Krkonoše National Park Administration, Vrchlabí, CZ, [email protected]

Monitoring of heavy metals in surface waters and stream sediments in the krkonoše (Giant) Mts.

Keywords: sampling, multivariate analysis, contamination, heavy metals, hydrology, stream sediments, geochemistry

Nine localities, situated in the central and eastern parts of the Krkonoše Mts. along drainage area of the upper reaches of the Labe (Elbe) and the Úpa rivers, were monitored from February till November 1998. The objective of this study was to analyze concentrations of heavy metals in waters and sediments in areas that have not been affected by anthropogenic activities and in areas with certain impact of industry, traffic and population. The surface waters were analyzed for Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu., Zn, As, Mo, Cd, Pb, Hg, Ca and Mg contents, sediments for Hg, Mn, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cd, Tl, Mo, Pb, As, Cu and Zn contents. In the case of waters, mixed influence of bedrock and anthropogenic activities can be observed. In the river-bed sediments, increased amounts of heavy metals occurred during spring months with distinct peak in late April and early May. The next maximum was registered during autumn months. It is supposed that concentrations of heavy metals depend on water discharge related to rain precipitation and snow melting. Together with superficial sources atmospheric deposition also plays important role in contamination by heavy metals. Such deposition is important even in the uppermost parts of the two drainage areas, as documented by the following heavy metal contents in the sediments: Fe, Cr, Ni, Co, Cu. Only in the Labský Důl Valley the rock environment plays a major role which is documented by increased amount of molybdenum.

SMiroslav Svoboda, Pavel Janda, Vojtěch Čada, Radek Bače, Volodymyr Trotsyuk, Jan Rejzek & Martin MikolášCzech University of Life Sciences Prague, CZ, [email protected]

Variability of the disturbance regime in temperate mountain spruce forests of central Europe

Keywords: disturbance regime, windstroms, bark beetle, Picea abies

Climate change could significantly alter disturbance regimes in forest ecosystems. In mountain regions of Central and East Europe, scenarios with increased frequency of severe windstorms and droughts, which could trigger large-scale bark beetle outbreaks, are predicted. During the past decade, this region has experienced severe blowdowns and bark beetle outbreaks. In this talk, we review historical evidence regarding the occurrence of severe windstorms and bark beetle outbreaks in the several Norway spruce forests, where recently forest was disturbed by windstorms and bark beetle. Based on historical evidence and published studies, severe stand replacing disturbances, including both windstorms and bark beetle outbreaks, have occurred in the region during the past several centuries and are likely to be part of the historical range of variability in these forests. We also present results of dendroecological study reconstructing disturbance histories from spruce primary forests in the region. Our study provides strong evidence that these forests were historically shaped by a infrequent, moderate- to high-severity natural disturbances. These findings challenge the traditional view, which holds that small-scale endogenous tree mortality events (gap dynamics) drive the dynamics of these forests. Our results, however, should be viewed with sufficient caution when making generalizations about the disturbance regime of Picea abies forests throughout Central Europe. In reality, it is likely that characteristics of the disturbance regime vary in space and time along a continuum from small-scale gap dynamics to infrequent, stand replacing events. The few studies examining disturbance processes in old-growth Picea abies forests in this region highlight such variability.

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Martin Šenfeldr1, Václav Treml2, Petr Maděra1 & Daniel Volařík1

1Mendel University in Brno, Brno, CZ, [email protected] University, Prague, CZ, [email protected]

Effects of dwarf pine stands on Norway spruce clonal groups in the treeline ecotone of the Hrubý Jeseník Mountains, czech republic

Keywords: Dwarf pine, Norway spruce, clonal groups, layering, tree-shrub interaction, treeline, Hrubý Jeseník Mts., vegetative reproduction

As temperatures increase globally, one might expect that altitudinal margins of tree stands will advance upwards. However, range expansion of trees could be significantly affected by both negative and positive interactions with alpine shrubs at existing treeline ecotones. Here we examine the effects of prostrate dwarf pine (Pinus mugo Turra) on vegetative propagation of Norway spruce (Picea abies L., Karst) in the treeline ecotone of the Hrubý Jeseník Mountains, Czech Republic. The vegetative propagation is important adaptation both for spreading of generatively rejuvenated individuals of spruce and for persistence of already established spruce groups in the treeline ecotone. We analyzed how the density of dwarf pine stands and the distance from their margins influence vegetative reproduction of spruce. We found that increasing density of dwarf pine stands strongly reduced vegetative propagation of spruce, with spruce clonal groups surrounded by dense pine stands having fewer layering branches and juvenile trees than such groups growing outside pine stands. On the other hand, dense pine stands improved spruce height growth, presumably by providing shelter against wind and browsing. We recognized the distance of about 6 m between spruce and pine as a boundary beyond which dwarf pine appeared not to have a negative influence on spruce vegetative reproduction. Our results indicate that dwarf pine stands slow spruce clonal spreading in the treeline ecotone.

SMartin Šenfeldr & Petr MaděraMendel University in Brno, Brno, CZ, [email protected]

tree-line dynamic in the East sudetes

Keywords: Norway spruce, tree-line dynamic, Sudetes, generative reproduction, vegetative reproduction, diversity lost

In the East Sudetes (Hrubý Jeseník Mts.), which represent mid-mountains of central Europe, the shift of treeline ecotone into higher altitudes was ascertained based on the dendroecological methods. We found out favourable age structure of Norway spruce (Picea abies L., Karst) populations even in the topmost parts of the East Sudetes. The actual generative reproduction above upper limit of the closed forest is successful, the seedlings density within the height class of 10 – 80cm ranged from 29 – 35 specimens per hectare. In addition, the cones with viable seeds were found even in the topmost part of studied area. Moreover, the high intensity of vegetative reproduction of Norway spruce was recorded. We found 12.8 of clonal offsprings originated from one parent tree in average and up to 5 clonal trees originating from one primary rooted branch. Treeline advance and densification are a result of a decades-long effect of natural processes and the absence of the direct human influences. If the natural succession provided by the status of national nature reserves will continue, the fragmentation of alpine biotopes can be expected. It can result in decreasing diversity. Soon, the nature protection authorities will have to decide whether to protect natural processes or significant biotopes often conditioned by historical management and the following successional processes.

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Irena Špatenková & Viera HorákováKrkonoše National Park Administration, Vrchlabí, CZ, [email protected], [email protected]

botanical inventory research of the krkonoše Mts.

Keywords: the Krkonoše Mts., botanical inventory research

The botanical inventory research (BIR) collects the characteristics of the landscape, flora and vegetation of the Krkonoše Mountains National Park and its buffer zone changing over time. The area of the Krkonoše Mts. is divided into quadrants of 1x 1. 25 km. Notification of localities of special natural interest, plant formations together with list of plant species are recorded in each of quadrant. Not only characteristics of natural landscape is important to notice, but also the places influenced by human activities. The first BIR was conducted during 1975 - 1980 in the area of the Krkonoše National Park. In the 90’s it was completed by BIR in newly established buffer zone. New period of BIR on the area of the Krkonoše Mountains National Park and its buffer zone has started in 2006. The finishing of this project is scheduled in 2015. The base of working procedure used in BIR maintains the same during all period. Small changes reflect demands of modern way of protection of nature, also in consequences with new administration (e.g. modification of list endangered, expansive and invasive species). In the same time new computer methods are continuously applied. All data is prepared by external botanists and completed by employees of national park. In this way the paper and electronic versions are archived at the same time. Main outputs of BIR create a source of data using by students, researches, specialists, public and others for different purposes (research activities, urban planning, preparation of red lists of plant species etc.). These outputs are often used by all employees of national park to making the decisions in everyday administration.

SJan ŠtursaKrkonoše National Park Administration, Vrchlabí, CZ, [email protected]

Development of opinions on the geobiodiversity of the Giant Mountainsʼarctic-alpine tundra

Keywords: arctic-alpine, frost sorting relief, Matgrass, Mountain Pine.

Description of a phenomenon of Giant Mtsʼarctic-alpine tundra of the (Opera Corcont. 1995) is one of the most important syntheses of modern knowledge of the Giant Mtsʼnatural values, respectively High Sudetes. Solving the terminology and biogeographical problems offered suitable connection both terms - arctic and alpine - in the widest sense of using these terms. Cooperation Czech and Polish scientists with institutes abroad allowed research stays in various northern and western mountains and vice versa. This enabled a detailed comparison the resemblance of their geobiodiverzity and resulted to a significant shift in our knowledge. Comprehension of identical or similar processes, affecting during Postglacial the north, west and the centre of Europe, has allowed formulating priorities, for which the Giant Mtsʼtundra is unique to this part of Europe. For example, detailed analysis of the northern Nardus grasslands on the Giant Mts. ridges and their divergence from those habitats in the Alps and the Carpathians. Detailed discussion about some current relief forms, their age and genesis (e.g. palsa phenomenon, mountain beaded streams) also demonstrates the need for detailed analyses. The Giant Mtsʼtundra is nowadays considered a unique phenomenon of the Middle-mountains. It is reflected in the activities of the NP Administration (modern research, monitoring, appropriate forms of education and information about these exceptional items). This is reflected in required conservation measures, such as the management of tourist load, minimizing building activities, reduction of inappropriate mountain pine plantations in areas with frost sorting processes of relief, etc. The on-going processes of climate change require increased attention that should be devoted to this small island of tundra in the middle of Europe. It is among others a reason why the Giant Mts. are included in the network of the INTERACT project, bringing together scientists engaged in preservation of the tundra biome.

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Miroslav Tesař & Miloslav ŠírInstitute of Hydrodynamics, v.v.i. ASCR, Prague, CZ, [email protected]

Early warning system for flash floods in the krkonoše Mts.

Keywords: early warning system, flash flood, surface and soil water monitoring

The present contribution describes a sophisticated local warning system (LWS) for detection of local flash floods that is built in the Krkonoše Mts. in the upper of the Úpa river with the closing profile at Horní Maršov (573–1602 m a.s.l., 81.70 km2). This system is based on the new knowledge of the discontinuous character of water transport in an unsaturated zone and involves: (i) instrumentation: (1) stream gauge monitoring stations with data transfer to the internet, (2) monitoring stations (equipped by rain gauge, air and soil thermometers, soil water tensiometers and soil moisture meters) with data transfer to the internet, (ii) software: (1) the internal software of the stream gauge and monitoring stations for the measurement, storage and transfer the data to the dispatching centre, (2) software of a central data repository, (3) software for data transmission in the internet browser, (3) software for the forecasting of flood risk and sending flood alert, (iii) dispatching centre: (1) operating of the data repository, (2) forecasting of the water level for the each of connected stream gauge station, (3) sending flood alert, (iv) handbooks and user’s Guides: (1) hydrological and soil surveying, (2) LWS design, (3) operation and maintenance of the LWS, (v) complete projection documentation of the LWS, (vi) installation of the LWS in a catchment, (vii) testing and routine operation of the LWS. The described LWS is supported by the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic (Project TA02021451).

TMiroslav Tesař & Miloslav ŠírInstitute of Hydrodynamics, v.v.i. ASCR, Prague, CZ, [email protected]

Long-term hydroecological monitoring in the krkonoše Mts.

Keywords: occult precipitation, cloud and fog water deposition, water chemistry

The cloud and fog water deposition proved to be important delivery mechanism for both water and pollutants in mountainous headwater regions. A fogwater study has been conducted in the Krkonoše Mts. since 1999 till the present time. The sampling site for the observation and evaluation occult precipitation in the Western region was established in the Modrý potok basin (1010–1554 m a.s.l., 2.62 km2) at the highest point of the watershed (passive cloud and fog water collector) while the bulk precipitation and throughfall samplers were installed near to the closure profile of the basin. Rain gauges are evenly situated at six altitudes of the watershed (from 1020 to 1365 m a. s. l.). In the Eastern region the both passive and active collectors were installed close to the Labská bouda chalet (1325 m a.s.l). The active collector (Eigenbrodt, Germany) is operated automatically by the PWD-11 sensor (Vaisala, Finland). Collected samples were stored in polyethylene bottles and transported as soon as possible to the laboratories of the Czech Geological Survey and Geological Institute of ASCR to the chemical analyses. The results for 1999–2011 will be presented in this article. A wide range of concentrations were encountered, most typically exceeding concentrations occurring in rain (so-called enrichment factors were evaluated) and the estimated wet deposition of the most important chemical compounds were calculated and compared with respect to weighted means of bulk precipitation collected in the open area. Based on the model predictions and on the water balance of the forest canopy the annual occult precipitation total for the Krkonoše Mts. was estimated by 20–25 % of the annual falling precipitation total. The research is supported by the Czech Science Foundation (205/09/1918).

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Andrzej Traczyk & Marek KasprzakUniversity of Wrocław, Wrocław , PL, [email protected], [email protected]

Digital geomorphological map of the Polish karkonosze Mountains

Keywords: geomorphological mapping, digital map, LiDAR, GIS

Digital geomorphological map of the Karkonosze Mts. was made for the purposes of the KPN and KrNaP project of the geospatial data harmonization. The map was compiled using orthophotomaps, LiDAR and topographic data in SAGA GIS, Quantum GIS and Global Mapper software. Classifications of landforms are based on “The unified key to the detailed geomorphological map of the world 1:25 000 – 1:50 000” (M. Klimaszewski 1968). The schema of the relief classification contains 54 types of forms separated into seven genetic groups (denudation forms, karst, fluvial, glacial, periglacial, biogenic and anthropogenic forms). Map of the Polish part of the Karkonosze Mts. consists of 46 layers in Shape File vector format. They were made using on-screen digitalization method with assistance of the Global Mapper and QuantumGIS software. Information about selected elements of relief (slope gradient classification, extent of flatness) was obtained from DEM processing in SAGA GIS. The final processing of digital data (symbolic representation of landforms, appending additional attributes and age information, etc.) was performed in ArcGIS software. Generated set of geospatial data allowed us to conduct a comprehensive quantitative analysis of the Karkonosze relief characteristics. Additional geomorphometric parameters (e.g. Convergence Index, Topographic Wetness Index, Stream Power Index and the Topographic Position Index based Landform Classification) determined on 30 m resolution DEM in the SAGA GIS made it possible to identify and describe the landform differences of granite and metamorphic part of the Karkonosze Mts. This has also enabled a division of granitic part of the Karkonosze Mts to nine smaller geomorphic units.

TPavel Treml & Adam BeranT. G. Masaryk Water Research Institute, p.r.i., Prague, CZ, [email protected], [email protected]

Impact of snowmaking on the runoff regime in the streams of the krkonoše Mountains National Park

Keywords: snowmaking, water balance, runoff regime, impact of changes

The present paper is aimed at the assessment of the impacts of water withdrawals for the purposes of snowmaking on the hydrological balance in present climate and conditions influenced by climate change for the near future (year 2025) of three main rivers Labe, Úpa, Jizera and in local basins of Zelený and Vlčí Creek in Pec pod Sněžkou in the Krkonoše Mts. We described the impact in several scenarios differing in (i) surface covered by snowmaking, (ii) amount of snow necessary for covering a unit of surface of a downhill ski-track, (iii) the way of calculating water withdrawal in the ski areals with unknown data and (iv) hydrological characteristics of the assessed rivers (average or the lowest runoff). It is shown, that the relation of snowmaking to the decrease in runoff is not significant for the main (larger) catchments. Considering the most negative estimates of the current withdrawals, the impact of snowmaking in present conditions is up to 5 % with respect to the mean and up to 9 % with respect to the minimal discharges. However, the negative impact of snowmaking can be much stronger for smaller catchments. Therefore, the impact of individual water withdrawals for snowmaking should always be evaluated locally as well. Flow rate in closure profiles at the Zelený and Vlčí Creek in Pec pod Sněžkou (streams directly affected by water withdrawals for the purposes of snowmaking) was monitored by automatic hydrometric stations, during the winter 2011/2012. Due to favourable conditions for ski areas (low temperatures, enough of natural snow) water withdrawals for the purposes of snowmaking was not necessary. Water level was also monitored in this winter (2012/2013), runoff-data will be evaluated at the end of winter and results will be presented at the conference.

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Václav Treml, Jakub Kašpar & Šárka ZákravskáCharles University, Prague, CZ, [email protected]

timing and duration of xylem formation along the treeline ecotone in the Giant Mountains

Keywords: treeline ecotone, radial growth, Sudetes, xylogenesis, Norway spruce

Xylem formation at two sites in treeline ecotone was analysed over the three growing seasons from 2010 to 2012. Our analysis was focused on timing of the onset of wood formation and on duration of various growing phases at upper limit of closed forest and in tree groups close to the upper limit of tree distribution. Periodically, every 7 to 10 days, two sites situated both at the upper limit of closed forest (“timberline” - 1300 m a.s.l.) and in the tree groups with approximately 4 m height (“treeline” - 1500 m a.s.l.) were visited in the Dlouhý důl valley (south-facing slope, Giant Mountains). At every site, two age cohorts of trees were selected and sampled with Trephor puncher to get microcores for further analysis. Microcores were embedded in paraphine, sectioned and cell numbers were counted. In 2011, cambial zone began to be active at the end of April (25.4.) at timberline site and three weeks later at treeline site. This lag was caused mainly due to significantly longer presence of frozen soil at treeline site. In the remaining part of the growing season, trees at timberline site kept their head in xylem formation against treeline site. Due to longer duration of cell enlargement and wall thickening phase at treeline site compared to timberline site, the difference between numbers of newly formed cells was biggest from the mid June to the end of July. Final number of mature cells was about 60 in timberline trees and 50 in treeline trees. In 2012, the beginning of growing season indicated by the increase of cambial activity started later (22th May) and simultaneously at both locations. Cold soils covered by deep snow-pack, which melt in the second half of May on both locations, were probably responsible for this pattern of growing season beginning. The cell enlargement phase begun simultaneously at both locations and wall thickening phase started even earlier (5 days) at treeline site. Final number of mature cells was about 55 in treeline trees and 68 in timberline trees. It is concluded that the analysis of xylogenesis provides strong tool for detailed description of the climate-growth relationships of Norway spruce in cold environments.

TVáclav Treml, Tomáš Chuman, Tereza Ponocná, Lukáš Píro & Dita BosczykováCharles University, Prague, CZ, [email protected]

trees are advancing higher and growing better along the treeline ecotone in the sudetes Mts.

Keywords: treeline ecotone, Sudetes, tree rings, Norway spruce

In order to evaluate recent treeline ecotone dynamics, we analysed several data sets including age structures from 36 plots, indexed site chronologies and aerial images. We were wondering how the treeline ecotone reacts both to past and present changes in temperatures and intensity of human interventions. Our results suggest that there is clear trend of treeline advance. The proportion of younger trees generally increases towards the upper part of the ecotone, and the most recent growth rates appear unprecedented in a century-long context. Over the last 50 to 70 years, the upper limit of closed forest revealed an overall upward advance of 0.43 m yr-1 in the Giant Mountains and 0.30 m yr-1 in the Hrubý Jeseník Mountains, whereas the advance of alpine treeline was less pronounced. Analysis of the areal extent of the upper limit of closed forest advances showed forest ingrowth clearly prevailed over advances of tree stands above the initial positions of alpine treeline. Forest upward shifts were more probable on sites with already established rather dispersed trees and low cover of prostrate dwarf pine. Topographic variables such as altitude and heat load affected forest advance if initial cover of trees was low. The presence of closed dwarf pine stands and convex parts of slopes decreased the probability of forest upward shifts. Dominant portion of trees above the upper limit of closed forest has been established during last 50 years. While in the Giant Mountains tree expansion followed to some extent positive temperature anomalies, in the Hrubý Jeseník the land use extensification mainly drove tree expansion above the upper limit of closed forest. We have also identified distinct changes in radial increments related to temperatures. All site tree ring chronologies reveal a close relationship between ring widths and growing season temperatures. The main site dependent differences in growth trends and temperature responses were attributed to altitude. Trees located at the upper boundary of the treeline ecotone reacted positively to preceding autumn temperatures, and their temperature response was slightly weaker than that of trees from the upper limit of closed forest. Temporal trends in growth−climate responses consisted mainly of a gradual decrease in the influence of preceding October temperatures and an increasing effect of May temperatures towards the present.

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Grzegorz UrbanInstitute of Meteorology and Water Management-National Research Institute, Branch Wrocław, PL, [email protected]

Evaluation of accuracy of selected methods of calculation of the daily mean air temperature depending on atmospheric circulation (the case study of the Western sudetes Mountains and their foreland)

Keywords: meteodlogy, air temperature, atmospheric circulation,the Western Sudetes Mts.

The accuracy of six various methods was evaluated which determine the mean daily air temperature (SDTP) relative to the actual method (24-hour one) depending on atmospheric circulation. The accuracy of the methods was determined on the basis of uniform hourly values of temperature taken from 4 synoptic stations belonging to IMGW-PIB (Śnieżka, Jelenia Góra, Legnica and Wrocław-Starachowice). A calendar of circulation and weather types according to Lityński (1969) was used for this purpose. The analysed stations represent a peak zone of the Karkonosze Mt and its foothills along with a widely understood its lowland foreland. Furthermore, they are also the only stations in the geographic region of Poland which have standard hourly measurements of temperature in the analysed period. The method of evaluation of SDTP indicates that the results of the method M4, which has been applied in case of climatological stations of IMGW-PIB since 1996, are significantly underestimated (independently of weather conditions) comparing to the results which were obtained applying the actual method. Method M6 also can be characterized with significant deviations. The method which is based on the estimation of mean daily air temperature from 8 synoptic terms is the most accurate one in comparison to the actual method. Circulation types with anticyclone weather, with the least cloudiness, in other words advection mainly from the quadrant SE-S-SW, in consequence gives an increased amplitude of daily air temperature and significant deviations in SDTP from the actual method. The difference in SDTP is directly proportional to the amplitude of the daily temperature. The value of the mean difference in SDTP mostly depends on the selection of the method of determination of the mean, the form of barometric fields, the direction of advection and the season. To a lesser extent, the conditions of localization and localization of the measurement station have an influence on the value of the mean difference.

uGrzegorz Urban & Karol TomczyńskiInstitute of Meteorology and Water Management-National Research Institute, Branch Wrocław, PL, [email protected]

trends in the variation in air temperature on Śnieżka Mt. in conjunction with solar activity in the period between 1881 and 2012

Keywords: air temperature, long-term trends, impact of changes,the mean Wolf number, Śnieżka Mt.

The aim of the study was to analyse the variations in the mean annual, seasonal and monthly value of air temperature in the multiyear 1881-2012. The variations in the mean annual air temperature in relation to the level of the solar activity were also characterized whose indicator is the Wolf number. The source material consists of mean monthly and mean maximum annual and minimal values of air temperature recorded on Śnieżka Mt. On the basis of the average maximums and average monthly minimums as well as annual ones, the mean monthly and mean annual air temperature was calculated by means of the following formula: (Tmax +Tmin)/2. In this way, uniform - in terms of methodology – series of values of mean monthly and mean annual values of air thermals were obtained. The feature of variations in mean annual extremes (Tmax, Tmin) and mean annual (Tmean) air temperature in the period of 1881-2012 on Śnieżka Mt is a growing trend (a double rise in the tempo of an increase in Tmin compared to Tmax is observed) with its clear suppression in recent years. Since year 2000, a declining tendency is even observed. A mean annual amplitude of temperature on Śnieżka Mt in the multiyear 1881-2012 can be characterized by a declining tendency. Analysing the impact of the solar activity on the variations in Tmean on Śnieżka Mt it can be concluded that Tmean shows a strong correlation with the mean Wolf number for a 22-year cycles of magnetic variability on the Sun since 1988. A significant increase in Tmean is observed for a cycle 1989-2012 with a decline in mean Wolf number. An increase in Tmean for the mentioned above cycle seems to be conditioned by anthropogenic factors.

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Tomáš Uxa, Marek Křížek, Zbyněk Engel & Václav TremlCharles University, Prague, CZ, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

spatial distribution, morphology and clast arrangement of sorted polygons in the krkonoše Mountains

Keywords: sorted polygons, spatial distribution, morphology, frost sorting, the Krkonoše Mountains

Sorted polygons are periglacial landforms which form more or less symmetrical structures in sediments and soils due to a wide range of interconnected processes related to frequent freeze-thaw cycles (sensu Washburn 1979). The origin of sorted polygons is most likely the result of their self-organization which is mainly determined by local microclimatic conditions which generate different thermal and moisture regimes and therefore influence the spatial distribution and morphology of sorted polygons. Thus, sorted polygons can be used as a geoindicator that is sensitive to climate and environmental changes (e.g., Ballantyne and Matthews, 1982, Haugland, 2006). Sorted polygons in the Krkonoše Mountains were most likely formed during the Last Glacial period in the presence of permafrost (Sekyra et al., 2002) and they are considered to be recently inactive (Křížek et al., 2010). The sorted polygons are found at the topmost localities with flat surfaces that encounter intense wind action which keeps the snow cover thin and enables deep-freezing of the soil and intense freeze-thaw cycles (Sekyra et al., 2002). The authors show the interconnections and patterns of spatial distribution, morphology and clast arrangement of relict sorted polygons which are consistent with Jeník’s (1961) theory of anemo-orographic systems and are therefore indicative of natural environment in the Krkonoše Mountains during the Last Glacial/Holocene period.

uZdeněk Vacek & Daniel BulušekCzech University of Life Sciences Prague, CZ, [email protected], [email protected]

structure and development of forest stands on the locality bažinky in the krkonoše Mts.

Keywords: Krkonoše Mts., structure and development of forest stands, forest ecosystems, natural regeneration, biodiversity

More and more emphasis is being given to natural processes and the role of biological automation in forest management, which is particularly valid in forests with the interest of nature protection. In long-term effect, management of forest ecosystems in protected areas should lead to spontaneous development of these stands on at least some part of the reservation. Ecological criteria for autoregulation processes in particular stands should be based on the knowledge of natural development of virgin and close-to-nature forests with comparable site conditions. During the last decade in the Krkonoše Mts. National Park the ecological stability and biodiversity of forest stands was increased due to differentiated management based on stand and site characteristics. In this context the natural regeneration in relation to forest dynamics should be regarded as crucial for the maintenance of desired characteristics of forest stands in present or future non-interventional zones. One of the model examples of natural dynamics of mixed stands in the conditions of the Krkonoše Mts. are spruce beech stands on the locality Bažinky (1st zone of the National Park). The presented research of close-to-nature spruce-beech stands is unique not only in the Czech Republic, but also in the pan-European context. It presents development of forest ecosystems before, during and after the air pollution and subsequent ecological calamity including the following regeneration processes. Objective of this research work is to evaluate the structure and development of close-to-nature spruce-beech stands in the first zone of the Krkonoše National Park on the locality Bažinky with the emphasis on the natural regeneration, forest health condition, dead wood and modeling of forest ecosystems. Obtained valuable research results should be used for the formulation of close-to-nature forest management principles in the Krkonoše Mts. National Park.

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Stanislav Vacek1, Vilém Podrázský1, Otakar Schwarz2, Miroslav Mikeska1,3, Zdeněk Vacek1, Lukáš Bílek1, Václav Štícha1, Daniel Bulušek1 & Iveta Nosková1

1Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, CZ, [email protected],[email protected] ; 2Krkonoše National Park Administration, Vrchlabí, CZ, [email protected]; 3The Forest Management Institute Brandýs nad Labem, CZ, [email protected]

status and development of the soils and tree compartment of forest ecosystems and ecosystems above timber-line in the krkonoše Mts. National Parks in years 1976–2012

Keywords: soil development, soil types, acidification, erosion, dynamics of stands, reproduction and regeneration processes, species composition

Very variable composition of the soil spatial distribution is evaluated in the first part of the presentation, indicating wide spectrum of the soil development conditions. These soils and whole ecosystems are disturbed by different unfavourable natural as well as anthropogenic factors. These trends are documented on the set of 38 Permanent Research Plots (PRP) in the forest stands and 11 PRP in the arctic-alpine tundra. Because of bedrock, the soils are poor in minerals and acidic. The considerable attention is paid to the soil description according the dominant tree species (beech forests, mixed stands, spruce forests, dwarf-pine growths, relic pine stands), documenting the relatively most favourable conditions occur in the beech and mixed stands, contrary the most extreme in the relic pine-dominated ecosystems. As a part of soil processes evaluation, there were studied problems of acidification, introskeletal erosion, as well as soil regeneration. Long-term results from the structure and development dynamics of the main forest stand types are analysed in the second part of the article: beech, mixed and spruce stands, stands from the timber-line ecotone, relic pine stands. Site and stand parameters are evaluated at particular stand types, as well as structure (species, ecotype, age, space), development and healthy status of stands. The situation in the structure and development of forest ecosystems. is registered before the immission calamity, during its duration and at the following regeneration processes. Ecologically stable autochthonous stands are regenerated by the small regeneration cycle. Attributes of the large regeneration cycle are visible on extreme sites at present yet, with high share of preparatory species and also with higher area of planted geographically non-native species. Knowledge obtained from these studies and analyses was used formulating ecologically oriented management of forest ecosystems on exact basis.

VJaroslav Vojta, Petr Sklenář, Martin Černý & Linda Nedbalová1Charles University, Prague, CZ, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

spatial and temporal variation in snowpack and its relationship to vegetation composition above treeline at králický sněžník Mt., czech republic

Keywords: vegetation pattern, Sudetes Mts., Alpine Heaths, Alpine Grasslands

Králický Sněžník Mt. (1424 m) is the third-highest region of the Sudetes Mts. system in the Czech Republic. We monitored spatial and temporal distribution of snowpack in the summit region of this mountain during 2006-2013. Although there is a high inter-seasonal variation in snow cover determined by the course of winter season, spatial distribution of snow in the summit area remains largely stable between years. Distribution of plant species and communities strongly correlates to snowpack. The stands dominated by Calluna vulgaris or Festuca supina are covered with thin snow pack or remained without snow cover in some winters while Calamagrostis villosa and Vaccinium myrtillus grow on sites with thick snow pack.

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Jaroslav Vrba1, Jan Fott2, Zuzana Hořická2, Jiří Kopáček3, Linda Nedbalová2, Veronika Sacherová2 & Evžen Stuchlík2

1University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, CZ, [email protected] University, Prague, CZ, [email protected], [email protected],[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Centre of ASCR, České Budějovice, [email protected]

Detecting environmental change – limnological research of mountain lakes in central Europe

Keywords: acidification, lake recovery, chemistry, phytoplankton, zooplankton

We present an overview of long-term investigations of glacial lakes in the Bohemian Forest, the Karkonosze/Giant and Tatra Mountains, as well as man-made reservoirs in the Jizerské Hory Mts. These mountain areas of sensitive crystalline bedrock had been exposed to airborne pollution from both local and remote emission sources since many decades ago. Owing to historical data, we could document consequent changes in plankton and fish that were running in parallel with changes in both the modelled (MAGIC) and observed water chemistry. In all the regions, acidification of lakes peaked in the early 1980s. However, the distinct status of catchment bedrock, soil and vegetation, nutrient load, partly also liming or forest management, resulted in different responses of the water bodies to acidification and chemical and biological recovery from acid stress. An increase in phytoplankton biomass and rotifer abundance, or in diversity of either group, and the return of crustacean zooplankton (mainly Ceriodaphnia quadrangula) are common signs of starting biological recovery, which is usually delayed after an improvement of lake chemistry by a decade or two. Besides the environmental factors, biotic interactions (such as competition for resources, their availability or quality, predation by invertebrates or re-stocked fish) control the plankton structure and abundance. The changes in lake chemistry and biota enable to study biological processes and biodiversity within a gradient of limiting conditions like pH, Al and DOC concentrations, nutrient status, and food web structure. Overall, these catchment–lake ecosystems represent valuable Central European environments, sensitive indicators of acidification and recovery processes, land use and/or climate change.

VDorota Wojnarowicz1, Jacek Potocki2 & Zygmunt Jała1

1Karkonosze National Park Administration, Jelenia Góra, PL, [email protected],[email protected]ław University of Economics, Wrocław, PL, [email protected]

Land use changes in the karkonosze region in the period 1888–2008

Keywords: historical maps, land use change, transformations trends

The topic of the presentation was worked out in the frame of “TransEcoNet” project implemented by the Karkonosze National Park and other partners from Central Europe. Basing on cartographic materials (topographic maps, aerial photos) collected from Polish and German archives, it was possible to make assessment of land use and land cover changes in the Karkonosze foothills area within 120 years- since 80’ XIX until present times. The studies were done on maps from five time periods. From these maps the information about: woodlands, grasslands, arable lands, urban and tree-covered areas was acquired using GIS system. To determine the trajectories of changes the method called “stability mapping” was used. It based on calculation of three indices: turnover, diversity and similarity that altogether gave the combinations of six classes of land use change trajectories. One of the results of work is a map illustrating land use change intensity of the Karkonosze region pointing out the areas with a high level of dynamics as well as the stable ones. Moreover, the traditional statistics method showed the main directions of changes in the whole area. Analysis revealed that the most stable areas are woodlands whereas the arable lands characterize the highest change through the whole period. Gained information about changes is perfect illustration of economic, political and natural transformations occurred in studied area over 120 years.

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Bronisław Wojtuń1 & Lidia Przewoźnik2

1Wroclaw University, Wrocław, PL, [email protected] National Park, Jelenia Góra, PL, [email protected]

Mires of the karkonosze National Park

Keywords: mountain peatlands, vegetation, distribution

The field work was carried out in order to create an inventory and general description of mires in the Karkonosze National Park. These descriptions provide for each object: location, area, the depth of the peat layer, origin, trophic and hydro-geomorphic types, vegetation and threatening. The final result was a digital map of the distribution of mires in the Karkonosze National Park, based on the orthophotomaps. The study included bogs, fens and spring mires. Field studies have shown the occurrence of mires in along an elevation gradient, from lower forest belt to subalpine belt. The greatest number, the most extensive and diverse mires are located in the subalpine belt. To classify objects into bogs, fens spring fens, the following criteria were taken into account: the area, the depth of peat layer, water sources and prevailing plant communities. The vegetation of the studied wetlands belongs to five classes: Oxycocco-Sphagnetea, Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae, Montio-Cardaminetea, Betulo-Adenostyletea and Vaccinio-Piceetea. The most common associations include: Pino mugo-Sphagnetum, Scirpo caespitosi-Sphagnetum compacti, Sphagnetum papillosi, Sphagno robusti-Empetretum hermaphroditi, Caricetum limosae, Caricetum nigrae subalpinum, Sphagno-Caricetum rostratae, Eriophoro angustifolii-Sphagnetum recurvi, Junco filiformis-Sphagnetum recurvi, Bryo-Philonotidetum seriatae, Adenostyletum alliariae, Salicetum lapponum, Calamagrostio villosae-Piceetum sphagnetosum. Some communities, e.g. Carex echinata-Sphagnum sp. div., Deschampsia caespitosa-Sphagnum sp. div., Eriophorum vaginatum-Sphagnum sp. div., Molinia caerulea-Sphagnum sp. div. and Nardus stricta-Sphagnum sp. div., require further work with regard to their quantitative relations and phytosociological affinity.

WElżbieta Wilk-Woźniak1, Wojciech Mróz1, Joanna Gadzinowska1, Mateusz Kukawski1, Ryszard Piotrowicz2, Maciej Gąbka2, Julita Dunalska3, Wojciech Pęczuła5, Piotr Klimaszyk2, Marek Kraska2,Magdalena Grabowska6, Maciej Karpowicz6, Paweł M. Owsianny2, Teresa Ozimek7, Bogna Paczuska8, Agnieszka Pociecha1, Edward Walusiak1 & Tomasz Joniak2

1Institute of Nature Protection PAS, Kraków, PL, [email protected], [email protected],[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; 2Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, PL, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; 3University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, PL, [email protected]; 5University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, PL, [email protected]; 6University of Białystok, Białystok, PL, [email protected], [email protected]; 7University of Warsaw, Warsaw, PL, [email protected]; 8University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, PL, [email protected]

the assessment of the state of water natural habitats in karkonosze and Natura 2000 network in Poland

Keywords: natural habitats, monitoring, dystrophic and oligotrophic lakes, Habitat Directive

The results of the monitoring survey carried out in Poland in 2009-2011 are being analysed in the paper. We focused on 2 natural habitats listed in Habitats Directive Annex I: Oligotrophic waters Littorelletalia uniflorae (code 3110) and Natural dystrophic lakes and ponds (3160). The total numbers of 113 localities were investigated with common monitoring methods – 45 oligotrophic 68 dystrophic waters. Three of those sites were located in the Karkonoski National Park (3110: Wielki Staw, 3160: Równia pod Śnieżką and Zbiornik na Torfowisku pod Smogornią). We discuss the descriptive significance of selected monitoring indicators and the position of Karkonosze sites in whole variation of the results. Within the number of measured indicators those habitats share 3 common quantitative indicators: water conductivity [µS/cm], pH and water transparency [m]. Moreover for dystrophic lakes the additional data on inorganic carbon [mgC/l], dissolved organic carbon [mgC/l] and calcium [mgCa/dm3] has been gathered. Generally the conservation status of Karkonosze sites is better than average in Poland, however the values of these indicators do not differ much from the other sites in Poland. The numerical analysis of whole dataset doesn’t show significant differences between habitats types, but the variation of pH results is higher in case of dystrophic habitats and on the other hand variation of transparency indicator is higher in 3110 waters. The analysis of additional indicators for 3160 assessment showed that the results vary significantly within this group, and especially DOC indicator might have crucial role in this research.

W



Bogdan Zagajewski1, Lucie Kupková2, Krzysztof M. Markowicz1, Anna Kozłowska3, Jana Albrechtova2, M.Bilip1, M.Chiliński1,3, A.Jarocińska1, J.Jelenek1, M.Kycko1, A.Marcinkowska1, M.Mierczyk1, A.Ochtyra1, R.Okupnik6, P. Abjanek1, M.Potuckova2, L.Przewoźnik4, E.Raczko 1, B.Wojtuń5 & O.Zawadzka1

1University of Warsaw, Warsaw, PL, [email protected] University, Prague, CZ, [email protected] of Geography and Spatial Organization PAS, Warsaw, PL4Karkonosze National Park Administration, Jelenia Góra, PL5University of Wrocław, Wrocław, PL

EUfar’s HyMountEcos – documentation and mapping project of the karkonosze area

This research project, granted by the EUFAR (European Facility for Airborne Researches), aims at an assessment of a potential of using hyperspectral remote sensing data for mapping of highly valuable ecosystems of the Giant Mountains (Karkonosze/Krkonoše) National Park area extending over the Polish and Czech Republic territory. To capture the richness of this area’s nature and to have a possibility to analyse its diversity we use the Airborne Prism EXperiment (APEX) airborne hyperspectral images taken over the latitudinal gradient over both National Parks. Such an approach enables also the tree foliage ground truth and the spectral measurements, which can be used to compare the ecosystems developed on Polish and Czech side. The APEX scanner is a dispersive push-broom imaging spectrometer, recording data in approximately 300 bands in the wavelength range spanning between 400 nm and 2500 nm. It will be operated by the Belgian company VITO on board the DLR’s Dornier Do 228 aircraft. The APEX hyperspectral images will serve as a base for the mapping of land cover and vegetation communities inventarization of the mountain ecosystems, the evaluation of the conditions and health of the forest ecosystems (biophysical parameters: chlorophyll and water content, LAI, etc.), the analyses of the ecosystems’ species composition and the invasive species introduction, and the analysis of soil contamination. The ground-based spectral measurements of vegetation samples in particular ecosystems for minerals, rocks, soil, and vegetation for laboratory analysis were acquired within the field campaign carried out in June and July 2012 by the Polish and Czech research teams, and will be used for the APEX images calibration and data processing. Finally, a robust data processing chain of the hyperspectral images for the mountainous ecosystems monitoring will be developed.

ZBogdan Zagajewski1, Lucie Kupková2, Adriana Marcinkowska1, Adrian Ochtyra1, Marlena Kycko1, Anna Jarocińska1, Jan Jelenek 2, Michal Chilinski1, Krzysztof Markowicz1, Monika Mierczyk1 & Edwin Raczko1

1University of Warsaw, Warsaw, PL, [email protected],[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] University, Prague, CZ, [email protected]

analysis of the mountain meadows’ condition the Polish karkonosze National Park using remote sensing and biometric measurements

Keywords: hyperspectral techniques, bioradiometry, vegetation, condition, Karkonosze National Park

Spectral signature of a plant is distinctive and variable with wavelength, its characteristic absorption features being a direct result of its physiological process. Photosynthesis is based on conversion of radiation absorbed in blue and red parts of electromagnetic spectrum to energy. Chlorophyll a is the main factor in photosynthesis while chlorophyll b plays a secondary function, supporting chlorophyll a in light absorption. Carotenoids’ role is to protect chlorophyll from photooxidation and thylakoid membranes from destruction resulting from excess sun radiation. High content of carotenoids is noted for plants subjected to extensive sun radiation (e.g. alpine species). Quantity of carotenoids increases also with plant senescence. Other pigments such as xanthophylls and anthocyanins can also contribute to absorption of visible radiation. Field remote sensing measurements were carried out in July and September 2012 on the Polish side of the Karkonosze National Park. Four sets of measurements characterising different aspects of vegetation and its habitat condition were carried out at both sites: Spectrometric measurements, Survey of Leaf Area Index (LAI) - characterising biomass, plant coverage compactness and vegetation canopy structure, Measurements of Accumulated Photosynthetic Active Radiation (APAR) - balance allowing yield analysis. APAR measurement is based on measurement of the four radiation components: direct, photosynthetically active radiation reaching a plant (PAR0), radiation reflected from a plant (PARc), radiation transmitted through leaves of plants (PARt) and radiation reflected from ground (PARs), Plant heat and water balance assessment - leaf, soil and air temperature and soil moisture allowing for heat and water balance analysis and evapotranspiration inference. The year has been exceptionally good for vegetation development and the state of the researched vegetation was good. No vegetation in poor condition or under stress has been detected.

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Bogdan Zagajewski1 & Anna Kozłowska2

1University of Warsaw, Warsaw, PL, [email protected] of Geography and Spatial Organization PAS, Warsaw, PL,[email protected]

assessment of neural networks and Imaging spectroscopy for vegetation classification of the High tatras

Keywords: DAIS 7915, hyperspectral techniques, mapping, vegetation, Tatra National Park

In this presentation of methodology of vegetation mapping using hyperspectral airborne DAIS 7915 data, is presented. The research aims at a comparison of the ANN classification method and the Spectral Angle Mapping, which bases on comparison between spectral signature of a pixel and signatures of objects from reference spectral library, while the second tries to decompose the spectral signature into pure spectra of objects forming analysed pixel. Neural networks base on pattern recognition during training phase. The training process consists of determining the neuron connection weights to make the output signal from the network as close as possible to the expected one. The training data is a pair of vectors. The input vectors represent the structure, which the network is to recognize. The output vectors represent the pattern results corresponding to output data. The training aims, by adjusting the weights, to minimize the difference between the pattern vector, and the result generated by the network. The study was conducted in the Tatra test site, which is located within MAB Biosphere Reserve and encompasses a part of the Tatra National Park. The research area is located in the subalpine, alpine and subnivale belts of the High Tatras. The highest part of the mountains is characterised by bare rocks and very sparse vegetation composed especially by lichens and sparse swards. In the alpine belt, Oreochloo distichae-Juncetum trifidi has developed as the climax association on siliceous rocks. Swards belonging to the alliance Seslerion tatrae grow a small part of the area on calcareous rocks. In vegetation belts, scree vegetation and snow-bed vegetation are well represented. In the subalpine belt, Pinetum mugho carpaticum is the zonal community. The results of the mapping will be presented during the conference.

ZPrzemysław ZwaduchStołowe Mountains National Park, PL, [email protected], [email protected]

silver fir restitution in stołowe Mountains National Park

Keywords: Silver fir, restitution, Stołowe Mountains

Forests cover about 90 % of the Stołowe Mountains National Park area. Most of them are coniferous forest, with Norway spruce as the dominant species (about 78 % of the forest area). About 200 years ago the Stołowe Mountains, similarly to all the rest of the Sudetes, were covered by mixed and broadleaf forests with beech (about 50 % of the all forest area), Silver fir (18-20 %), spruce (26 %) and some other tree species such as sycamore maple or scotch elm. In the 17th and 18th century the dynamic development of the colonization and glass- and steel works caused mass cutting of the natural forests. The huge amount of wood was needed so beech and fir became unpopular species (because of their slow growth) and only fast growing spruce was planted or sowed. Important is that seeds from different part of Europe were used, from spruce population not necessarily adjusted to the Stołowe Mountains climatic and soil condition. Now, within the national park forests consist of spruce (72 %) and some other tree species like beech (11%), larch (5 %), sycamore (2 %) and only 0,2 % of Silver fir. The Stołowe Mountains National Park service, from the first day of National Park existence, is trying to rebuild those artificial forests. Especially Silver fir is under special protection. In the Stołowe Mountains National Park the Silver fir restitution programme was established. The main activities are: protection of all adult fir trees (about 6000 grown fir trees are remain in National Park forests), special protection of very rare fir natural renewal, breeding and planting of silver fir seedlings. Since the Silver fir restitution programme was begun, a considerable work was done to make fir an important component of forests in the Stołowe Mountains. But there is a long way ahead to reach the 18% contribution of fir in National Park forests, which is the ultimate goal.

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List of all abstractsurszula Biereznoj-Bazille 28The condition of the high-land Swertia perennis L. populations in Central Europe

Tomasz Bińczycki, Jerzy Weber & Rafał Tyszka 29„Forms of selected heavy metals in soils of the upper parts of the Karkonosze Mts.“

Oskar Bojko & Cezary Kabała 30Heavy metals content in sediments of Wielki Staw lake in Karkonosze Mts.

Antonín Buček & Jan Šebesta 31Long-term monitoring of mountain forests on research polygons in Eastern Carpathians

Luděk Bujalský, Zuzana harmáčková & david Vačkář 32Long-term social-ecological research in Krkonoše: an ecosystem service perspective

Terry V. Callaghan, Margareta Johansson & Christer Jonasson 33The changing environment of the northern Swedish mountains

Jan Ceitel, Jacek Zientarski & Andrzej Raj 34Evaluation the influence of the distribution of Norway spruce seedlings on their survival and growth in the upper mountain zone in the Karkonoski National Park

Jan Ceitel, Jacek Zientarski& Andrzej Raj 35Possibilities of group planting of beech seedlings (Fagus sylvatica L.) as the method of the spruce stand conversion in lower mountain zone in the Karkonoski National Park

Jan Ceitel, Jacek Zientarski& Andrzej Raj 36Evaluation of the application of European larch as the pioneer species for the conversion of the species composition of the forests in the Karkonoski National Park

Jindřich Chrtek, & Zbigniew Szeląg 37Krkonoše/Karkonosze Mts. as an important interglacial refugium of high mountain hawkweeds (Hieracium s. str.)

Pavel Cudlín, Martina Vašutová, Ewa Chmelíková Miroslav Beran & Magda Edwards 3820-year investigation of Norway spruce tree health status and fungi occurrence on permanent plots in the Krkonoše Mts.

Martin Černý & Radek Russ 39Biomonitoring and operational inventory as a tool of forest assessment in KRNAP

Karolina dobrowolska-Martini, Bożena gramsz & Marek Martini 40Observations of the rare bird species in the Polish part of Karkonosze Mts. in 2012

Marek dobrowolski 41Research on invertebrates in Karkonoski National Park - actual state and future requirements

Igor Jan dvořák, Jiří Burda, Jan Čurda, Jana Janderková, Václav Kachlík, Jiří Konopásek, Karel Martínek, Petr Rambousek, Jan Sedláček, darja Skácelová,

Zuzana Skácelová & Jan Štursa 42Geological Factors of the Environment of the Giant Mountains and their Foothills

Zbyněk Engel, Andrzej Traczyk & Régis Braucher 43Chronology of the Quaternary glaciations in the Krkonoše Mts.

Martina Fabšičová 44Grasslands dominated by Deschampsia cespitosa – changes during last 50 years

Josef Fanta 45Forests in Central European national parks: their protection and management

Jiří Flousek 46Birds – a flagship group of long-term scientific and management activities in the Krkonose Mts.

Michał godek, Marek Błaś, Mieczysław Sobik, Piotr Owczarek & Krzysztof Migała 47Growth dynamics of Norway spruce (Picea abies) tree-rings in the context of fog deposition in the Karkonosze Mts.



Viktor goliáš , Lenka hrušková, Tadeusz Andrzej Przylibski, Tomáš Lipanský & Tomáš Černík 48Radioactive springs of the Krkonoše and Jizera Mts. as geological phenomena, healing sources and tourist attractions

Piotr gryszel 49“Highlanders style of the Karkonosze”i.e. natural and cultural heritage of Polish Karkonosze Mountains as the tourism oriented product. Status and directions of tourism development in the Karkonosze Mountains

Thomas hansson & Carol Ritchie 50EUROPARC Federation: working with mountain protected areas and local communities

Josef harčarik 51Snow relationships of the arctic-alpine tundra of the Giant (Krkonoše) Mts.

Zuzana hladíková, nina Strnadová & Jaroslav Andrle 52Water quality evaluation on the upper reach of river Labe, Úpa and Jizera in KRNAP

Filip holub, Martina Vašutová, Magda Edwards, Miloň dvořák & Pavel Cudlín 53Does influence Norway spruce crown status the formation and functioning of its ectomycorrhizal association?

Viera horáková 54Natura 2000 in the Krkonoše Mts.

Karel houdek & Milan Maršálek 55The aim is objectivity in the management of protected areas in the Giant Mountains

Michal hroneš, Michal Sochor & Radim J. Vašut 56What do we know about the downy willow (Salix lapponum L.) in the Krkonoše Mts.? Remarks on its ecology, population structure and the genetic variability

Jakub hruška, Filip Oulehle,, Pavel Cudlín, Pavel Krám, Michal Rybníček, Tomáš Kolář & Otakar Schwarz 57Recovery from soil acidification and its effect on Norway spruce conditions

Zygmunt Jala, Monika Rusztecka, daniel Starczewski & dorota Wojnarowicz 58Karkonosze/Krkonose in INSPIRE- common GIS in nature protection

Vlasta Jankovská 59Vegetation of the West Carpathians in the Last Glacial Period. And what about Czech Massif in the same time?

Jan Jeník 60Topography and geo-ecological nature of Krakonoš´s Backgarden in the Giant Mountains

Cezary Kabała, Adam Bogacz, Beata Łabaz & Jarosław Waroszewski 61Mountain pine „rain forest” on the extremely skeletal soils in the Karkonosze Mountains

Marek Kasprzak, Traczyk Andrzej & Petr Tábořík 62Morphostructural conditions determining the evolution of the Jizera river valley

Stanisław Kędzia & Krzysztof Parzóch 63The activity of debris flows in the Łomniczka Corrie in the light of lichenometric dating

Roksana Knapik & Piotr Migoń 64Problems of geotourism management in the Karkonosze National Park

Milena Kociánová, Jan Jeník, Spusta Valerian & Andrzej Brzeziński 65Fifty years of avalanche research in the Giant Mountains

Andrzej Kocowicz 66Soil properties in the surrounding of the mountain hostel on the Karkonosze Mts. National Park area

Krzysztof Krakowski 67Influence of slope aspect and inclination on physical properties of snow cover in western part of Karkonosze Mts. during winter season 2011/2012

Jan Kučera, Josef halda, Tomáš hauer, Radka Mühlsteinová & Petra Šťastná 68Biodiversity of vascular plants, lichenized fungi, cyanobacteria, algae and bryophytes of the Harrachova jáma cirque in the Labský důl valley



Magdalena Kucharska & Magdalena Sidorczuk 69The geological-tourist maps of Polish National Parks

Lucie Kupková, Michaela Pomáhačová, Stanislav Březina & Jaroslav Andrle 70Remote sensing for meadows associations monitoring in the Krkonoše National Park

Antonín Kůrka & Jan Vaněk 71Spider fauna (Araneae) in beech forests of the Krkonoše Mts.

Jitka Málková, Milena Kociánová, Eva Prajsová & Vojtěch Fedor 72Extensive and intensive monitoring of endemic species Pedicularis sudetica Willd. in the Czech part of the Krkonoše Mountains

Jitka Málková, Kateřina Pávová, Lucie Procházková & Eva Prajsová 73Distribution of Campanula bohemica HRUBY on the czech part of the Krkonoše Mts. and its depence on the biotopes

Adriana Marcinkowska, Bogdan Zagajewski, Lucie Kupkova, Jan Jelenek & Adrian Ochtyra 74Condition of invasive plants of the Giant Mountains

Adriana Marcinkowska, Bogdan Zagajewski, Adrian Ochtyra, Edwin Raczko & Lucie Kupkova 75Hyperspectral images and artificial neural networks for vegetation mapping of Karkonosze National Park

Miroslav Martiš & Vojtěch Rýznar 76Long term monitoring of Carabid beetles as biondicators of environmental changes in alpine zone of Krkonoše mountains during last decades

Jan Materna 77Tell me which species live in a forest and I’ll tell you what the forest looks like –Which organisms are the best indicators of forest habitat quality?

Jan Materna 78What can the common tick say about climate change?

Krzysztof R Mazurski 79The Karkonosze National Park and the English Geopark: Comparative Study of Protection and Education

Monika Mierczyk, Bogdan Zagajewski, Roksana Knapik, Lucie Kupková, Adrian Ochtyra & Adriana Marcinkowska 80Hyperspectral tools for rock and mineral mapping of Karkonosze

Krzysztof Migała & Mieczysław Sobik 81Manifestation of global change and climate variability in the Karkonosze

Ladislav Miko 82Giant Mountains National Park as important source of biological diversity of oribatid mites (Acarina, Oribatida) in the Czech Republic

Jana Müllerová, Michaela Vítková & Ondřej Vítek 83The impact of roads: effects on soil and species composition in a nutrient poor environment of the Krkonoše Mts. alpine tundra

Linda nedbalová,, Lenka Procházková, Jana Kvíderová

& Milena Kociánová 84Red snow algae from the Krkonoše Mts.: phylogeny and ecophysiological characteristics

Zbigniew niewiadomski & Maria Andrzejewska 85Carpathian experience

Adrian Ochtyra, Bogdan Zagajewski, Anna Kozłowska & Adriana Marcinkowska 86Comparison of spruce forests condition in Karkonosze and Tatras

Krzysztof Parzóch & Anna Solarska 87Morphodynamics of areas protected against erosion – the results of monitoring in the Karkonosze Mts.

Łukasz Pawlik 88Catastrophic windthrows in the Karkonosze Mts. National Park – their ecological significance and geomorphic impact on hillslopes

Wojciech Pusz & Włodzimierz Kita 89The health status of mountain pine’s needles (Pinus mugo Turra) in subalpine zone of Karkonosze National Park

Edwin Raczko, Bogdan Zagajewski, Adriana Marcinkowska, Lucie Kupkova & Adrian Ochtyra 90Forest species classification of Karkonosze National Park using hyperspectral images and neural networks



Piotr Robakowski, Krzysztof dworzycki & Marta Kroczek 91Morphological acclimation to irradiance and partitioning of energy absorbed by leaf in Saxifraga nivalis and Saxifraga basaltica

Miloslav Šír, Miroslav Tesař & Igor dvořák 92Extreme runoffs from the Modrý důl basin in the vegetation season

Olav Slaymaker 93Mountain Environment Changes in the Anthropocene Epoch

Jiří Souček 94Development of dwarf pine stands in Krkonoše Mts.

Zuzana Špinlerová 95Dwarf Pine (Pinus mugo Turra) Biomass Estimation Methodology

Martin Starý, Pavla Čížková & Pavel Bečka 96Natural regeneration of mountain spruce forest in areas with spontaneous succession – the latest results from the Biomonitoring project

Petra Šťastná, Miroslav Válek, Jan Pačák & Luboš Kala 97Monitoring of the visitor flow in the core zone of the Krkonoše Mts. National Park

Miloslav Suchánek , Karel Pošmourný & Jan Vaněk 98Monitoring of heavy metals in surface waters and stream sediments in the Krkonoše (Giant) Mts.

Miroslav Svoboda, Pavel Janda, Vojtěch Čada, Radek Bače, Volodymyr Trotsyuk, Jan Rejzek & Martin Mikoláš 99Variability of the disturbance regime in temperate mountain spruce forests of Central Europe

Martin Šenfeldr, Václav Treml, Petr Maděra & daniel Volařík 100Effects of dwarf pine stands on Norway spruce clonal groups in the treeline ecotone of the Hrubý Jeseník Mountains, Czech Republic

Martin Šenfeldr & Petr Maděra 101Tree-line dynamic in the East Sudetes

Irena Špatenková & Viera horáková 102Botanical inventory research of the Krkonoše Mts.

Jan Štursa 103Development of opinions on the geobiodiversity of the Giant Mountainsʼ arctic-alpine tundra

Miroslav Tesař & Miloslav Šír 104Early warning system for flash floods in the Krkonoše Mts.

Miroslav Tesař & Miloslav Šír 105Long-term hydroecological monitoring in the Krkonoše Mts.

Andrzej Traczyk & Marek Kasprzak 106Digital geomorphological map of the Polish Karkonosze Mountains

Pavel Treml & Adam Beran 107Impact of snowmaking on the runoff regime in the streams of the Krkonoše Mountains National Park

Václav Treml, Jakub Kašpar & Šárka Zákravská 108Timing and duration of xylem formation along the treeline ecotone in the Giant Mountains

Václav Treml, Tomáš Chuman, Tereza Ponocná, Lukáš Píro & dita Bosczyková 109Trees are advancing higher and growing better along the treeline ecotone in the Sudetes Mts.

grzegorz urban & Karol Tomczyński 110Trends in the variation in air temperature on Śnieżka Mt. in conjunction with solar activity in the period between 1881 and 2012

grzegorz urban 111Evaluation of accuracy of selected methods of calculation of the daily mean air temperature depending on atmospheric circulation (the case study of the Western Sudetes Mountains and their foreland)

Tomáš uxa, Marek Křížek, Zbyněk Engel & Václav Treml 112Spatial distribution, morphology and clast arrangement of sorted polygons in the Krkonoše Mountains

Zdeněk Vacek & daniel Bulušek 113Structure and development of forest stands on the locality Bažinky in the Krkonoše Mts.



Stanislav Vacek, Vilém Podrázský, Otakar Schwarz, Miroslav Mikeska,, Zdeněk Vacek, Lukáš Bílek, Václav Štícha, daniel Bulušek & Iveta nosková 114Status and development of the soils and tree compartment of forest ecosystems and ecosystems above timber-line in the Krkonoše Mts. National Parks in years 1976 - 2012

Jaroslav Vojta, Petr Sklenář, Martin Černý & Linda nedbalová 115Spatial and temporal variation in snowpack and its relationship to vegetation composition above treeline at Králický Sněžník Mt., Czech Republic

Jaroslav Vrba, Jan Fott, Zuzana hořická, Jiří Kopáček, Linda nedbalová, Veronika Sacherová & Evžen Stuchlík 116Detecting environmental change – limnological research of mountain lakes in Central Europe

dorota Wojnarowicz, Jacek Potocki & Zygmunt Jała 117Land use changes in the Karkonosze region in the period 1888-2008

Bronisław Wojtuń & Lidia Przewoźnik 118Mires of the Karkonosze National Park

Elżbieta Wilk-Woźniak, Wojciech Mróz, Joanna gadzinowska, Mateusz Kukawski, Ryszard Piotrowicz, Maciej gąbka, Julita dunalska, Wojciech Pęczuła, Piotr Klimaszyk, Marek Kraska, Magdalena grabowska, Maciej Karpowicz, Paweł M. Owsianny, Teresa Ozimek, Bogna Paczuska, Agnieszka Pociecha, Edward Walusiak & Tomasz Joniak 119The assessment of the state of water natural habitats in Karkonosze and Natura 2000 network in Poland

Bogdan Zagajewski, Lucie Kupkova, Krzysztof M. Markowicz, Anna Kozłowska, Jana Albrechtova, M.Bilip, M.Chiliński, A.Jarocińska, J.Jelenek, M.Kycko, A.Marcinkowska, M.Mierczyk, A.Ochtyra, R.Okupnik, P. Abjanek, M.Potuckova, L.Przewoźnik, E.Raczko, B.Wojtuń & O.Zawadzka 120EUFAR’s HyMountEcos - documentation and mapping project of the Karkonosze area

Bogdan Zagajewski, Lucie Kupkova, Adriana Marcinkowska, Adrian Ochtyra, Marlena Kycko, Anna Jarocinska, Jelenek Jan, Michal Chilinski, Krzysztof Markowicz, Monika Mierczyk & Edwin Raczko 121Analysis of the mountain meadows’ condition the Polish Karkonosze National Park using remote sensing and biometric measurements

Bogdan Zagajewski & Anna Kozłowska 122Assessment of neural networks and Imaging Spectroscopy for vegetation classification of the High Tatras

Przemysław Zwaduch 123Silver fir restitution in Stołowe Mountains National Park



A

Abjanek 120Albrechtova 120Andrle 52, 70Andrzejewska 85

B

Bače 99Bečka 96Beran 38, 107Biereznoj-Bazille 28Bílek 114Bilip 120Bińczycki 29Błaś 47Bogacz 61Bojko 30Bosczyková 109Braucher 43Brzeziński 65Březina 70Buček 31Bujalský 32Bulušek 113, 114Burda 42

C

Callaghan 33Ceitel 34, 35, 36Cudlín 38, 53, 57Čada 99Černík 48Černý 39, 115Čížková 96Čurda 42Chilinski 119, 120Chmelíková 38Chrtek 37Chuman 109

d

Dobrowolska-Martini 40Dobrowolski 41

Dunalska 119Dvořák 42, 53, 92Dworzycki 91

E

Edwards 38, 53Engel 43, 112

F

Fabšičová 44Fanta 45Fedor 72Flousek 46Fott 116

g

Gąbka 119Gadzinowska 119Godek 47Goliáš 48Grabowska 119Gramsz 40Gryszel 49

h

Halda 68Hansson 50Harčarik 51Harmáčková 32Hauer 68Hladíková 52Holub 53Horáková 54, 102Hořická 116Houdek 55Hroneš 56Hruška 57Hrušková 48

J

Jała 58, 117Janda 99

Janderková 42Jankovská 59Jarocińska 119, 120, 121Jelenek 74, 119, 120

121Jeník 60, 65Johansson 33Jonasson 33Joniak 119

K

Kabała 30, 61Kachlík 42Kala 97Karpowicz 119Kasprzak 62, 106Kašpar 108Kędzia 63Kita 89Klimaszyk 119Knapik 64, 80Kociánová 65, 72, 84Kocowicz 66Kolář 57Konopásek 42Kopáček 116Kozłowska 86, 120

121, 122Krakowski 67Krám 57Kraska 92Kroczek 91Křížek 112Kučera 68Kucharska 69Kukawski 119Kupková 70, 74, 75, 80 90, 120, 121Kůrka 71Kvíderová 84Kycko 120, 121

L

Łabaz 61Lipanský 48

Index M

Maděra 100, 101Málková 72, 73Marcinkowska 74, 75

80, 86, 90, 120, 121Markowicz 120, 121Maršálek 55Martínek 42Martini 40Martiš 76Materna 77, 78Mazurski 79Mierczyk 80, 120, 121Migała 47, 81Migoń 64Mikeska 114Miko 55, 82Mikoláš 99Mróz 119Mühlsteinová 68Müllerová 83

n

Nedbalová 84, 115, 116Niewiadomski 85Nosková 114

O

Ochtyra 74, 75, 80, 8690 120, 121

Okupnik 120Oulehle 57Owczarek 47Owsianny 119Ozimek 119

P

Paczuska 119Pačák 97Parzóch 63, 87Pávová 73Pawlik 88Pęczuła 92Piotrowicz 119Píro 109Pociecha 119Podrázský 114Pomáhačová 70

Ponocná 109Pošmourný 98Potocki 117Potuckova 120Prajsová72, 73Procházková 46, 57Przewoźnik 118, 120Przylibski 48Pusz 89

R

Raczko 75, 90, 120, 121Raj 34, 35, 36Rambousek 42Rejzek 99Ritchie 50Robakowski 91Russ 39Rusztecka 58Rybníček 57Rýznar 76

S

Sacherová 116Sedláček 42Schwarz 57, 114Sidorczuk 69Skácelová 42Sklenář 115Slaymaker 93Sobik 47, 81Sochor 56Solarska 87Souček 94Spusta 65Starczewski 58Starý 96Strnadová 53Stuchlík 116Suchánek 98Svoboda 99Szeląg 37Šebesta 431Šenfeldr 100, 101Šír 92, 104, 105Špatenková 108Špinlerová 68Šťastná 68, 97Štícha 114Štursa 42, 103

T

Tábořík 62Tesař 92, 104, 105Tomczyński 110Traczyk 43, 62, 106Treml P. 107Treml V. 100, 108

109, 112Trotsyuk 99Tyszka 29

u

Urban 110, 111Uxa 112

V

Vacek S. 114Vacek Z. 113, 114Vačkář 32Válek 97Vaněk 71, 98Vašut 56Vašutová 38, 53Vítek 83Vítková 83Vojta 115Volařík 100Vrba 116

W

Walusiak 119Waroszewski 61Weber 29Wilk-Woźniak 119Wojnarowicz 58, 11Wojtuń 91, 93

Z

Zagajewski 74, 75, 80, 86, 90, 120, 121, 122

Zákravská 108Zawadzka 120Zientarski 34, 35, 36Zwaduch 123



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