Book-Natural Wonders Every Child Should Know

8/10/2019 Book-Natural Wonders Every Child Should Know

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i c D o m a i n , G o o g l e - d i g i t i z e d

/ h t t p : / / w w w . h

a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_

u s e # p d - g o o g l e

Natural wonders every child should know, by Edwin Tenney Brewster.

Brewster, Edwin Tenney, 1866-1960.

New York, Doubleday, Doran & Co., Inc. [c1939]

http://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924001126055

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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/book-natural-wonders-every-child-should-know 4/420

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P u b l i c D o m a i n , G o o g l e - d i g i t i z e d

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F TH E

TA T CO L L E G

N O M C S

I V E R S T

Y O R K


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O N D R S E V E R Y

U D K N O W


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eouto mindthefairies coachmakers.


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uldK now Library

D SH O U D K N O W

E Y B R E W ST R

Doran&Co.,I nc.,for

S I N ST TUT ,I N C.

nts Magazine

e, New Y ork


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12 ,I O J O ■

A Y , DO R A N & CO M PA N Y , I N C .

R E S R V E D

TH E , UN I T D STA T S A T

L I F E PR E S ,GA R D N C T ,N .Y .


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damentalknowledge

turehas beenputinto

bychildren,timeoutof

i lyR obinson isha lfnat-

waysofanespeciallycon-

ceofallsorts, goodand

smallportionof J ules

a les. " C ousinC ramchild a

hadbeensuch abook,

ictorianideaofwhat,

bouthisuniverse while

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uck ley . E venthegreat

ade, hasmadeachild s

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rnchild becomesac-

modernscience,whilein


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edac uaintance,byno

ithhisownphysiology

erypublicschoo lpupil.

, to-day schildofe ightor

littleofphysicsandof

oddealin ageneralway

ementsofhumanphysi-

ce llentte tsandreading

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kisthefirst attemptto

omeknowledgeofcer-

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nderthename,General

rt,anattempttolead

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hathaveI incommon

dhowdo I differfrom

naddit ion, I haveattempted

w hichaperple edbut

nhimselfbaseananswer

stionswhichallchildren

hatmostdifficultofthem

becomingdidI myself


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ededw ithe ithertask , 1

hall readthisbook

ts


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N D R S

k enGetsI nsideTheE gg1

e r S or t s of E g g s 7

esinTheB rook 14

E g g s 2 0

B o y s A n d G i rl s A r e M a de O f 2 4

u t L i v i n g B r i c ks 3 1

M uc h O f U s I s A l iv e 42

w 47

G r o w Up 5 2

w O l d 5 6

G r ow A t A l l 6 5

s Th a t Do N o t H a v e To B e L e a rn e d 74

W e L i k e Ce r ta i n Th i ng s 8 1

l s G a me s 8 6

stinctsOf C hicksA ndK ittens91

Stupidit iesOfA nimals99

w W e D i f f er F r o m Th e A n i m al s 1 07 1

SomethingMoreA boutSpeechA ndThink ing. . 114

o st O f U s A r e R i g h t- H a n d ed 1 1 9

DoO urThink ing123

SomeOfTheA nimalsDoTheirThink ing136

t P la n ts K n o w 14 4

h a t P la n ts C a n Do 1 4 9

me P l an t - i k e Do i ng s O f A n i ma l s 15

i v e Se n se s A n d T h e O t h er F i v e 16 6

s 17 4

S ee in g A n d B e li ev in g 1 0

S om e O t he r Se ns es 1 9

Si g ht A n d H e a r in g O f A n t s 19 4

N o s es 2 0 3


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O t h e r E y e s A n d E a r s 21 0

a v i n g Se n se s A n d U s i ng T h em 2 1

S ee in g I n T h eM in d s E y e 2 2

a r M i nd s A n d O t h er s 2 34

v in g A u t o mo b il e s 23

i r A n d F u el 2 42

M e n I n G l as s B o e s 24 7

I O f S u g a r A n d O t h e r Po i so n s 25 1

n ak e V e n o ms A n d O t h e rs 2 6 2

s A n d R u s ty N a i l s 2 66

at W a r 2 7 4

b o ut T h e Gr e at W a r 2 4

i v in g A p o t h ec a ry S h op s 2 90

a t B e c o me s O f T h e T ad p ol e s 29 6

e s R e p a i r Sh o p 30 3

tl e M on s te r s 31 4

H o w T h e A n i m al s K e e p T he i r To o ls S h ar p 3 21

h y T h e B l o od I s S a lt 3 2 9

se s F i n g er s 33

phantGotH isTrunk 343

gNobodyUnderstands353


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USTR A T O N S

*

nsidetheE gg4

nsI ntoaTadpole10

sandWings21

ck sWhichB uildOurB odies32

ChangingShapeL ikeaDropofW aterDown

sinH alvestoMakeTwoY oungO nes70

sinL ateSummerandEarlyF a ll160

ects212

nH isTwoL ongerH orns214

yesO nH isH orns214

sO nH isA rms214

ouseF lyShow ingProboscis216

loodC orpuscles2 2

0 4

theStar- f ishw illGrow IntoanE ntireA nimal. . 30

GrowsN ewPartsinA llSortsofCrazyW ays312

hichL ook Lik eaMi tureofA ll igator, R hinoceros

B onesw ereMoreL ik etheB onesofB irds350

ly ingR eptiles352

g g L a y in g 1 5

c1

stoaB eanPlant21

Mak etheSk inofaLeaf35


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L USTR A T O N S

Pulp86

faL eaf86

hE nlarged8 8

MuchE nlarged8 9

nSta lksandSomeSw imA boutintheSea.. . . 40

heCorn67

rged69

nHasA llH isThinkingSpotsO ntheL ef tSideof

ans, MuchEnlarged141

ointO nW hichtoTurn152

0

1

2

3

6

ntheF rontLeg211

y e s ar e t he E a r D r u ms 2 1 2

rThroughB reathingH oles241

nsectsH aveB reathingHoles243

ichCausesthe" SleepingSickness 26

ntoaMoth29

ishEggs8 17

C rabWithanE yeOn O neSideandaF eeler

hildWithTw oGreatToesO nE achF oot.. . . 319

snake327

cturesof theMammothOn P iecesof I tsOw n

osttheF rontofH isF ace346

eHasB eenMadeO verF romaF our- toedOne. . . 34


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N D R S E V E R Y

D K N O W


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nsidetheE gg

morefascinatingsighttobeseen

orfullofeggs j ust

atchout.Y oulook

dowin thesideand

leanwhiteeggs,dozens

ngasif theywereall

yice-chestortobemade

youbegintohearfa int

on,hereandthere,a

oadendof anegg,anda

echickis packedso

canmoveonlyits head.

andstopstorest and

ole intheshe llgetslarger

ndby , theeggcrack sopen,

rawsitsfirst longbreath

ld.

llytakes alongrest,

nitfeelsbetter,it

dwings,andahalf-hour


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





eryC hildShouldK now

work,itgetsclear of

wabblylegs,wet,

consolatelookingalittle

agined.Shortly,however,

were plasteredtightto

ut,thelegsget steady,

aboutarolypolyyellow

wiceas largeastheegg

urbefore.Trulyitis a

redeggsturninginto

r,foralltheworldlike

gto pop-corninthe

seethew ayachick

till morewonderfulto

fresh,new-laidegghas

asbeen keptwarm

eadytocomeout. The

engot there.

tudiedthisq uestion.

havestartedadozenor

n takenthemoneby

sapart,andcautiously

hatwas inside.Some-

ofeggscarefullycuts

untilhehasmadea


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nsidetheE gg

n-centpiece.O verthis

ssasthinas paper,so

histinywindowinto

kgrow.

sounds.Theyolk,

ticedinhard-boiled

middleoftheegg,but

ide.The chick,too,

ersideof theyolk and

ver,the yolkrolls

aterandbringsthe

thechick,until it

ightfit,alwayslies

e uppersideoftheyolk

e isnochick ata ll, but

rdly largerthanthe

sideof theyolkwhere

gtobe. B eforethe

eeggis laid,thislittle

atovalinoutlineandan

hroughitscenterruns

eavybastingcottonand

ong aboutha lfaslarge,

a f ig u re " 1 i n t he t y pe o n t hi s


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echick.O nlyithas

hick,forit hasasyet

gs,eyes,nose,mouth,

anyotherparts.I tis

chickensubstance,

emadeintoa chicken.

ofincubation,thelittle

ckerontheendwhere

ebrainandspinal cord

day there isthef irstsign

utthesametime,the

he minutebloodvessels

kethefirstroots ofa

dofthe secondday,the

d thebloodvessels

olkto feedthegrowing

feedsonthewhite

heyolkandthewhite of

on whichthelittlebird

old enoughtogetout

elf.

e thirdday, ora few

ichhasbeen lyingon

thasn tany faceyet),

I t isgettingtobeabig

ninchlongandasthick as


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I N G

A D

nsidetheE gg


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nsidetheE gg

, thebraingrow srapidly j

hthesearenotso large

eedles.N owtoo,the

alsothelungs,thestomach,

gestion andthereare

withoutfeathers.

eare signsofa

, look ingj usta like , begin

notherday,andone

whilenowthereappear

of theplacewherethe

Meantime,thelittle

na half-inchlong—

ktheleastbitlike abird,

" mark. There issti l lno

heart,beatingmerrily

k.

elittlechickendoes

ea realbird.The

w hileonthetipofw hathas

noseappearsaspeck of

hardenintoabill.

andtherearesignsof

osedin thelittletrans-

ms.

k, thew hiteof theeggis


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






lebird, w hichhasbeen

nowturns tobringits

.Theyolk,too,is

henineteenthday,the

ntintoitslittletummy,

hehole.A taboutthe

hroughinto thelarge

nthebroadendof an

boiled,at apicnic.F or

enbreathingbymeansof

tofa fish,onlythat

deof theheadlikeaf ish s

dleofthestomachona

rthe insideoftheshell.

ghthe shell,whichis

too smalltobeseen.

yolk hasbeentak enin,

psoff,andthe chick

therestofus.

ks,thereisnothingleft

da tea-spoonfulofwater.

the sizeofapin head,

ull, withonly j ustroom

hatletshimout. Onthe

isonment,outhe


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ggs

s. Somearebrow norw hite

omearegreen, somebuf f ,

peckled.Some,likethe

e almostasroundas

sopo intedatoneendas

hehummingbird s

f ingertip, theostricheggis

. B uta lla lik etheyhave

andbyandby , a litt le

mes,likethechick,the

feathersgrown,and

etitsbreath,beforeit

pickupa livingfor

kethelittlerobin,it has

upon itslegs,andhasto

ahumanbaby.

gsalso,verymuch

these, theyhavew hiteand

e growsintheeggalmost


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






rd. F orcuriouslyenough

andcrocodiles,thothey

birds,are reallyvery

geeggs, withlarge

animalbeginsatapo intin

oesnot,fora longtime,

snotseemto bemuch

zeofananimal andthe

, tobesure, havebig

ave litt leeggs. B utagreat

yfeetlongandable to

tchedfromanegg no

e.Thelittlesaltwater

hisonlyaslongasone s

,fora fish,almostas

andq uiteaslargeas

ut whichgrowtobea

utcodfish,whichsome-

s aman,andthegreat

gas threemenandas

snot muchlargerthan

smallereventhanthose

tle seacreatures,star-

ke(whichto besure,are

mingbirdorawren)their


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ggs

ichcloudthewaterand

tall.

eeggs,themoreof them

hilesomebirdslayonly-

wmorethanadozen,

or more,thecoda

esturgeontwoorthree

okingaboutinthe

year—as everyboyand

tfun— onehappensupon

ellyha lfaslargeasone s

s.Theseblackdots,

esizeof theo sinthis

gs. I f insteadofbe ingin

ong strings,ayard

theyarealmostalways


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






f theyoccurne itherin

separately,thentheyare

f rogshouldbeableto

e lly fortyorf if ty times

Therealegg,however,

andthiswhenit isf irst

gofj elly,hardlythicker

ssoon,however,as

dryj ellybeginstoswell,

wellingfor threehours

argerthanit wasto

gslook,then,verymuch

thblackyolks,brokenintoa

eyreallyarenot q uite

seggshavenoshellandno

ndnothingelse.I n

sthatdohavewhiteare

whilefewothershave

of f rog seggsisnot

snotmeantforthe litt le

hercreaturesfrom

ithelpsto keepthe

ttlechick beginsasa


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/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ggs

yolk,andkeepsgrowing

sesupbothyolkand

hell.N otsothelittle

erybeginning,itis as

eegg, infact. Y oucan

boveandlightbelow

be, andthef rogafterhim.

bytadpoledoesnot have

egetsinproper succes-

e,brain,skin,tail,and

otgrow any largeruntilhe

aythruthe j elly,and

very tiny , onlya

ngth andtheyclingin

hewaterplants.A fter

dyknowswhathappens.

s differencebetween

Whenaf roglaysanegg,

utj ustegg—thelitt le

o forminside it. B ut

hilethereisno little

theegghasalready

intoachick. Some

s,so thatwhentheir

atureisalreadyformed


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






elastpartof hisgrowing

ertainfishes,certain

animalsbesides,actu-

suntilsolate thatthe

hing.Sucheggsare

metime,orevenhatched

reswhich havefur

gs,cats,monkeys,and

y.A ndbecausethis

k nock edabout, itdoesnot

shellnorthick je lly to

kin.F orthisreason,

esa fewmomentsbefore

miss itentirely,andso

animalshavenoeggS

neeggforeachlitt le

nny rabbitsatE aster

edE astereggs.They

rabbits eggs. Noone

erabbits egg,because

esuptoalmost nothing,

biteatsit.B esides,

okat thenewbunnies.

imalscomeoutof eggs,


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ggs

es,kittens,everykind

genoughforyouto

desthat aresosmall

hemwithamicro-


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






e egg.Thenasit

the othersideofthe

rowsmallerinorderto

tra lengthtak eninatone

ebodyofthelittle fish.

nto formfroma

heringbeforeitpassed

twosidesofthering

body.B utthetail

snotgrow outuntilmuch

dabody buttheonly

s bigger.N eitherhas

s,ears, nose,ormouth

k-bone,stomach,nor

l appearlater,much

rs,brain,andheartearly

ewholefrontofthe body

penttheirentirelives

challthesevarious

nimal,andamoststrange

q uitew orthanyman s

w eretotella llthatis

of onefish,thetale

okandleavenoroom


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rook

ll,therefore,tellaboutthe

ethey areinterestingand

morebecausetheyhappen

chformin thesame

ave aback-bone,

ogs,birds,four-footed

Theeyeswithwhich

gthispage,grew inthe

havemyself seenit in

ss.

hebody toformearliest

erthatcometheeyes.

hich growoutoneon

retheheadisgoing tobe.

e-likeaffaironashort

hing, e ceptforsize , l ikea

a pencilstub.O ne

wball wouldsimply

butitdoesn t, forNature

nstead,onesideofthe

ghtpush inahollow

,until itformsacup.

esidesgrowoutuntil

he darkopeninginthe

callthepupil.V arious

ertheedgeand formthe


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






othertissuesontheout-

orm thetransparent

hile thepupil issti l l la rge,

ewhichislaterto become

eballtoformthelensof

forthis round-about

theoriginaleyebud

wardsclosesdown to

s togetvarioussub-

finallyto leaveapupil

k,thelittlefish has

tliesontheyolk ,

o l k Sa c .

withthe stomachache

bythe tailgrowsout

alsoliftsclear,andthe

orm. L asto fa ll, thesides

lyroundthe yolk,and

ost good.

ohatch. F orsometime


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





rook

alwiggles insidethe

yitbreaksthruandfloats

screature, sti l lmorethan

m,butfloats,bellyup,

yetable somuchasto

shgrowsrapidly,living

mallerand smaller.

efloatingonitsbackcan

gle.A stheyolk

ble,thefishwigglesmore.

tonitsside,then clear

he lasto f theyo lk has

grightsideup andhas

rwatercreatureswhich

ge, if it isa f reshw aterf ish,

eshallowsin schoolsof

esaq uarterinchlong


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





is, o f course , theseed. We

ntgrowsfromthe

etthisisnote actly true

edis alreadyalittle

ackedawayin ahard

shell.

mple, anordinarybeanora

nd opensitcarefully,

s,heldtogetherby a

hesetwohalves,which

theentirebean,are

arethe yolkofthe

w beanplantisgoingto

vesandroot,sothatit

lfoutof theearthand

sthelittle nodule

eed-leaves.Curled

theseed, lik eapuppy s

shortfatroot w hile


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/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





dW ings


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





seed-leavesisthene t

smallto see,butreal

otanew - la idegg, but

side,allreadyto

eating thebean,we

wet sawdustorblotting

beanplant.

The shelldropsoff,

nwaterand swell

thingas thegrowing

e rootgrowsdown,

e wholeplantturns

thebeanpole.

sj ustready forhatching.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






wever,ratherthanlike

elittlefishand thelittle

ir yolktouseingetting

eyarehatchedout.

call,becausetheyhave

om inside,keepon

one,andthenhatch.

ghte pect,getsinside

asthe litt lebirdorf rogor

e" stringbeans

merarefatpodsstuffed

ed inmakingseeds.

,whichare new-laid

littleplantinside,but

eanplant,starting

artafteranother,like

omefrominthefirst

rmsinthepod, toosmall

dkeepsgrowinguntil it

fo rmthenew plant. I n

hemotherf ish, andthe

avea sortofpodinside

s andfattensitselfout

bean.Thensome ofit

malltobeseen.These


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ansin thepod,whilethe

ftertheyhavegrowna

formlittlebeans,or

beanpodbeginsasa

toa properpod.Then

eginsasaminutespeck,

ean.Thenthenewbean

s asaminutespeckand

ant, readytobe

tself.Sopartofthe

d,andpartof thepod

thebean becomeslittle

hlittlefishesandlittle

puppiesandkittens

animalsthat youknow.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





dGie lsareMadeOf

madeof , madeof

of

pydog sta ils

e madeof.

eof,madeof

eof

at snice

remadeof.

rhyme. I thasthismuch

ndlittlegirls are

isn tw orthw hileto

intotheother.W hat

llymadeof,andall

s amuchlongerstory.

l thisstorymore

littlestar-fishand

yaremadeof.Star-

s eggs(forthetw ocreatures

forall theylookso

eggs offishes.They

,andsominute that


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





d G ir l s A r e M ad e O f

tinthewater.N atur-

everseethematall.

t inydropof f luidsub-

inroundit. I t isinfact,

loon,filledwiththin

ndsetf loatinginthew ater.

,beforethereisany

inside.O newouldper-

o ilandj e llymi turechange

nsteadofthis,how-

affairsplitss uarely

balloonsj ustalike,

moreorless flattened

wosoapbubblesblown

aboutaha lfhour, eachof

" ce lls astheyhave

v idedaga in sothatnow

n becomeeight the

courseofa few hours, there

ogetherandall very

wholemasslook slik ethe

honeblows byputting

ofthesoapsuds.

enewlaid egg,small

eralhundredstillsmaller.

etstar-fish,butonlystar-


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






epile likeaheapof

ldintoastarfish.

gahouseoutofbrick s,

herethehouseisgoing to

them, afew atatime, and

.N otsothestar-fish

rightinthe livingbrick

pedaheapofbrick sina

f itsownaccordgotup

ceinthehouse.The

heegg,begins toswell,

ushesoutonepart here,

re.Thecells divide

ormathicksolidbunch 3

thinsheet.B yandby,

notindeedastar-fish,but

andanoutsideskin,

ainnondescriptcells,

omakethehard skeleton

his,thecells stillkeepon

tingsmallerand

etheydividetill they

usthebabystar-fish

astin someplaces,and

lothersnotgrowingat


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






toaveritablestar,altho

and.

animalsinthissame

k issuchace ll—athin

e lly . Thef rog seggis

redblack.Thefish

anespeciallyclearj elly

o.F rogeggsandstar-

ggs,mostsortsofeggs

efirst timetheysplit

s andthelittleanimal,

nthereis anyatall,is

g. B utbirds eggs, most

orts too,aresoloaded

doesnotdivideclear

adye pla ined, onlyata

rethe j e lly isthick est.

minutecellswhichisthe

is asmallspoton the

holeof asmallone,it

gintheend.W henthe

elivingcellbricks move

,andthenew creature

boysand girlsaremade

mousnumbersofthese


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






lcells, j ustasother

fus,men oranimals,

reonce,eachof us,j ust

divided,anddivided,

becameavastnumber.

thenewplantoranimal

selves,thisbodystuff,

s aroundball.A

place wheretheback

spina lcord. A rod

eaththis,andbecomes

endofthespinal cord

becomeslarger,and is

outintotheeyes.The

ot yetturnedintoskin,

eear.F ouroutgrowths

eadtomaketheface.

ssknobs,andgrow out

Sometimesthesemake

ndsplit intosi f ingersor

aryfive.Thenif the

baby,theDoctorhasto

if it sak ittenw esay it

e agoodmouser—tho

ose itmak esthe leastdif ference.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






isj ustthe increase

vingbricks.Thereisa

hfinger-nailwherethe

pushingoutthefinger-

enaildonot meanthat

es, assomepeoplesay.

appenstobruisethe soft

erethena ilce llsarenew and

shofalittle child.

hyoungerthanweare

sbiting-timedrewnear,

hichlinesthe mouth

ywherethe twogums

ysoonformeda thick

he j aw . A litt le later, and

w attwentyseparate

wingeverywhereelse.

gpointsopenedupinto

ebottomofeachpocket

efromthesideofeachthere

tinwhich,whenthe

reold,thesecondteeth

k teethineachsideofa

comelateandarethe largest

firstmilkset,therest


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






thedivisionofcellsat

ulbwhichyou seeon

oupullit outandlook

ustbetweenhairand

herhairnor skin,where

sdone.

ementora wooden

.We aremadeoflittle

owitis becausethese

bricks,andthengrow

uthowtheyfindout

st,and whenandwhere

ndwherenot togrow

bodyhasyetmadethe

ngout.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





rick s

these liv ingbrick sistheyolk

ethisis, o fcourse , l ike

o grow,asinglecell.

rtainofthe bacteria

utin theair,andareso

madeout evenwith

s.A llonecansee isthat

somethingwhichif

w,wouldstillnotreach

assmallas bacteriaon

likeas largeasthe

theother. Manyare j ust

naidedeye.B utthe

makeupourownbodies,

s,andof plantsarea

outwitha common

ymicroscopeshows

ingto formthefirst


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






ksout ofwhichthe

hecells areallabout

ceptwheretheyare

her.A ssoon,however,

ut intoplacetobuild

nthemselvestochange.

hersgrowlarge.Some

nd becomemuscle

oint,manythousands

andbecomefat.A t

buildthemselvesabout

andbecomebonesand

thinthemlittlebrown

air andskin.The

ecoin-shapedcellswhich

rtso f theeye, ontheother

mainperfectlyclearand

d notcomethruandwe

oungindeed,long

theegg,thewholeouter

redwithasinglelayer

kedclosely together,

neighborssothat the

onasmall scale,the

ildingortheblockpave-


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





O F E Y E

ck sthatB uildourB odies.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





rick s

keotherlivingcells,these

notgrowsidewise,

led norinw ardforthat

theysplitoffapiece

ey doitagain,and

uterskinof thebody , f rom

hicknesshasbecome

er,however,grows

ds dryuptoa roundish

ndhorny,andbecome

ody,whichwerunpins

loff orscrapeoffwhen

w ithouthurting. Thispart

etsrubbedof fbyour

bathtubandhas tobe

utasfastas itisremoved

owsagainfromtheliving

howoldonegets, this

nues tosplitoffthe

ustasitdidbeforethere

Mostpartsofthebody

buttheskingrowsonly

ndsandtheso lesof the

pidlyand isespecially


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





eryC hildShould^ K now

withhishandsmorethan

effectistowearthe skin

osefrom thebottom

ntheend,however,

elive skinworkfaster,

callousesthatnowork

ourbootsdo notfitand

artsup theliveskin

ngweknow,wehavea

anespecia llyhardand

ngskin madeamistake

littlespot.

na il isasorto fcorn. I t

formingfromthebottom

sespeciallyhorny,even

stcallous.The hair,

kindoublesin toform

datthebottomof thispocket

rof theskingrowsinto

yanddeadandhorny

areonly thickhard

eacoreofbone inside,

aspecia lsorto f skin.

dy,there wefindsome

maybelarge,small,


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





rick s

t,hard.Theymay

erthingaroundthem.

rthe otherthing

ranotherthewholebody,

tofthesecellsand their

htheplants. They too

cks.E achleafand

veredwitha sheetof

ep,whichone canoften

eakinof

earethe lips

p underneath.The

herloosepilea half

ck-shapedcells,each

sofgreencoloring

treeisonlythe thick

verlappingat theends


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






er.Thesecellslie

thatiswhywoodsplits

sierthanitcuts acrossit.

thatatthetimeofyearw hen

these woodycellsare

isgrowingslowly,they

re isachangefrom

p.TheCellsoftheouter skinofaleaf,

sthreeA tthebottomisthemouthofa

pringtosmallerones

tyear, the liv ingsub-

fftothegrowingregion

vestheo ldwoodce llsempty.

ange andbecausethe

nesdonotlookq uite

gs ofwoodinthetree

ard,whichgiveusthe

urnitureandourhard


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





rick s

onecantell, notonly-

owhatwereitsgood

andwhatits poor

rew ata ll. I f adrought

orifinsects oneyearate

showsinthewood.B ut

opics,wheretheykeep

u,donot haveannual

ee formwoodandsome

ebarkproduce cork,

ethin layersofcorkin

llso f j uicy f ruitssw ell

garand variousflavor-

cids.W heretheani-

ndbecomefat,the

archgrainsandbecome

leavesofabean.B ut

,turpentine,pitch,and

e,pleasantorbitter,

medicines.

mal, isj ustagreatmass

ving bricks,andofthe

theyformwithinand

suponmillionsof these


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






ebodyofa manoran

whaleoroneof thegiant

a.Manyhumbler

d,bothanimalsand

velyfew.O urcommon

ample,whichthothey

avesnorstemsnor roots,

ftinygreenbarrelsset

henlarged.

flowingfrom

ormaneggor

nsea-lettuceisasheet of

whileothersea-weeds

bundlesofascoreor

chbricksthere are,the

ttimes, toahalf - inchin

moreinlength.

andanimals,moreover,

gplants aretheyeasts

keourbread,andafew

alsoarethehundreds of

whichthosomeof them


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





rick s

tching diseases,arefor

h.B utoftheseweshall

greenspotsand

treesandfences,and

earth,aredueto enor-

lants,greenwiththe

eleavesof thelargest

nto f thegray lichenson

usedbysimilarsingle-

chenlarged.

mongthewhitefibers

sidesthese,therearemany

tin freshwater,eacha

dsin themudatthe

-puddles,thotheyhave

usuallycountedamong

mostditches andpuddles


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





veryC hildShouldK now

usoria,animalculesof

mlargeenoughto be

eyewhenseen ina

ndeach asinglecell.

manyplantsarej ust

e.Manyothers,like

ces,—whichare plants,—

ishes,—whichareanimals,

cells,butall prettymuch

stalksandsome

dplants whichweknow

andhorses andgrass,

bestof allwhichare

manycells,and many

barkandwood,fleshand

dalltherest,so many

ourmerelytowrite

ethelivingpart ofevery

fthembecamebythe

derce ll eachof these in


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





rick s

vesofastill oldercell,

gwhichisthe great-

fthemall.B utthe

ttingofstillanothercell,

of theparent sbody.

r,andso onbacktothe

rth,thonobodyknows

salwaysbeenalive.

omeof itw il l l iveonin

ren schildren, untilthe


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





l i ve

salive Certainlynot

f indryscales,

ntothewhitelayerswith-

eworse.Certainlynot

mesacrossoldtrees that

relesslypruned,which

nthe inside,sothat

he llne tthebark. Y et

uslyasever,and bear

dtree.Thebarkis dead

etweenthetwoisa thin

rinchthru,whichis alive.

ingintodeadw ood. O n

ngintodeadbark.The

newbark.B etween

woodnorbark,but j ust

leavesalsoarealive,

e blossoms,andthe

sthalf ofeveryliving

hilethelargerandlonger


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





l i ve

rproportion » of it isa live

eggisa live Nottheshe ll,

ha lk . Notthew hite , for

ick en spantryshe lf

whichitis togrow.The

yolk— unlesssomebody

.Sometimes,too,the

ngmay thenweusually

nota lla live . I have

rhair andnailsarenot

terskin,thethin skin,

whenwebarkourshins,

side . Our" bark in

s. E achhasasoft, thin,

whichgrows,hardens,

yerovertherest ofthe

nddropsoff Where one

shorn.I ndeedthecork

madefromnothing

ckcorkybark ofa

especiallythickand

edsavagesandsome

" i s t h e l if e . ' A n d y et t h e


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





l i ve

,havetoput upwith

odwhentheyare

otq uitesodeadas

mesgetstheimpression

stthatit isn tdeadata ll.

el,ismostlybone

e clam-shells,mortar

greatboulders and

necountry.Therestof

ce,scatteredcellsfar

hlongroots, thatlook

tothebonelike tree

y,however,itistheother

bones,therewerebone

vesroundwiththehard

heirneighborsawayand

kestrandsof living

seroot-likelivingstrands

saugerbore intothesolid

er enameldoesnothurt

artofthatis alive.

gbricks, butofliving

e sawthatthegreat

glived,havemorewoodand

ancesin themthanthe


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






heseinturn areless

plantsand yeastsand

orbark atall.The

hej elly-fishesand

,hair,bones,nails,nor

all alive.Sothemore

th, the lessof it isa live .

mselvesarenot wholly

yalwayscontainswater

ustw aterandsa lt. F at

whicharesimplystored

alivethan theoilinan

e,storeuptheirfood

live thanthatina

esidesoilandstarch,

rosinorsalivaor milk

ut fromtimetotime.

nhardlybeconsidered

thebodythanwhen

sthece ll j e lly . Every -

ead manycellsevenare

nwhilealive,contain so

m,thatthere ismore

gthanthere ischick , and

ntina grainofcorn.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





nalllivingthings,treesand grass

ysandgirls. F or

hopealreadydiscovered,

ifeinusare agooddeal

sormen. Wedon tlook

utwhenweconsiderthe

thestonesandstoves

ch—and seehowvery

e,thenweget someidea

understandhowbeing

herswitheverythingelse

usually domoreorless

ylearnedsomethingof

resi ntheegg— howthe

afterwardsfoldsintoa

ut fromthebodyas

ygraduallyturninto

ehavelearnedsome-

sgrow,andtheskin,and


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






owwehavetolearn

wayalittle childora

bigone.

,growslargerround

od.I tgrowstalleronly

Thesolidwood,once

fthen,youdrivetwo

etree,saya footapart

venif thattreeshould

high,thosetwonails

etheywere,afootapart

tfromthe groundasbefore.

chlikethebig one,that

atit hassimplygrown

ranch whichwasonce

eadhasnow beenliftedto

ves.B utthisis notthe

fthe littletreehave

whatarenowthelower

were oncethetoptwigs

vealwaysbeenatthe

ware.Thetop branches

egrowsstill larger,will

themiddlebranches,

will dropoffentirely.

nd whichlookslike


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ommoninour own

wthehairgrowsat the

ilslikewise,andthe

lltellyouthat cutting

orsinge ingtheends and

ssesontheoutsideof

equa lityo fe ither. Don t

woodandskinandhair

all wecandois to

ffecttheirgrowthfor

omethingtothe growing

ots.Thechild sleg

nger bonesdonot

etheman s. Thehead

end,that is,whereit

ontheoutside . B utthe

flyat twospots,oneat

tj o insthehead.

,ontheotherhand,

t,but fullsized.The

hardbone,lieonthe

eepbuildingonmore

pushing themselves

oth,until thetooth

arrowspaceis leftin


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






rootswhich theyleave

theoutersurfaceofthe

hereis occasion.Mean-

th pocket,aswehave

ngonenamelonthe out-

ingitselffartherand

tsbranches, grow atthe

ourow nbodiesgrow in

beginningattheinner

theirwaythruand

the body,tilltheyfind

eresent.B utthemuscles

eir mass,likedough

stof thehollowtubes

essels,fore ample,and

r breakfastgoes—grow

wbones,asthey grow,

e toenlargethehollow,

utsidewitholdmaterial

ft.

ewateryportion

atand thewaterwe

w hitecorpusclesw hich

madeinspecial


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





of theminthemarrow

ose inthebloodstream.

ytodo,is bynomeans


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





mesgrowinglarge

ard,butalmostnever

metothefullstature

ursoftbaby fleshthat

mthepil low haschanged

bone.Thatis,ofcourse,

kencareof yourselves.

y thenitmaybedif ferent.

monanaffair,somany

vesandkittensand

, thatweusuallyforget

s. Wonderfulindeed

rngeisitthataf terw e

estop.Y etourhair,

op, northesk in, northe

hebodywhichhave

th,startupandgrowin

of thebodywhich

heydidgrowwould

ehowknowenoughto

therliv ingcreatures. A

gso longasit l ives nor

thebig troutmayhave

one mostlikelyithas

er.W ecallanycreature


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






ghtohavechildrenof

sacorns andthetrou*

on growingtillitis ten,

hanitwas whenitfirst

f thecat, whenherk ittens

rowingalongwith

w henthereweremore

arlyasfast asthey

aslongasit liveduntil

e lephant. A ndstil l its

tens,nolargerthan

irgrowingthisway.

ember,isforsize likea

e babystarwhenhe

bigger.A fterthat,he

wsasfast ashecan,like

r-fish,as largesayasa

enoughtoeat. Doeshe

t. Hesimplydoesn tgrow .

atespringwithina few

thelittle starswhichdo

ardingplace, goprac-

merlong.Theyremain

eyscarcelygrowatall, so


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





mertheyarestill thepin

monthsbefore.

a starfishhappenstobe

entyofbarnaclesorsmall

sn tdomuchbuteat, and

happen,then,thatoftwo

day,the onewhichhas

ssthanfive-thousand

whichhasgonehungry.

yaboutfifteentimesas

B utthisisasif tw o

sold,shouldbe,oneno

the otherweighed

slargeas awhale.

byappearances. Thestar-

shoremaybe avery

enwellfed,or avery

nshortrations,whilea

aybetwentytimes

grandfather.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





up, wegrow old. Peoplesay

enandw omen then

enw egrow old. R ea lly ,

woldthe dayweareborn

growold sofastaswe

arms.

ygrow inghard. We

tlebabies. Ourbonesare

shislike dough,onlythe

r skins,andN ursehas

rpoorbackstokeep our

hildrenarenot

ti l lsof t. Youcanpinch

do. B utyoucan t

orethan youcanpinch

rse,much harder

e,if youputyourfingers

o muchononelegor

hrug yourshouldersup

playfirst base,orsit


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





upinthebig chairin

roftheforty-leven

totell youforty-leven

nyouwillpull your

f theyweresomuchI ndia

ougrow upandyourbonesand

n tgetback intoshape

hyoucould.

enyouwillbegrown

thardenough, youw ill

toworkas easilyas

I hope,evenbetter.

gettinghard andw hen

areold.

ard. A ndsincethe

ryougrow,younever

ouwereatinybaby,and

ld sofastasyouare

eDuchessusedtote ll

youngandsoftonlya

n-upandhardmost of

smuchasw epossiblycan,

liveshelpoutthelong

hilew eareyoung, w e


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ervC hildShouldK now

achable.A swegrow

esharden,butourminds

ealmoreafterweare

lew earechildren and

ht-hearted,onthewhole

esha llbeagreatdea lless

w.L etus,therefore,

gthosethings which

ess,afterwearetooold

eaboy isfondofout-door

ndhealthyboyoughtto

he spring,tennisall

heautumn,andwhat

esintoice hockey.He

orioustime andhegrow s

s asitshouldbe— sc

y,thru schooland

s nomorefootballfor

key.F orafewyearshe

meofbaseba ll if he is

etennis.B uttellme,

ge,howmanyofyour

ciateseverplay atallthe

yourspare time


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





sing,letus supposethat

spendingallhisspare

half.The otherhalfhe

hare notgames.H e

tofish,to handleasail

,toclimbmountains,to

woods,andaboveall

anden oy thesighto f

thisboyw illgrow up. I n

s,he willputawaybat

eforehe isthirty,but

lbringhimhappiness

d ofhisdays.

ngames.O neplays

rhapsin college—eight

onew orld schampion

rty hemusthave

olfergetsfortyorfifty

uble oflearninghis

ouwill learntheboy s

sgamelater. B utyou

theman sgamenow along

youw on tlearnitata ll.

a rn, andgogamelessto

dofmusic, andlearns


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






an o. I tw il lbecharm*

ingsontheporch— so

asonlyagirl ssoulto

byandbyshew illgrow up

ttlechildrenofherown.

oSundayeveningsand

olemnsongs,or tinkle

entheyaresick

ew illputthatban oon

bedroomcloset,and

fortlearningsomeother

ile.

se. I f , w hilew eare

toen oygoodmusic, and

res andgoodfurniture,

attrees,andour minds

hingsoflife,literature

cienceandpoliticsand

ssgrowingsources of

haveceasedtocare to

oplayball. A w ise

stadultswhomhe

d todowhatevermost

d.

e llabouthow w egrow

n bestgetreadytobe so.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





gcreaturesdonot

alongtill someother

eatsthemup, ortillthe

dtheyfreeze.A fresh

yho ldstogether a

asyouplease while

fordays inordertobe

shisn ttough ne ither

erheardacookasking

keofgettingthem

hermanpreferringsmall

ebetter, theo lderand

als,beforetheyhatch

ft.A fterwardstheyall

utsomestopgrowing

hard andsomestop

togrowbig. Thefirst

onddonot.

hinkof it,aboutthe

are thefour-footed

birds.B uttherateat

resgrowoldmaybe.

humanbaby,andanew-

rnmouse.A lltheseare

ndallthreestartimme.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






wingold.B utwhile

hehumanbaby togrow

as atbirth,thepuppy

days whilethelittle

fourhoursdoublesits

endofitsfirst dayof

aslargeas atthebegin-

umanbaby , ifhe isvery

u nodoubt,myreader,

situpw ithoutapil low at

nnotw alk astep, andit

d. B utasi -monthspuppy

orunsawaymileswhen

familyovershoes,andis

nghis milkteeth.

grownuptobe aslarge

drenofhis ownand

isdy ingofoldage. The

eandmiddle-ageddog

child, j ustbeginning

meyearsfromlosingits

thechild isyoung,the

hasbecomeancient


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





tthe largeranimalslive

argeassi o re ightmen,

an firstvotes,andthe

muchsmallerthanthe

three,four, andfive

elephant,thoughttobe

ves nolongerthanwe.

crocodilesandshell-fish

therbeastsnorbirds

ngold,mayoutlive

ndmen.

e lengthbecausethere

sthedoggrow so ldmore

dthemangrows old

so somemengrowold(

omepeoplehaveused

atf if tyorsi ty some

workatseventyand

ywith ourselveswhich

a largenumbertomul-

ourpresentage,my

uptomiddle lif e . I nno

tochoosewhetheryou

urpresentagewiththe

randdonewith,orwith

hat,ingeneral,your


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






lingyouis rightand

ntributetotheone

ra ltheyarete ll ingyouis

myouto theother.

wthat somethingsare

wrong.Peoplehave

dfoundout,to their


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





l

to think how e tremelycon-

arents Mama

re ofthelittlechildren,

ls themstories,puts

whentheyare naughty

yaregood.I ndeed,you

llw ithoutMama. Neither

withoutDaddy.Daddy

tantasMama butifDaddy

yday, andearnmoney for

nd girls,wherewould

sand birthdayparties

from

masatall, butonly

ursetherewould beno

ksnor bigsistersnor

ouse. Therewouldbe

a lf themenw ouldhaveto

o takecareofthelittle

thentheirwork


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






therew ouldbenoendof

se if therew ereonly

orthenallthe Mamas

ork andevenw henthey

anurse, w hichI am

thebesto fnursesisn t

muchbetterasit is,

sandmothers,oneto

rtoworkat homeand

tisso muchbetterthan

all thelivingworldhas

eearsof cornwhichwe

mberandeatoffthe cob.

es fromtheshop,all

usks,with thelongsilk

t littlegirlsin the

air,andridiculouslittle

s.Theearisthe mother

pedsnuglyawayin the

.O rrathertheyare

rnplantsinside,almost

terandbeplantedand

achkernelofcornhas


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





o inedto itatoneend

rattheother.

erofthecorn.I ts

topof thesta lk . F rom

hangmanytinybrown

s agrainofrice, and

ssa

ll

butw ill

waysremainsmalllikethe

is t h e . . ,. , , .

attheend

scutof f o rthesilk pulled

napaperbag, thentheear

weetcorn,one finds

kernelonly,thatinsteadof

yellow.Thismeans

ghborhood,itmaybe

splantedafieldof

chwemakeintocorn


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






ecobbecause it isn t

pollen fromthisyellow

hewindandfallenon the

.Sothefather ofthat

ndits motherwhite,

ustasifaw hitew oman

anI ndian.

hesethingsdiffer-

tians,wholivedondates

ndwheat,usedtoplant

we plantorchardsofour

timewhenthe culti-

ossom,the E gyptian

othedesert,cutbranches

ichneverbore fruit,

onthru theirdate

wwhytheydid this.

omittedthe ceremony

rtheygotnofruit.W e

hedate-bearingpalmis

ew ildpa lmw hichdoesn t

The processionwith

ssimplybroughtin the

and,not totakeany

lleninthe sameflower.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





gonaccident andthe

her,arearrangedso

birds,inseekingfood,

me,few,however,like

pollenon separatetrees.

a l

rl ic)Phlo .

ed.

nmuchthe sameway.

n looseinthewater

tothe pollen,andwaves

youngseeds.The

ongesandsea-anemones

same.W hilethefemale

uceseggs assmallas

till finerpollen-dust,

m. I fonegra inof this

egg,the eggatonce


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






nganimal.O therwise

diesandthat istheend

eseconditions,the

ttingtogetherispretty

isenormous.Sothe

out,haveamuch better

salmon, fore ample ,

vehereggsamongthe

he malegoesalong

a idhereggsandgone

teandscattersmilt over

prettysuretogrow

o havefeweggsand

eonesmoreyolktol ive

world.

erdevice.Thesingle

yissupposedtoknow,lays

hentheq ueenisyoung

uststarting, sheanne es

spermtolasther the

tup inalittlesack.

negg,all shehastodo

eeze, pressouta litt leo f

egg growingintoanew

er,althothispractice


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ChangingShape,likeaDropof Water

sinH alvestoMakeTwoY oungO nes.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





verycommonamong

ndso universalamong

faraswecan see,at

ethickunderground

all. Y etweplant

actlyaswell. Many

asts,thebacteria,the

ter,andthelike,never

seedsoreggs.Thereis

n halves.Thereare

isthe parent

enplantlicewhich

summer,themalesall

fterthatthefemalesgo

atch morefemales

n andtwelvegener-

thercomesonand some

outmalesoncemore.

swellwheneachinsect

enit hastwo.

eenbee, ifw hile theeggis

thesack, thentheegg

hhastherefore,two

not,thentheegghatches

yone.Therearemany

sort,whichhavebeen


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






whichnobodyhasyet

stand.

verecentlycome to

inthecaseofmanysea

hins,shell-fishand

ekeptincommonsea

wayfromanymilt,

owup atall.B utifany

berofsubstancesis

salt,acids,and other

hey stillhaveonlyone

tothe propersortof

tasif theyhadtw o.

tery themostthatany

sarethere, butsome-

bsenceofsomething,

dsugar,salt,acid,or milt

aseof the landanimals,

nthe blood—foras

likethesea,andin

eit.

callyamostconvenient

bird, fore ample, isher-

sheis evergoingtolay

utsomethinginher

mgrowingbiggerthan


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





rowintopropereggs,that

untilthemotherbird

ildthenest,and tofeed

come,andsometimesto

them dogrowupand

birdstak ecareof them.

verygreatmystery ,

t yetcompletelyunder-

girlscanhardlye pect


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





veToB eL earned

avebeenlearning

wsomethingabout

fwhichall livingthings

thesoft partsofplants

lds foritselfthehard

whichare itssupports

lso,somethingabout

lorplant orhuman

leck of thislife - e lly ,

ranegg,and thenafull-

tree.We know,too,

kswhich buildthe

andsomethingofthe

gcreaturesandoldones.

wehavelearnedthatall

ot tobelookedat

estingoramusing but

ofscience,itis something

se ly. F orasw ecometo

arntodo andw hilew e


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





veToB eL earned

aboutlivingthings,we

utsomethingabout

arbeenlearningaboutour

nto astillmoreimpor-

arnsomethingabout

efound,areverymuch

imalsand evenof

dthatour mindsalso

ngthings.Perhapswe

ethingverydifferent

haveseenatleastone

eanasmallbabymere ly , one

witha pillowbehindits

uwhenyoulookin

areallittle baby,aweek

rnitsheadoveronthe

whereinparticular,and

pink,isasred asalittle

ssk inissovery thinthat

help outitspoorlittle

nd otherwatercreatures

ruthe skinalso.Y ou

mean if youhaven thad

sisters,theremustat


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





veToB eL earned

ungand small,infact,

odygaveusour first

notadayo ldthen and

noughto look atthesame

ce,butletthemstraggle

thing andtheotherat

genera llymi edupand

hofanything. B utw e

eshutourlittle

pperof ourbottle,and

mpumps.Thewater

throats,crossedover

ourthirstytummies.

ntinatour noses,down

ts,crossedovertothe

ind-pipes.B uttho

crosswiseofthesame

mistake,andopenedor

wrongfluid,soasto let

orthewaterintoour

nyouconsiderhow

hiswasthe firstdrink

lycleverofus.

hwearebornknowing

firsttimewithoutever,

s calledaninstinct.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






e,theseinstincts.

toababythat didn t

andcouldn ttak ea

p ofmilktillsomebody

nkingandshowedhimhow

trun downthewrong

herew ouldbemuchchance

ow ingup. Tobesure , the

helittle babygripso

a lly, isn tanyparticular

ong,longago,never-

rswerewildmenand

abyhad toclingtoits

he forestwiththewild

the littlebabycouldn t

ylikelytogeteatenup.

totheirmothers,while

gatree withboth

ho ldontothem, these

d thememoryofthat

neachlittlebaby sgrip.

antthat onereally

everthinkwhygirls

boysdonot Why , on

rowstones andgirls

ywithdolls,because


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





veToB eL earned

womenandhavereal

babieshavegot tobe

edandtendedand taken

k . A llthisisveryhard

dandtrying workas

sothatif yourow npar-

a naturalandinstinc-

babies,shewould not

htevery timeyoucried, no

yshe was.I ftaking

ustpla inw ork, tobe

orts ofworkaredone,

ntfor thebabies.So

abiesso muchthateven

heyliketoplayat taking

aultofrealones.B ut

tcount sotheydonot

abies-and-dollsinstinct.

anthrowthings,because

s(whichreally wasnot

menlived incitiesand

nlywayto getanything

hrowsomethingatan

, whentherewasa

bemostofthetime)

ewithspearsandswords,


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






elseusedtostrikeand

much thesamething

dthatfor agesupon

becamecivilized,while

eandtookcare ofthe

and threwthings.

girlsliketoplaywith dolls,

ish andw hyboyscan

an t.

the throwinginstinct.

emtolearnaswalking.

orthemlearningtothrow

alkonthehands.So we

andthrowing,the

ningeasy,thoit does

ceof practice.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






riesago, havespent

g,fishing,livinginhuts,

ndians. I ndiansthem-

ndiansa llthetime and

Christianera,ourown

sof northernE urope,

ndians, anddidlitt lee cept

ves. Whok now sbut

mnow,aftermenhave

hile,andbeengetting

andingatbenches or

boyswillthinkitgreat

k indoors Perhapsthey

wllbea longtimef irst

henhegetsold enough

)likesto playatgames.

egames,whenyou come

cket,hockey,tennis,

ow manymore, a ll invo lve

fw elik etothrow balls

rwild forebearsthrew

theirs,canyou notguess

hyweliketostrikeballs

mewildforebearshad

king thingswithclubs

hatourancestorshadto


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





nThings

dthrustandhack and

nimalsinthechaseor at

stwecandoit witha

eboy sdo lls. He

me e cellentreasonthat

erboylike toclimb,

shehaslivedin the

chance A boutthe

ssoonaswe learnedto

neareststairs,andtry

talittle older,wecannot

enceor ashedroofwith-

f it w hileasfortrees,

,issatisfieduntilhe has

eeintheneighbor-

untains,thatis oneof

s.So thereisaclimbing

hrowinginstinct anda

nstinct.

hofishedand hunted

livingprobablydid notdo

beforetheirday wehad

ncestorswhowere only

etrees andlongbefore

derancestorswhowere


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






larapeswhohadhanda

climblikemonkeys.

hetrees andinmemory

r, beforehe isq uiteo ld

games,ispossessedto

mbsalmostas surely

tthereasonwhya

phishands(the very

lddo underthecir-

uitecrazywithfear,

urroundings,remem-

fftimewhenthe tree-

mbingupout oftheway,

ginarybranchwhich

manythousandyears.

mypart, I be lieve it is.

wonderfulgripofthenew-

get itifnot byclimbing

otherwhenshefledwith

the reasonwhywe

sthatour apeances-

ncestors,andourwild

izedancestors,down

mewhenthe school


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





nThings

tnosmallpart oftheir

heirenemiesandthe

untingforfood,or else

whilesomeenemyorwild

.

nwho saythatthe

nswimming(wedolike

somesorto fdimwayw e

entforebearwholived

whoinshort,wasa

ngelse butswim.I

lf . Notthatw edidnot

theredoesn tseemtobe

utitall happenedso

doesn tseempossible

raceofthosedaysleft.

doavastnumberof

adto dowhetherthey

fyoucanthink ofany

you likebaseballand

nganddolls,I wishyou


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





k now w hyboysplaywithba lls

thdolls,letussee

ttensplaywithstrings

gons.

guessed.Thegrown

geta livingallorin part

They crouchcloseto

pontheirprey then

sj ustw hatthek itten

esmallob ectslowly

doesn tknowwhyit

.R eally,however,itis

eatures,asits ancestors

yfor amilliongener-

kittens.Theydon t

dstrings buttheylike

sandchewuptheir

hew ilddogs, andthe ir

go outaloneandhunt


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





do.Theygoinpacks

s,wildsheep,wild

hase,sometimes,fordays

gs,therefore,aretoo

py hechaseswagons,

rs,playingheis hunting

creepupcautiouslyona

enit. I nsteadhebark s

l therestofthepack.

thotherdogs,becausethe

animals andwhenhe

isplayingthatthe

d heisgnawingthe

the kittendonotknow

untingwhentheychase

s,anymore thanaboy

b treesorhita ballwith

r yourselvesthatthe

ayofpuppiesandthe

edifferencebetweenthe

untssmallcreatures

rownupdogwhohunts

y.

es,suchaswe com-

yingas puppiesand


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






o agreatdealmore.

nimalisw henitgrow sup,

o then,themoreplaying

restinggamesitplays,

coltsandlambsdo

tingly,becausewild

epdonotdomuche cept

omsomethingthat

. B utyoungs uirrels,

playatburyingnuts in

theirwintersupplyof

rs,keptaspetsin the

ayat buildingdamsof

as,acrosstheparlor

nomatterhowtamethe

playsat beingawild

beingawilddog,and

ngaw ildI ndian a ll

men havebeentamed

ortwhile,butranwild

eallplay,children,

s, andI don tk now how

es—andthat ismake-

thsticks andsnowballs

helittleanimalschaseone


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





dpretendto biteand

nner,asiftheywere

tanimalsdo haveto

mes over sodidmost

ewehad policemenand

dyhadtolookout forhim-

kittenisticklish in

atyouare Y oustrok ethe

rlegs, andit isaspleased

chita longthef ronto f the

f theneck,andatonce

handprotestits best.

etickledatall areticklish

da lltheseplaceshappento

rethe greatblood

ntvitalorgansarec lose

therefore,awound

whenlittle animals

dto biteoneanother,

t ickle . Theydon tlik e

nyoudo.Sothey

sh placesintheirplay,

rownupandfightin

ylearnednottoget


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ery. C hildShouldKnow

the bitewoulddomost

nstinctistoplayat

orshavebeendoingfor

nstinctinorderthathe

what hemustdowhen

ice indo ingit, andlearnto

smenbecomemore

vecontinuallytodo

,whiletheystill persist

e. That, I suppose, is

notliketowork.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






Sohepecksaway—

mesintoanew andvery

ckhasgotrestedand

hislegs,andbeginsto

catchessomesmall

oesaga in, andcatchesthebit

hetries,unerringly.

erntoputyourhandw here

oucouldn tsomuchasput

till youhadtriedmany

ornwiththepecking

ryfirstshot.

know w hattopeck at.

whateverchancestocatch

maybe,orsomething

oflightona bladeof

atandworthpeckingat,

ustatyoudo. N either

outdrinking.I nthe

saboutpeckingatallsorts

wdroponthe grassora

waterinhis drinking

tdrink andinthe

hat waterlookslike.

ickwillhappento


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





sandKittens

eingany reasonwhy-

aterj ustasw ellason

w verywetand

uthewill scrambleas

echick wereaduck,tho

gmoreaboutwater

kdoes,yetas soonashe

thatfeelingwouldstart

ndawayhe wouldgo,

tried aswellaseverhe

ldsitontheedgeofa

n oldduckbeforeever

ldmakehimwantto

rtsuponlywhenthe

itheraduck lingora

ea dishofwatertill

hey wouldtrytodrink,

tbypeckingat some-

ebottom.

esnottelltheanimal

imto doingsomething,

moreforhimself . I t is

ehaveaninstinctto

alk thesetakeusabout

orourselves.W ehave

butw ehaveto learnforour-


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






will bear,andthediffer-

woodwhichwillsnap

eads,and appletree

malsknowbyinstinct

thing. I tmaybehow

owtobuild anest,or

ature intheneck.

mpleact,thatwill

tart inlife.

playwithamouse

ochaseanysmallob ect

mit— spool,string,tail,

Thekittenseesthe

utthekittenwill not

themousekeepsstill.

eonthek itten sheadand

thekitten wouldnever

usedidnot trytorun

mouseruns, awaygoes

k ittentotormentthe

tthepoorf rightenedmouse

taway,andwhenit

non itagain.B utthe

tenchases themouse


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





sandKittens

ithita few moments then

artstorunagain. B ut

argeandroughcompared

or lateritis pretty

creature.Thenforthe

ersthat thereismeat

whatit thoughtonlyan

oodto eat.A fterthat,

ser.

ew ayw ithadog. His

telargethingsthat run

runfromadog, hewill

ngstartedrunning,heis

fyoupayno attention

y,anddo nothingto

thing-large-and-bite-it-

gwillbark,but willnot

siderablelengthdescrib-

curiousinstinctsofthe

w.Manyofthese,how-

elves,j ustbywatching

ppies,chicks,babiesand

they doalloftheir own

taught.

ncts, I k now ofnothing


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





sandKittens

Thebirdwhohasnever

buildtherightsizeand

uildit almostaswellas

gsinthenest. I don t

wtheygot there,andI

n tspendany timew onder-

caresfornowis tosit

ebitso f string, ha ir, moss,

medsovaluableinterest

deawhatthe eggsare

atheronedesire isto

mandsitthere j ustas

henyouare tiredand

olie downonsomething

steadofwantingto sit

motherbirdispossessedto

kingup thingstoeat

grylittle mouths.She

hatit isa llf o r. She j ust

edingherbabies,as at

gerforfeedingherself.

hehasn ttheslightestin-

hers,doesn tknowthem

like ly to f ightthemaw ay


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






yweretotalstrangers

-something-to-feed-the-

ts purposeandgone

notherinstinctistaking

e birdswillbeoff for

nter. N e tyearthey

toveragain.B uthow

hathappenedtheyear

sethingsthatI , among

ingtofindout.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





imals

andgirls tokeep

ardonthepets but

chhappinessoutoftheir

heylearnagreatdeal

besides.

etscould, I haveno

erfultalesofthe e tra-

sehorses,dogs,cats,

rots,rabbits,s uirrels,

dingtotheir nature,

urbackyards.Y ouwho

hemanne tdoorw ho

thewomanonthe other

rot,to learnthatanimals

orto fhuman, andif they

prove,aswe say,to

men.

atmanyanimalsare

couldeasily f i llthisw hole

gacity.A tthesame


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






raordinarilyignorant,and

rilystupid.A ndbecause

abundantstoriesof

oingtotellyou sundrytales

enthetwo,perhapswe

ce.

aboutmyow ndog, a

omI ,incommonwith

s uncommonlyintelli-

dogup, I usea lightcha in,

longtrolleywire

seandatree.This,by

iea dog,forthenhecan

ywireandthe lengthof

ot havetodragmuch

chain.V eryoften,how-

goutbeyondthe tree

ocome backagainon

f coursehecan tdo it,

thetrunk.N owwhat

ed upthatway,and

ouldn tw ork I amsure

seewhetheryouhadnot

dthe tree andwhen

uldrun roundtheother

urseyouwould,andyou


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






ndgethisdinner.F ifty-

npicked upthekeyand

monkeystoodtwofeet

movement—butthe

othissimpleact for

ourselfane periment

thewisestanimal

awide-mouthedbottle

y ), putinitapieceof f resh

bovetheheadofahungry

foodfirst thruthe

tleupright onthefloor,

etthemorselout.She

rkatalltheway you

be decidedlythebetter.

ndcoons,likecats,are

speciallycleverlittle

uta lwaysw ithananimal s

kind.Somebodywho

orecarefullythanthey

fore,reportsfactssuch

httoopenabo toget

o fastensw ithabolt,

topullthebolt andopen

orI coulddo it. The


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





imals

theothersideofthe

elybafflesthecoon,

lloveragain,andthat

ltyas whenhelearned

minguptothebo f rom

throwthebeast off,so

ngwhileoveradoor

ningwiththe greatest

nafood-bo w ithadoor

Theyoungestchild

atthelatch,lifted it

s food.B utitwastoo

ratchedandscrambled

o until inthev io lence

etopof thebo and

estoodonhisheadin

thea irw itha llf ourlegs

ncedtocatchonthe

he door.SoMr.Coon

gry, w hatdoeshedobut

nf ronto f thebo , and

gs,tillhe hitthelatch

ner.I nthecourseof

nlearnedtoputhis


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





imals

ofthe ratsransmash

anditactua lly took aslong

engthofthepassage

k tolearntheway

utwhenthepassagewas

heratsran theircus-

cewherethe sideopen-

turnedandbuttedintothe

meaftertime,andeven

rn attherightpoint

taslik ely tobuttthew all

ydidnotseemabletothink

strangestcaseforthe last.

wusedtomakea

wnerbecauseshewould

essshewereallowedall

neday theca lfdied

le,andno milkatall.

oodthew aysofcow s. He

f feditwithhay , andgave

milkingtime.Tobe

either headnorlegs

stbit l ikeaca lf—butitw as

thercowlickedit con-

ermilkas before.O ne


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






ntwascaressingher

shehappenedtounrip

assewedup. Thehay

rcow,withouttheslightest

ededtodevourthe

andneverleftoffuntilthe

disappeareddownher

hispracticeofgiv ingacow

sthe regularthingin

cattlearewilderthan

hata lik edev icehastobe

achcamelrefusestobe

eherlittle onetolick.

tomedto killandeat

e motheritsskin.This

butif they try topa lmoff

owsthe differenceat

vingcamel-calvesor

hercamelwill always

contentwithanyother.

erherheadoverthedif ference

ts deadskinlacking

stuffingstickingoutof

malsareasstupidabout

wiseabout others,


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





TheA nimals

mallotherliving creatures

themonk eyshave

re thetestofhumanity,

s we.N otinlacking

pigsandelephantshave

risitthatw ew alk on

hat,andthekangaroos.

n thefactthatwehave

eapesalsoareastail lessas

oucometothinkofit,

ails— insectsdonot,

sea anemonesandstar

s,nor frogsandtoads,

hebirds, unlessyoucount

havetailsthatone

beingsdo havetails|

nes,an inchormore

urskins.Thiscoccy

place whereithurtsso


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






owntoohardon apebble

hesyouin onelittlespot

ack bone. Whenthat

berthatthedifference

alsisnot altogetherin

e,too, mendohave

afinger,androundand

cebetweenourselves

theearthisneitherin

ortails,butin talking.

alscannot.

rrotscanta lk. O h, no ,

anspeak , inthesensethat

utthatisaq uitedifferent

eople,thotheycan-

tyinlearning totalk

otcan betaughtto

nces,evenpiecesof

erlearnstotalkabout the

din.N oparrot,for

labout theforestwhere

getothiscountry,nor

storebeforehewas

yw antsacrack er ; but

w anttogetoutof thiscageand


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





eA nimals

woparrotseveryettriedto

r.

hildren.Theytryto

heypick upwords

withoneanother and

hewordforsomething

akeoneup. Don tyou

hatyouandyourplay-

rpeopledonotknowthe

t, wehumanbeingshavea

asbirdshaveanest-building

ninstinctforhidingnuts

of robin seggs, hatch

feedthelittlebirdsby

e agrownupbird ora

twhenthepropertime

dnests,and takecareof

eyhadbeenbroughtup

ua lmanner. In thesame

toftinybabiesand

everheard awordof

thatwhenitbecame

wouldinventforthem-

th.I ndeed,some

nwhythere aresomany


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






world,hundreds* and

becauseatvarioustimes

all theoldpeopleofa

dren havingnooneto

tongue,havehadto

orthemselves.

blydo this.W hether

ngetalkinginstinct, or

n tanythinginparticular

groupofanimalshas

norhasanysingle

our humanspeech.A

adogcanunderstand

creaturee ceptourse lves

,andtalks.

erha lf rea lizew hatanadvan-

kistous, norhowutterly

outit.Supposefor

astrangecity . Youstop

usay" I w antto f ind

" Somanyblock supor

omany totherightorle f t ;

simpleq uestionsfrom

rightonyourdoorstep.

etslost. H ecannot

anheseesandsay, " I be long


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





eA nimals

nd-suchStreet tell

l lhecando isto look up

ndw hine andthatmay

a m l os t , o r " I a m h un g ry ,

or" The littleboy thatow ns

seandI w ishhe dhurry

I don tlik etheplacew here

there isahorridcattherethat

, andI w ishI couldgo

stead, or" I k now you

ket,becauseI cansmell

meat, andI w ishI w ere

dinnerinplaceofdog

ik e .

others likethem,the

essinprecisely thesame

rto guesswhichonehe

particular time.I n

hatadogcane pressare ,

a t I h a v en t g o t, " I a m

getsomethingI don tw ant,

oesn tlook out, there sgo ing

where inabouta

y think beyondthesesim-

muchtokeeptohimself.

how e tremelydif ficult


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






ng,lackingwordsto

nte llthecapitalso f the

vers ofA sia,orthe

sesomebodywhoknew

ndhesomebodyelse,

length filtereddown

notknowandwantto

msomebodywhodoes

ctlyorby lookingina

swrittenitdown.B ut

nlybyseeingthem for

findthemout, hehasno

g anythingaboutthem.

w aste ll ingyouabouta

theleastsurprisedwhen

hehayfellout.W hy

allcalvesarestuffedwith

oonerorla tertoripapart

mammas supper She

whatcalvesaremade

toknow,youwouldask.

ongtoschoo landasking

ettingthemanswered,as

tleast ahundredtimes

possiblylearn.I suppose


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





eA nimals

in oneplaceanddoing

ryday,learnsin ayear

knownabouthispar-

outnothingmoreallthe

forlessonssomething

wpeople,andvisit new

gstoeat, andnew

alwayshavethesame

gsto eat.Mostofthem

sometimesmakenew

nnottellthem anything.

mustbetherabbit shut

nfinedtoonepasture,the

age.Theydo thesame

naweektheyhavelearned

nottell timenorcount

tngre uirew ords. He

hing,norrememberany-

boutanythingin words.

ult,withoutwords,to do

nlearn,think,remem-

askq uestions,answer

ordstoworkwith.The

erefore,thewisestof


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





SpeechandThinking

only thatw ethink w ithour

tit isbynomeans

has twohalves,j ust

dyhas. I nfact, thetw o

nmorepreciselyalike

urthinkingwithone

rallyright-handed

gon theleftsideofthe

left-handed,wedoour

utw edonotuse

hebrain governsthe

ebody butthethink ing

.

ffairs isinsomeway

rpowerof speech.The

ords,dotheirthinking,

l lyonbothsidesof the ir

eryreasontobelievethat


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





SpeechandThinking

houlddoour thinking

inpartmak eoutthe

nt.L etussupposeyou

ongue,not totalkwith,

E achhalfofthebrain,

sthemusclesononesideof

aresayyouhavelongago

etoflongnervefibers,

es,connectseachmuscle

heoutersurfaceofthe

pposing,atbreakfast,

adandbutter. A tonce,

e telephonebywayof

nsideofthebrain,

,shallwechewand

half-braintelephonesback,

ndbytochew,onsignal

Theneachsideof thehead

dsays, " B readand

f themouth sha llchew

t o st a rt G o " A n d

hefaceworkingtogether.

otmeantosay thatthis

ytime youattemptto

esbothsidesof thebody to


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






ess,somethinglikethia

knowhowatinybaby

mepoint withbotheyes

addling off,onelooking

r.I ttakessomedays

baby sbra into learnto

ohandletheir twoeyes

yact thatusestwo

ndononesideof the

er.Thetwohalvesof

sstooneanother,along

unback andforth

hatthe actionsofthe

ykeeptogether.Y oucan

ofthebrain triedtoopen

etheothersidewas

ldprobablyhaveto

rbreakfast.

rainhalveshavebeen

ars,growingup

e,theylearn towork

gnalingbackandforth

wearemerelyeating,

ow,theprocessgoeson

sa differentmatter.

teentothe dozen,iust


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





SpeechandThinking

everyseveralletterof

rdemandsatleast one

eor lipsorthroat,and

twohalvesof the

eanotherup andsay,

pointo f startingtosay ' t*

.A reyoureadywith

a m g oi n g to t u ck o n a n vh .

rside " " N ow goahead

I t w ou ld n t d o at a ll . I t s

o gettalkingdone.So

side ofthebrainhas

alking forthis,one

bothsidesofthe mouth.

sidesof thebrainarein

the verysamemuscles

neside ofthebrainonly.

h bothhands,wesignal

halvesofthebrain.B ut

hboth hands,thesame

argeofboth. I am,

e-writer,andwritingwith

fofmy brain,however,

he otherhalfsimply

side,anddoesn tmeddle.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






pw rit ingandstarttoputmy

heotherhalf-brain

ak escareof itsside . If I

d, sothatI hadtodoa ll

writingsideofmy

writing,whiletheother

gesmylefthandwould

eseveryspecial,com-

sks,like talking,writing,

ngthe type-writer,are

ain.Theslowandeasy

odonote itherta lk orwrite

s,theyusethe two


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





R i g h t- H a n d ed

k ingw ithonesideof thebra in

whatintimately

e oughttoalways,we

wespeak whilemuch

wholethemostimpor-

overwordstoour-

,gosooften together,

nveniencetogetthe

de oftheheadonly,and

speech. I tm ighthave

happentobethe lef t. One

thanwhythe heart

andtheliveron theright,

urlonewayandsomethe

sthe le f tside .

w hetheryouhaveyetbeen

ology,ifyou havenot

thenerveswhichrun

partsofthebody,cross


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






mtheoneonwhich they

fthebraincontrols

w hilethe le f tsideof the

ofthebody.

oneonthe lef tsideof

ct moreq uicklyonthe

herighthand messages

along thenerves,

foreweareright-

rebornwiththe

tisca lled, ontherightside

hele f t. F orsuchper-

stothel efthand.These

yleft-handed.The

weenaright-handedand

so muchinthesideof

avelearnedto act,as

hwhichtheyhave

animals,whothinkon

ther forefoote ually

or left-handed.

thebrainhasanother

rstop tothinkwhya

swithhisleftside tothe

ofahorsesitsontheright


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ight-Handed

rw hy theengineerofa

sideofthecab,altho

usehislefthand forthe

yyousightagunorlook

righteye O rw hyyou

handonthestring

hissameone-sidedspeech

ght-handed ithas

ethinkmuchin

much abouthowthings

uick lyconcerningmes-

ethinkingsideofthe

omtherighteye, sincethe

mthehand,cross sideson

nd speechandthought

hehead andsightand

neanothermost

eyed,westandtobat,or

owor telescope,inthe

sight tothebettereye.

eft-handedpeopleare

reaswesay,ambide -

bothhandsaboute ua lly

sdo. Nobody , however, is

rous.Sometimestheam-


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






ohavehurt therighthand,

eleft.Moreoftenthey

handedwhohavebeen

ndmorethanisnatural

right-handed,thoof

ustasleft-handedatever,

andwillchangeover the

eambide ters, oddly

nin ury tothesighto f

right-handedtobegin

eywereleft-handed.

en toworktogetherand

ndstouse thehandon

evenwhenthatisthe

e ce llentplanto learn

ua llywellone ithersideof

nd,fine workand

workhadbetterbe done

mostnaturally.This

eaking,memory,and

,ononesideofthe head,

eadofscatteringthem

sideof thebody,some


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





hink ing

k on l y on t h e le f t si d e of o u r he a ds —

normal right-

nyreasonwehave got

de, thatw ill, asI have

tinmakingusleft-handed.

ho leofevenonesideof

wn,wedonotthink at

ehead.A llourspeak-

ngaredonefromaspot

heeldollar,whichlies

ustabovethe le ftear. A t

hisparticularparto four

oourabilityto think

bowon thetableand

d,your handj ustabout

he brainwithwhich

ata ll w hileonlyw ith

nderthemiddleofthe

said, aboutthesizeofa


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






rilythinkvery much

ofthebrainlies on

aboutasthick thruasthe

ngplace inthebrain

ertheear,aplace that

your thumb,liesthe

he placewherewe

rds.A tthebottomof

berhowwordssound.

owardtheback,we

kinprint.A little

the " speechcenter,

ttotalk,wedirect the

y.Thuswegetour

eeing,andourword-

ether,sothatwhen

and handyourmemory

words,andofwhatwe

erewerememberwords,

stheplace wherewe

hicharenotwords,such

whistles,barkingofdogs,

sand creakingsand

aughingandcrying.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





nk ing

chisn te itherwordsor

memberedhere.B e-

forwardanddown,and

ofthecheek-bone,isthe

rmusic. I fw edon tk now

ncan tte llY ank ee

dred, thenw edon tusethis

asallhisthinkingspots onthe

utifw edok now one

owagoodmanyto

earthem,hereis where

partofthe thinking

wellroundto theback

whereweremember


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






ptwordswrittenorin

peakingpartofthebrain,

chwecontrol themouth,

hichweusein speaking,

which wemanageother

umighte pect, ne tthe

er fortherestof the

eyes.A bovethat

andandarm.Still

pofthehead,comesthe

eneverwedoanything

wehavetosignalthe

artof thebrainthatlies

andthetopof thehead.

thespotwherewefeel

eskin sothatwecan

eeltheresultsmost

ofthebrainis asort

rebody.E verymuscle,

eyes,theears,thenose,

organwhichwepossess,

nthesurfaceofthe brain,

ndtheear.E achhalfof

esideofthebrain,a

ntheother. B utw ew ho


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





nk ing

othinkandremember

hearandfeelwith, and

echosento dothis

gwiththespotonthe

correspondstothe

outhandtongue,andto

righthand.Thuswe

nt,allinonesmallspot

wherewecangetat

ouble.B utwhatthe

r,issomethingthat

t.

tsfollowfromthis

nlyonesideof thebrain

peakwith andusing

hinkingandremem-

softhings.O nceupon

manwhowashithard

n theleftsideof his

wardtheback,and j ust

havee pla ined, arestored

ngsseen.H eseemednot

w henhisw ifecametoseehim

knowher.N eitherdid

hisf riends. I nfact, he

eywerehumanbeings.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






ememoryof everything

spokeheknewherat

ofanyfamiliarthing he

ewhile,hecould seeper-

emainedasgoodas ever,

emberthathehadever

inseeing,hec oulddo

d andthe le ftsidebeing

er.B uttheremem-

esamethingbefore,he

andw henhecouldno

uldnotdo itata ll. Yet

the feelingofthings

er becausetheplacesw here

mberingwerenotunder

.A ndthemomentthe

er ofbonethatwas

gsspot,thenhe remem-

ds,everythingasbefore.

chlike thefirst,andyet

ducatedwoman,some-

entto bedatnightin

enight,however,a

ndformedatinyblood

erbrain,aboutan inch


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





nk ing

ere , asI havebeente ll ing,

ouldn trememberhis

had, inshort,asort of

onthespotthatshehad

arsandmoretoremember

ng,therefore,totally

rd.Shecouldseeas well

ctlyeverywordsaidto

uttheleast difficulty—

ead.Giveheraprinted

etters ineveryword,

hich weretall,short,

eminfactj ustasw ellas

rknewwhattheymeant.

hehadneverlearnedtoreadat

o ldto learnaga in, she

slongas shelived.

whichis solittle

everyonewhoreadsthis

slif eseeane ampleof it .

dvesselburstson the

recksthespeechcenter.

ppens,immediately

hebloodclotissmall, so

centerandnothingelse.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






cidentcanread and

standallthat issaidto

hecanmakeanysound

peatparrot-likeany

thecannotrememberthe

preciselylikea mansud-

gncountrywherethey

neverheard.H isown

mlikeChinese.

aksofthese accidents

dabovethe le f tear. O ne

twhilehe canhear

onlyasnoise,andno

s.H ehasbeenhit low

spotwherehekeepshis

r,hurtalittlehigher up,

but cannottellafactory

otthattheysound

ttenw hichiswhich. Occa-

ngraver,orotherskilled

ryw elluponthesideofhis

ichhemanageshis

l hisspecialskillof

srighthandfor ordinary

vellingcoal butthe

ingsisgone.H ehas


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





nk ing

whohas neverlearneda

abusinessmanwho

erhisword-thinkingspot,

o thatwhileitruined

placewherehekepthis

tedwords,his memory

caped.H ecouldneither

aw ord buthecould

tohim.Curiously

guresaswell asever,for

potandthefigure-writing

venyears thisman

veryletterhadtobe

coulddo inansw erw asto

ntto them.Meanwhile,

ntly,tryingto learnto

her sideofhisbrain.

an,whoin additionto

wasE nglish,knew

nch, andcouldbesidesread

,hecould readhis

hegreatestdifficulty,

ore ightwhocanmakeout

ilewriting,hecould


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





nk ing

mberwiththeother

utassoonas anyone

rnanythingnew,then

thingoveragainon

havetogotoschool

nahardseat studying

ouwouldmuchrather

ming I t issothatyou

gspots inyourbrains.

ke theanimals,alikeon

painfully,withmuch

k,thatwehada greatdeal

ufactureaone-sided

oung,whilethebrainis

ndyearsof workand

hinkingspotsoverour

usetherestof ourdays.

ecan nomoreformnew

of ourheads,thanwe

eson theotherside,

n destroyed.The

bility toread,never

e workedatitsi

deverstudied.I fhe


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






dtillhisold age,he

tall.

methatw esitonapiano

cing,and mightylittle

berthatall thewhile,we

ndharmonyremem-

fthel efttemple,andtying

uponthe sideofhead

rhandsandfingers.I t

oncew egetthe j obdone,

yandremembermusic

ives—forty , fif ty , si ty

enoughat thepriceof

asifw ewerebornlik ea

body,andlegs,butno

r handsforourselves.

ch acase,buildingour

bs,andineveryway

rt ofhandstousethere-

ethinkof anycareless

rtwo,orwastoo lazy

andsohadto be

herest ofhislife.

esus differentfrom

alf somuchourhands, as


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





nk ing

ancewhichwe build

ars. Thisspotlooks

tonthe otherside.B ut

yknowsj usthow,our

hard makethatpar-

ntforus thananything

fw efa iltobuildgood

young,weshall be

therest ofourlivesJ


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





nimalsDoTheir

agetoustobring

mallspot,where

rythingelse.I tis,in

nientlittlekitchensthey

s,wherethe cookcan

nd kettle,cupboard,

n,pantry,chinacloset,

feet orhardlyeven

nttounderstandhow

nsiderthecase ofsome

nowordsto thinkwith,

memberingandthink-

atseveraldifferent

ies.

esea-anemone,suchas

nthesalt-waterpools,

t.B eautifulcreatures

ckmuscularbodies,and

oryellowtentacles,a


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





imalsDoTheirThink ing

ometimes,likethe

oumustbecareful notto

fyoudo,sometimesif

adowfallacrosshim,in

oseprettytentacle-

pof toughj e lly, a lmostas

teresting,thanhalf a

ouw illhavetositandw ait

appen,onlyit never

kesyoucomeinand

ful,youcanbegin to

hbits ofmeatorfish.

none ofthetentacles,

thetentaclesnearby

r andover,until

y,hewillget itintothe

mouthis.Thenhe


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






andw ork it in. I n

sea-anemone shands

dshimselfclumsilyenough,

ementq uicklyorcer-

pwhenheis frightened.

lthe littleanimalby

shell, orwood,or

snot food,youwillsoon

anhelooks.These

t,he simplyletsfall

und.B utrealfoodhe

lheswellsup andup

sgoingtoburst,only

ime, if youdonotgettired

akethefoodmoreand

lrefuseit altogether.

the sea-anemonewith

he meatagainstblotting

oaksupthe j uice , andthen

meswithrealmeat,some-

ndmeattaste,at first

ualavidity,not

fference.A fterahalf

willbeginto takeinthe

essrapidlythanthe

take thepaperwith


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






untilaftersometwenty

owsthemeatasbefore,

paperata ll. Hehas

avetakenpainstooffer

ontothesametentacle,

hallhavestuffedthe

fnow,afterthepolyphas

ncebetweenmeatand

mouth,youtryfeeding

eotherside,youwill

knowsnothingwhatever

eningonthe other.The

edtotakemeatandleave

dy,stilltakesthem

ditw illtak e j ustaslong

thesecondsideasit has

thefirst.

behaviorissimple.

dofdoingtheremem-

ll inonespot,as wedo,

fbrainwhichcircles the

handthebaseof the

memberingforeachten-

hetentacleitself.E ach

methingofwhathashap-


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






essofwhat hashap-

bor, st i ll lessof thosebe-

atall ofwhathas

clearover" ontheother

bering,however,the

especiallywell.A fter

paper-meatlesson

ll thedifferencestraight

dayhehasasthoro ly

itoncemoreonthesec-

etelyhaveunlearnedit

lswallowpaperand

ho dotheirthinking

.N owweshallseewhat

tries todohis thinking

edtheinfusoriawhich

the waterofditches

dedlysmallanimals,

gerthanapinhead and

, theyareremark able inthat

onesinglece ll. Mosto f

thatis,theygoaboutas

saf ishdoes butsome


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






thoeventhese can

geand floatawaytoa

d onstillsmaller

vertheless,theydonot

ght,hearing,taste,or

rian,lookingaboutin

assrightbya massof

edhim therestofhis

,much

w illsw imsocloseas

gground,yet keep

ingorpausing,as ifit

t instant, hemayrun

ew hichisn tgoodto

ownforthwith.I n

swallowswhatever

I f thishappenstobe

thebetter. I f ithappens

r afleckofshell,down


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






the infusoriandoesn tk now

mmingstraightahead,

olarge toswallow,it

e tooneside,andgoes

ertakesanypains to

will dothemostgood,

rnsenoughtodoany

taslike ly , hav ingrun

dofsomeob ect, to turn

sothathehitsitne ttime

e backsoffoncemore,

ead.Perhapsthistakes

sthe obstructionagainat

tfirst.Thenhetries

n thecourseoftime,

ylittlemachine,made

ngitbacksoff,turns

dagain.I foneisvery

menwhostudycreatures

onecantakea slender

orianon thefrontend—

Thereuponhestops,

ad.Touchhimon his

ks,turns,andgoes ahead.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






ncemore,hestops,

edlewhichis pricking

ead.Tryheatingthe

fusorianfeelsuncomfort-

s,turns,goesahead.

cess.A ddtothe

reaturenotices,acid

meoldstop, back,turn,

ene tgo-aheadsendshim

cidandburnshimup.

efore,everythingthat

fee lstohime actly like

terwhatitis hefeels,

dyhefeelsit, healways

way.I tis,moreover,

eseanimalseverlearns

thing,orin anyother

doanythingwhichhe

thefirstinstantof his


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





sdonotrea llyk now any-

wisely andthat

dasknowing,andoften

tle pinetreesgrowingin

eysendupa" leading

ng, stra ightupintothe

hemaintrunk.E ach

herethe trunkended

tsout awhorloflittle

o ofthem,someof

methemainlimbs. I t

irsandspruces. I f you

wingoutof doors,youhave

stmastreesinthehouse.

owin thepasture,

ong andeatsoffthetop

nyleadingshootto grow

esthetreedo then,but

anchesfromtheupper-


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






teadofone andaf ter

etrunk.Sometimes,too,

eakbut stillalive,a

ndif the leaderrecovers

yagain,there willbe

butinsuchacase, one

while theotherstarts

esometimesmakesa

do. B utita lmostnevef

tohavethreebranches

farasnumbersgo, it

antsseem tounder-

weenupand down.A t

mistakeofsendingtheir

stemsdown.Y ou

sinsidethebean,with

emandleavestucked

twobigseed-leaves

n.Y oumayplantthe

tside uporwrongside

therootdown,orthe

putthebeanflaton

epositionfora while

rnitovertoanother. I t

youdo thatlittlestem


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





wup,and thelittleroot

wayandgrowdown,tho

yroundthebeantodo

gdoestellwhichfrom

doestheplantgrow up

useupistowardthe

sly settled. I fw eplant

arthin solidly,puta

keeptheearthfrom

epotupsidedown3

rowupit willhaveto

ndif itwantsto

llhavetogrowdown.

ethertheplantgoesby

p-and-downness.

enearlyallplantsare

ngseedlingsj ustgetting

equestionofupand

mportant.Soaseed

pot,willgrowits stem

tsdownwardintothe

upfromdown,as

wouldnotbeable to

piiitothe air.B esides,


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






uprooted,andyet

runkwhichgrowsafter

inuethe directionofthe

and growsstraightup.

hingalmostanywherein

nowswhichwaythe

only,aseverybodyia

ntgrowstowardthe

g aboutitisthat some

sgrowawayfromthe

ofthe strawbeny

thelight butwhenthey

ir ends,thenthey

helightlike other

yvinesalso,always

whilethe leavesand,

t.Thereasonis that

helight,theyturnback

nkorwallortrellis

to knowtwothings,

fusorianthatknowsonly


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






onmillions,inthe

ersthesandand stones

nd ponds.Theseare

gplants buttheyhave

d swimaboutfreely—

allitis ananimal.Then

emoulds, w hichatsome

commonpuff-balls,and

oasof tj e lly , andcraw l

ochangebackintoa

ynoendtotheanimal-

plants,forafterall,

ooddealalike.Tobe

nydif f iculty inte llingacow

t isbecauseacowis a

nmal, andanappletree is

plant. B utthesimpler

stemnortwigsnor

es,andthe simpler

erheadsnorlegsnor

s,are naturallynot

eanotheras appletrees

ucometothevery

tures,thedistinction

rdlyworthcounting,


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ks,andsomeplants

plantsare noteven

re. O nce inaw hile , you

edescribedas ananimal

tinanother.

e llyouabouttheanimal-

whichweseemorecom-

ndshrubsand bushes,

the like.

owardthelight. They

hat. When ahouse-

me atawindow,inthe

asyouknow,isset to

uchsunshineas

surfaceofeach.B utif

thattheleavesface

aday ortwo,every

editselfroundtoward

antcan moveits

animalcanmoveits

ymuchmoreslowly.

noutofdoors,can wag

epupwiththesun.

sunflower,notsomuch

ikethesun, asbecause,

bendsitstipover


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





heclimbing vines,the

es,woodbines,andthe

es andtrellisesonwhich

gcomesoutof theground

yfromthenearestsupport.

, ithasgrow nstra ightforthe

b.

stofinditsway.

stcomesout ofthe

likeanyplant.Pretty

aslendervine,it begins

tbeginsto sweepits

hop andhoneysuckle

morning-glorytoward

owslonger,the circle

s outfartherandfarther

engthit doesswing

, itstillkeepson wind-

row,windsitselfup

po le isnothighenough,

againsweepsitslong

atchessomethingelse

vinefindsitssupport

eachedthetopofthat

er, almostasif itcouldsee


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





oahead e ceptthat

animalswims.

allthesoft,green,

recontinuallypushing

ting,turningand

ementisgenerallysovery

mak eitoutata ll. Y et

it iveplants w hichwhen

orcooled,roughlyhan-

tanyother waymadeto

duptheirleavesor

vesomesorto f slow j ump

ythingisdonetothem.

thcold,put tosleep

revivedbywaterwhen

euncertainofmovement

heir roots allofcourse,

under thesamecircum-

emorefeeblywhenthey

pmovingwhentheyare

erysluggishanimal,

bo , sothatonly the

tsstickoutwherewecan

w,however,thatallthe


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






oes move,thowecannot

besure,theplant

leafwillturnwhena

rit butif somebody

tche ua llynearyour

besomethinglikefour

.N evertheless,someof

ta bitmorerapidof

ckestplants.Thefigtree

, fore ample, aree ua lly

etouched,but move

theturningoftheplants

thatis, afterall,the

hichwehaveall seen

sthattheleaf turns,

ontheleafitself,but

thestem. I fw ecoverthe

elightfall onthestem,

butifw eshadethestem

ered,thentheleaf will

re isa j o intinthestem

ace,as inthecloverleaf,

antdoesits seeing.

theleaf,coverthatspot


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





butcovereverything

before.

wardwhichtheplant

Darwin,whowas one

ttercarefully,hada

a longwhileinthedark,

face asmalllamp

ftheso-called" sensitive

towarda candleten

chsight ofit.

,theleafwillmovein

nsteadof lettinglight

lt onit,orbrings ahot

ves,tendrils,andother

owardaredhotwire

rnedtodeath.So the

ethe infusorian. I tcan

nera lly right butitdoes

same, evenw henthatisthe

d do.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





fA nimals

owenoughtodotwo

wnwithstemor root,

htorawayfromit. This

nowing,isaboutallthey

o ingtote llyouaboutsome

enotmuchbetteroff

know upanddow n, and

nlight,and know

whichdoesnot know

ereveritappears,it

atingeverygreenleaf

mid-summerasforlorn

time.A greattreethat

to grow,theprogeny

e.

rcousinsthegolden-

ersortsof moths,lay

merandearlyfall.The

hat sameseason,grow


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ofA nimals

uarterinchlong,andspend

enestwhichtheyspin

esa silk-wormora

vingeatennothing all

,crawlto theendsofthe

evourthenewleaves.

rm,nobiggerroundthan

inthemidstof agreat

buttoughbarkwhichit

t placethatthereare

e,andhowinthe second

tothetipsof thetwigs

heansw eris, thatit

illarknowsno more

e waytothemthan

simplybuilt l ik eatree,

sitsnest,it alwaysturns

asachoicebetween

wardthelight.

rns upandtoward

ntwould, andw ithnomore

s,and nomoreidea

ourse,crawlingupand

ater bringsittothe

whereits foodis.

byputtingtheyoung


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






oraw ide-mouthedj ar.

nonthetablew iththe

dow,everycaterpillar

d,andneveraone will

ghtto theopenend

tneedanycover the light

B utturnthe j arround,

ow,andsoontherewill

.

aterpillarsareatthe

wardthewindow,youtake

etreeon whichyou

theseare presumablythe

mintheopenend ofthe

w.Thelittlecaterpillars

theyallstarveto

willturn roundand

owardits dinner.They

na plant,whichcanat

dwater,nomatterhow

la ined, thecaterpil la rsmust

escapef romanopenj ar

thercantheyescape

edmouthup becausew hen

ejar, inordertogo


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





inL ateSummerandEarlyF a ll.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ofA nimals

ddownto crawldown

notcrawlheaddown

oreover,ifyou put

arw hiletheyareatthe

ownto getit.They

dtheydo nothave

kwards.

sdifferencebetween

ftheplantgrowsup and

l, itdoessoa lw ays but

ature,and afterithas

fed, thentheimpulse

ward,isno longeruse-

uredisappears.

ars keepthesewilly-

fullgrown.O ur

common—tent-caterpil-

ts tentduringthewarm

etipsof thebranches

thecoolof theevening

o itstent. I nnosense,

s food,knowingwhat

part oftheday,it

tstem,headup, and

up, andithastocraw l.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ofA nimals

msofmothscollect

estreets,flyintolighted

ndowsintheevening,

mp,or ifthelight

thanuncoveredflame,

emothiscurious,

htis. B uthe isn t any

ustolookoutof the

g oninthestreet.B oth

ebrightestlight. The

rdthelight,whenhe

heleafcouldf ly, ita lso

d beburned.

yflyinto thelampis

lyinsectsthatflyat all

mostotherwinged

thebrightestlight.So

mall animals,snailsand

gs,earthworms,leeches,

efishesj usthatchedout

shesandall thelarger

ers,havemoresense.

andturn anywaythey

eotherhand,are like


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






eadaccordingto the

romit, andsomoveto-

nfact, it isratherthe

beforeitgetsitswings,

urnawayfromthe

aterafterit getsits

ofall isthatsome

arilyheadawayfrom

eadtowardit,assoon

he water.A lcohol,even

inarysalt,hasthe same

eranimalswhichnor-

tinto slightlyfresher

the light.A llof

urehimselfhasn tmuch

probablydoesn tknow

ymorethanif itwere

animal,towardthe

down,theheading

andthenecessityfor

ornersof manyinsects

allthese arecalled

smerely theGreek w ord

ename,becausewe


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ofA nimals

peech,ifwewantto

tohave anameforit

mindsto takeholdof.

rioussortsof living

metthusfar inthisbook,

uchthesamesort of

uitedifferentsortso f

youknow,havereason,

ng,andinstinct.The

s,dogsandcatsand

so intelligence,feeling

rydifferentfromour-

ts,and thevarious

esomeintelligence,some

cts andbesidesthese,

simplestanimalsofall,

erintelligencenor

ndtropisms.

ntsand animalsalike,

a lreadye pla inedsomething

ms andtoldyou,ifnot

reason,atleast some-

I sha lltellyousome-

whichalllivingthings

s feeling.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





O therF ive

A L L Y , o f c ou rs e, w eh av e fi ve

uch,tasteand smell.

hatw eare" f rightenedout

sif thereweresevenandnot

ofourdifferentwaysof

seven,asweshallnow

orourselves.

eof,thetraditionalfive.

netotel uswhat" our

for northatwetaste

talkandeat,northat

eoverour sk ins. A sto

n tthink w ealw aysrea lize

oftouchis1 confinedto

e ample , w efeelonthe

hebrainitselfcanbepinched,

maltreated,andwenot

pinprickonafingertip.

ewyearsago,when

s todoasyou havenow,


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





therF ive

fbywhirling rapidly

youweredizzyand

orafewmoments,ortill

ther direction,youlost

pness youdidn tk now

fyouhadbeenwhirling

probablyfell down

pagain. Whenyoudance,

andbyyouget giddy,

attheedges,and you

ichwayis down.

eyes,becauseweget

ereallyhaveasense

eithersight,hearing,

butasi thsense. I ts

nerear,the so-called

, nothow thingslook or

eel,butwhetherwe

Too muchwhirling

il ibrium, j ustastoobright

rtoolouda soundstuns

mwithhis headcutoff5

eisaslikely asnotto

ses.L etusseeif wecan

eyouaresoundasleep


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






ssturningoverin bed,

uare ly inginquitea

tinwhichyou wentto

embernothingofwhat

youawakeinthemorn-

oureyes,you cantell

eryarm,leg,or finger.

ucheachj o intisbent. Y ou

wheretheseveralparts

snoneof thesi senses

heretofore.

yes,andletsomeother

rintoanotherposition,

all thewhilej ustwhere

playingshort-stop,and

oureyeison theball,

e butyourhandsdrop,

ourkneessink, allto

o bringyourhands

veamostaccuratesense

hoyou neitherseenor

orsmellthem.A piano

muscularsense,when

boardheskipsunerr-

other,nevergoingtoofar

nfact,thismuscular


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





therF ive

mostaccurateofall our

ckof dustmuchtoosmall

edtousingamicroscopeor

makea movementwith

twentiethpartofthe

sa gooddealsmaller

yecanpossiblysee.

its name,thismus-

y inthemuscles.Still

pendonthe j o ints. We

vertheother,that

utw ek now w ithe tra -

how farthe j o inthas

tisatanymoment.

nses now fornumber

toosharp,atooth-pick

dpencil, andtouchthe

thehandor onthefore-

oufeel,ofcourse,the

nteverso little,bythe

n,andtouchagain.Y ou

chas before.Continue

ouhavetried twenty

era spotwherethe

nshort,somepoints

hich istheordinary


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






rpointsfeelcold,which

hthsense,andnottouch

,thesenseofheat.I f

d,andnotice very

pots,j ustasyoufound

earemuchharder to

bablynotbeableto

d intheskinbesides

nseofpain.Thotobe

dyfeelpainalso— the

nwehaverheumatism,and

etooth ache.Painis

ce itfeelsverydifferent,

t isquitepossibleto lose

er.I ncertaindiseases

senseof touchremains

paincompletelydis-

hed,cut, burned,inthe

thetouchof fingersor

notfeeltheslightest

gis true,afteronehas

ther orchloroform

necanfee ltouchesbutone


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





therF ive

wonderfulblessingitis

yofyouhaveeverheard

nyouwhenyougot

ad tohavesomething

ormouth.(O nlyyou

e, intw osy llables, asmany

nprint,but" co-ca-in,

ise tractedf romcoca

coca, w iththe" in

tropin,protein,andthe

d medicines).Cocain,

commonsalt,buta

ter,placedanywhere

ksthrutotheends ofthe

sor so,putsanendto

w eapplycocaintothe

trength,it takesaway

pain,whileitleavesthe

d thesenseoftouch.

andfee lthebite , yetit

rophot syruponit,taste

e ltheburn. B utifw e

ronger,thenwhenthe

ith it.O necanfeel

tcannottell sugarfrom


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






rongacid, tho itburneda

eithertaste sournor

eofthe drugsuspends

ndtouchalike.

sef romtouch, j ustas

s,ifyoutakeasharp pin

losetogether,muchas

ld spots,takingpains

chtime, youw illbepretty

nts wheretheprick

urtsthethicknessof

e,is apainspot.

lyfeelthepainat all.

coldspots,hotspots,

s,fromtwo tothree

therearefinehairson the

pots,is theendofa

ealittle bushorending

htheshapeof afootball.

ees, butdoesn thear, andthe

ee, soeachof thesenerve

rcold, orheat,or

em.

w ethen A tleastten,

al five.B esidesthese

,which arecertainly


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





heO therF ive

hearing,touchnorany

hatpeculiarlyun-

mestousafter wehave

or havebeenrocked

thedeep,thesensation,

sick ness ornausea. This

ereareseveralmorein

ess vagueaffairs,which

lywhatisgoing on

wmanysenseswereally

say thatw ehadbetterca ll it

welldennedsortsof

is goingonoutsideour

atiswhatsensesarefor.

earing,touch,taste,

uilibrium,andthe

thesehasi tsownspecial

betweentwobones,orlittle

ack edanyoneof these(as

)therewouldbesome-

tforustoknow,but

possibleforus tofind


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





uaboutthewonderful

bouthowitworks.

dsomethingaboutit

siology,youwillget

eforeyouget thruthe

mostlyaboutthings

hool.

ousomethingabouthow

outfromthesideof the

ntoformacup andhow

thenervousportionof

herefore,thoit lines

f thebra in andhow

er,in awaythat

suptheimageofthe

alongtheopticnerves

chliesabovethe ear

ck of thehead. I think

pticnervescross over,

ernervesdo, sothatthe le f t


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





deofthebrain,and the

ftside.Y ouknowalso

reportsgetturned

brain,andremembered

seewithbothsidesof the

wehaveseenwithone

s,therearevarious

whichonecanmakeout

neoftheseis thereflec-

eye.Y ouknow,ifyou

daytime,ortryto look

or lookintoaglass

watch,orin general,

atwater,whenitis

ison theother,instead

rly,youseereflections

with theglassyfront

otherperson seye, orinto

youseereflections

wnhead,oranybright

obeableto f indthree

pot.The largest,which

hereflectionfromthe

yewhichcoverstheentire


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






call oureyesblueor

I fyoulookcarefully,

e abletogeta still

mthefrontsurface

chliesj ustbehindthe

nterofthecoloredcur-

ghtsideup.B utthere

de down,whichisthe

ksideofthis sameeye

nget alsobylooking

s,or bylookingintothe

srea llya little liv ing

picture lik ethatina

wn,atthebackwherethe

ffilmsgoesina kodac.

icture atthebackofan

hatismore, peoplehave

enseofano ' seye, and

as ifitwerea lensof

ible , thotheprocessis

eano ' seyef romthe

inthedark , le tit look

ght,andthenby treating

als, actua lly to f i onthe

ateorf i lm , the lastob ect


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





s adarkpigmentinthe

ple,whichchanges

rmstheimage.

picturegetstothemindis

uestion, I amsorry tosay ,

heranswer.W edo

earenerveendingsinthe

spots,coldspots,touch

eskin,onlyofcourse

r.Probablythereare

dspots,greenspots,and

esonecolor andbycom-

ortsofways,webuild

swhichwesee. Stillit

hat theremaybe,not

nour eye-pictures—white,

andblue.N obodyreally

ow little,afterall,we

outaboutourselves,in

tudyof manyhun-

hoknowsbutthatsome

esmay betheonesto

ngswhichall theworld

tolearn.

factsaboutoursight

outforhimself.I fyou


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






t, thisbook fore ample, put

andthenslow lybringit

epyour eyeslooking

rd,youwillnotice

nthefirstplace, you

seesurprisinglyfar

ad.A horsecansee

edidnotwearblinders,

thecarriagebehindand

utin front,alongwith

atonceand about

als,inshort,cansee

e can t w ecansee

oucanseethatsome-

,whileitisstill sofar

cannotatall makeout

.F urthermore,you

ywell,longbeforeyou

tshape. I ndeed, youcan

naryletters wellenough

ouho ldtheme actly in

littlemovementoutof

esaw holepagetoagray

canmakeoutblue and


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





undtowardthecorner

lred.

e movementConsider-

hebacksof ourheads

canseebluefarther

eenandgreenfarther

d.B utwecannotsee

ptrightinf ronto four

llanimalsthatcan see

moving thotheycannot

normakeouttheshape

acreatureshaveeyes

dofeye,like thoseof

rs,but notmakeout

hilecertainantscansee

ndtored.F ewindeed

seeanythinglikeas

hardatanob ectstraight

nnotdo it, norahorse .


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ves,wehumanbeings,byno

as wethinkwedo.

ndsaywhichof thetwo

ercontinuesthe single

r.Then layonaruler

whichline reallydoes

.

ow,andsaywhichway


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ntakea straight-edgt

ure, arethew hitebands

theends

a longthesidesofa

de,so astocoverup the

w

A r e


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






ure.A retheoriginal

samedistanceapart

H ' s , S s , 3 s , an d 8 ' s o n th is

amesize attopand

wnandseewhatthey

'

ousillusion,thelinesof

agearerea lly f latonthe

utthem.B utthereis

fthepage,aboutasfar

bottomasthatisfrom

hereif youcoverone

iththeother,eacb^


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





raightupfromthepaper

reyes alwaysreport

s Thentrylookingat

dupside down,sothat

urarmor betweenyour

esameasbefore . I fnot

t, takesomebrightly

cloth,or almostanything—

oneandfourinches

whitepaper,put the

gettingarm slengthor


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





,andcannotseeredany

ngs buttheycannot

rainmenandmasters

o dependonredand

ch persons,now-a-days,

r-blindness andall

restofus seeithaveto

n.

es Wecanseeoutlines

infact, allthemoredif -

nga gun,usingamicro-

eentirelywith oneeye.

ctlyaswellw ithoneeyeas

hatw ecan tseew ell

putyourfinger

m slengthorso away.

very time. N ow coverone

anttouseoneeye, don t

butk eepitopen. A lso ,

seamicroscopeor agun,

learntokeepbothopen, but

thoneeyeonly,then,

lyonvariouspoints

ntilafteryouhad shut

ye. Youcando it, but


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






rtainlythanwithboth

is,themoredo the

whenbothlookatit at

yearsofpractice,asmost

oj udgedistancespretty

fee lo f thisturningin.

o foureyes, the j udgment

ortionsofthe retina

which seecolors,the

ye isdeceived,andthe

keoutprettyeasilyfor

s,however,onees-

chyouwillhardly be

utakesomelittle pains

yclosely.

spot.We have,as

,a smallspotinthecen-

erethesightis especially

nlypartofthe eye

th.N earthis,between

rspot,aboutthesame

see atall.

e figurebelow.

otinf ronto f theface,


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





erthe righteyeand

ht,orcover thelefteye

eft.K eeplooking

ucheffort,whileyou

rth,bringingit nearer

heraway.

indadistanceatw hich

whichyouarenotlook-

oucanseeall roundit,

eblind spotandisgone.

canmakeanything,not

blind spot.B oysin

dyingabouttheeye,

elvesinchurchbygetting

spot, andsoblotting

eerenough. Youcover

otheratthewall

towardthesideon

henyougetj ustthe

mansimplydisappears.

epulpitandthecha irsor

ouhearthepreacher s

isgone. Y oudon teven

w as. O rif youare

headandleavehis body


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






vehisheadhangingin

uiresmorecontro lover

essofattentionthan

ess.I shouldnothave

ewickedstudentsif

willhaveforgottenall

reyouget oldenough

ethatasthere isablind

withwhichyousimply

isthere allthewhile,

ngs inheavenand

e,thoughtheyare there.

n,whenyou happentobe

see, thatthepeople


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





w farlessabouthearingthan

erewecangetat

ehowit works.B ut

s,wherethehearingis

ehead,inthemidst ofa

ceof boneinthewhole

obody , therefore , really

hattheearistwo dif-

fit istheorganofhear-

lwaysof the innerear—

havealreadye pla ined,

fe uil ibrium, thefee ling

-up-ness. B utj usthow

earing,andhowmuch

de actlyhoweitherpart

sthowwetellone sound

atarestill leftforsome-

moreaboutsmell. We


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






one intheupperpart

esofsmelldonot cross

sides ofthebrain,asso

uthowwetellone odor

erstands andweare

derstandingthanwe

tandtaste.A tleastwe

titas wedoaboutsightj

chalike.Therearefour

redoverthe tongueand

mostlyonthetongue.

kindoftaste— salt,bitter,

ough,differentpeople

hedin differentpartsof

peopletastethesame

eplace.

,wetastemanythings

r,salt,nor bitter there

ourtastes. Thereare

calltastesarereally

hatarein themouth,

his, simplyho ldyournose.

omebody toclosehisnose

ense ofsmellisthus


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





omapiece ofrawonion,

outh, andask himtoguess

snotbroughtintothe

sshutoff,he cannottell

gF ortheonionhas

momentoneletsgo his

There isnodoubtthatthe

handtospare

scan befooled.Put

d thenmoveyourhead

thatthefinger,held

skin.Y ourmuscular

uilibriumbothtestify

ndthefingerisstill. Y et

lfbe lieve it. I t insistson

estill,andthefinger

tandcold.Takethree

neof cold,andoneofa

tsha llf ee lneitherw arm

fingersofonehandin

ers oftheotherhandin

emthereaminute then

water.Thetepidwater

ndcoldto theother.

Perhaps, too, youhave


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






thing,that asyouwade

tthesurfaceof the

astwet. H encethewis-

oncewitha header.

n generalthemost

be deceived.Whenyou

wheredoyoufeelit

eat theendofthe line,

ranthelengthofthe rod

ehook A ndw henaball

it , I leave ittoa llboys,

lace inthebatw here ithits

mmonere ample , w hen

do youfeelthetouch

there isnofee lingata ll, o r

y is O roncemore, if

nosebetweentwo

butif youcrossthef in-

ose betweenthecrossed

ses.

sesareprettyreliable.

offeelingspotsin eye,

s aboutred,green,

pain,sweet,sour,bitter,

osew hichw edon tk now

l us,onthewhole,the


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





bequitesure sothat

ywiseboysandgirls,

gotherpeoplewho

smell,feelor believe,a

selves.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





pA nts

n senses,oursight,

erestof theten,or

s itworthwhileto

vetheirsenses,never

s,oftentimesfewer,

d.Sofarastheyhave

wn.B utsincesome

yes, yetcansee—alitt le5

noses, yetcansmell and

nysk ins, yetcanfee l one

seeingand smelling

uiteinthesamewaythat

imalthathas eyesand

cansmell,anddoesits

animalistheant.O f

manydifferentkindsof

manydifferentkinds

eareby nomeansall

ewhite,someyellow.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





fA nts

smallestlettersonthis

hananinchinlength—

rbite Natura llya lso ,

dsmell,are notq uite

onehalfthestrange

reatures,themostinter-

,inalltheworld oflittle

asyoucan, youmustget

re , M C ook, SirJ ohn

heeler,andreadthese

es—howthe antslive

eworkmenandsoldiers,

neighbors,raidtheir

keslavesofthecaptives,

ndmilkthemof their

urnforthis, feedandcare

young,pasturingthem

makingnoendof

oseplantstheyare.

any timesmore, no lessfas-

ourselvesin theproper

,butabouttheir

sas well.J ustnow,how-

thhowmuchthe ant

estofindit out.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






stremember,livefop

nessunderground.The

henest insearchof

he antcity,thestorage

ndyoung,andthebuild-

as ifatthebottomof

whichlayallthe eggs

e ants,wholikethe

of le isureanddon tdo

stoftheirliveslike the

vealreadytoldyouabout.

nthem,theyturn their

eray andso if they

gotowardthedark.

prisonersin thenest.

mesof theyear, anew

sappears,theseants,

havewings,suddenly

dstemsof plants they

ht,and whenthey

lytowardit.Sowhen

ntostrikethenest, and

omestheswarmof

s,leavingthewingless

heyflytowardthesun-

efortunateenoughtofind


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





fA nts

rwings,settle down

anewnest.There-

their lives,theyturn

eatreeroot.The rest,

avelosttheirwings,so

reatq uantitiesofthese

warming.

and,whohaveto be

ttheirbusiness,do

ycan takethelight

yotherw ay, j ustasw e

tropismistok eepthemales

ntilswarmingtime,and

eally,couldtherebe

effectiveway

hatismore,they

eless,theydonotusually

rsthatwesee. F orthe

ind, j ustasonemanin

olor-blindhumanbeing,

red-blindnessbyseeing

whichweareblind.

colors oftherainbow,

bottomandrunningup

reentoblueat theend.

rsa lso inadew drop, orin


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






hruthecornerof a

eveledcornerofamirror.

marycolors,by mi ing

bemade.

otallsee thesamerain-

saacNew ton, w ho

nbowcolors andgave

dtoseeseven— red,

e,indigo,andviolet.I

thatistosay , I seeonly

n.Morepersons,

nseven.Tryitforyour-

ousee.

antsisthatcertain

nbowcolorsasmanyof

go , vio let andaf terthat

dthis point,andseeone

we neversee,andfor

nonames.Then,asI

heyaretotallyblindto

llow.Someantsgo

yaretotally blind

,buttoallthe colors

theirseeingbymeans

rs,fartheroutinthe rain-


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





fA nts

ch wehumanbeings

cticalconveniencein

etheythemselvesrun

st,fromdarknessto

eir eggsandyoungin

overastoneandopen

mostthatyougetisa

gs orlarvae,anda

gabouttodragthem

d. Yourea lly can tsee

lardailylifeofthe under-

tssimplycarry them

atthembyredlight.

red,theythinktheyare

sokeeprightonundis-

sual.

ccurredto you,that

seye isvery lik eaphoto-

ohavecameras,open

light,becausethe

ndtored, andsotreat

ess.Y ouprobablydo

hasnowbecomethe

sharppictures ofsmall


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






pebymeansofsomeof

seeandwedonot.

hru glass,andthein-

deofq uartz butthey

hatseemsto ustotal

ntwould seemsome

weknownothing.

inants atleastrather

n seeingcolors.W e,on

makeit upwhenit

differinthisagooddeal

llyeverybodywhocan

notesof apiano,from

helitt les ueekyend.

armuchshriller sounds

utw eo ldcodgers, w hose

othearshrillsounds,even

llthoseof lowerpitch.

s aboutthelimitformost

omecan not.B ut

use ss ueek, andmuch

chasno humanbeingcan

ore inferiortousthan

ortswhichhavebeen


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





fA nts

andsometimesonlyone,

C onthepiano, thothis

s ueakyendof thek ey

ughupto thatpoint,

undsbeyond.

rhearingthrutheir

methinglikethis,when

nour teethandscratch

vena leadpencilw il l

thesoundistw iceasloud

thewoodandhearthe

of the j aw , asit isw hen

one. MissHelenK eller,

managednevertheless

ingamusicbo inherhand,

ndsheconversedinate le -

gwithherfoot onthe

sameway,bythe

ersher.

hthesameway.Stand

heistotallydeafto all

tchedor low,canreacr

himonahardsurface,

hruhislegs, takingthe

erdoes. I nfact, a llsound

fsomethinge lse a fact


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






for yourselvesbystrik-

ngafingernail tothe

ywehearbestwithears

of thebodywillmake


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





hear. B utthe irhearing

letheydomostof the ir

derground,wherethey

nganyway.Sothey

moreonsmell.Smell,

se,as sightisours.So

heydo largelywith

indour waybackhome

sawonthewayout. A n

thesmell ofitsoutward

endsby sight,and

ylook.A nantrecog-

ngthemwithitsfeelers,

seenantsdo,andso

mellingouteach other s

.

naearetheant snose.

ta lsosmells. A syoucan

ant,the antennaislike


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






tiffhandle andalong

itsend. Thehandle

elash isj ointedsothat

ely.

hase levenj o intsinits

intatthetipitsmellsits

o intitgetsthegenera lodor

longs.W iththeninth,

wntrack.W iththe

gnizesthehelpless young

eansof thesi thandf if th,

habitantsof otherant

r.W hattheremaining

andlearefor, isbynomeans

hashadthe outermost

f f , o rhaslosttheminbattle ,

.O nethathaslost the

cognizeitsfellowswhen

ome.O nethathaslost

nts,cannotsmellits own

rf inditswayhome. I f

ointsaregone,theant no

erestin theeggsandthe

orethemutilationit

eathto defend.A ppar-


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





hattheyare l ik ethe

orningwitha littleblood

rbrainsovertheirleft

t notreadthem,and

ivesandchildrenare . On

ifferentnests,which

antennaedowntothe

erinperfectpeaceand

differentnests,deprived

farasthesi thj o int,

glikecats anddogs3

yareallkilledor dis-

thasenemy-smelling

pots,andtrack-smelling

spots,andnest-smelling

r onthelash-likepartof

noneof thesesetsofspots

smell goeswithit.

sgreatlyonsmell.Prob-

itsfellows,oranyofits

iduals.I tonlyknows

amiliarsmell.A tany

t,soakedin waterwith

they havetakenonthe

rnedtotheir ownnest,


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






killed asiftheywere

dinwaterwith members

havethepropercolonial

hers.

ownpeculiarodor, so

sorts thateventhe

themapart.E ach

ghtlydifferentsmellfrom

amesort,sothat each

differencesaretoo

ltheantsofacolony

gleq ueen,wholaysall

tcity. A lltheantsofa

okingliketheirmother,

then,recognizesitsown

ther,its mother s

itsmother ssisters,who

havethefamiliarsmell,

sfriends.

whosesmellisnearly

eceivedwithsuspicion,

y partinthecare ofthe

sstillless familiarare

yhandled,butallowed

odoris entirelystrange


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





theirbodiesdragged

ntremainsthesame

tly,anyantwillalways

uttheodorof the

age.A nant,broughtup

enodor,andthegeneral

workersofitsownage,

elf,andofallolder than

med.B utayoungant

ndkeptawayfor two

dersistershavemean-

.I ttreatsthemthere-

ant,oncefamiliarwith

ge,will rememberitfor

liarresults oftheant s

casionally,inthefields

atareca lledmi ednestsof

ants,whichordinarily

gingupononeanother

onsight,arefoundliving

gforeachother syoung,

ngasiftheywereall of

s:Twoyoungq ueens,


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






theirnewcolonies,

ogetherthattheyoung

notherassoonastheyare

nfancy,therefore,each

eother andbeingused

rightandproperthing. So

whilethe odorschange

y neverseemstrange.

ebeenmadein thiswayby

s,with asmanyasten

ving peacefullyto-

estisseparated,and

apartforafew months,

bereformed. Eachsort

eand carefortheq ueen

oungoftheother sort

henthe nestwassplit

ers.B utallworkers

rse, takenonanunfa-

shavebecomeene-

Soeachsortof ant

other,whosesmell it

owntheindividuals ,

itsformerfriendsof its


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





been workingsideby

ecomestrange.

sno instinctiveliking

tsimplyhasto learna

y mean,j ustaswehave

hinkyouwillagreethat

d,smell isonthewhole

nddoone sthink ingw ith.

sinthesunlight,sighti s,

chthemostusefulo fallthe


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





dEars

likeatinydrum— a

owunderneath.Some

rson thesideoftheir

oucanseethesethings

renothardto f ind.

nthef rontleg.

shaveears,notatall good

so haveeyes,notso

notgoodformuchany-

o f j e lly -f ishdoesn thave

hicheverhegets,hegoes

pparentlynotsense

sforthesea-cucum-

emorethanfiftyears

formuch.

ortsofearare much

hollowballlinedwith

asmallhardear-stone,

ainsofear-sand.W hen

soundisnothingbut

e , sothatthe littlestone


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






rves.Thenthe animal

eseear-stonesareun-

theendofone sthumb

emlucky-bones,and

ealsohavetheselittle

h ear-sand.B utthese,

eearsof lowlycrea-

tofourhearingma-

obstersandcrayfish,

esaretheeardrums.

obsters,j ustatthe

elers,whicharedouble

y.These,too,aremerely

oucanmakeouttheopen-

efeeler.O fcourse,

rog—thebig spotson

oftheeyes.Thesespots

therealear, muchlik e


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





M tf cm l*

:

ects.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






othereareallsorts.

t theendofeachof its

Thej elly-fishes,some

ast, havetheireyes,

longtentaclesj ointhe

ath.Someoftheworms

s somehaveapairof

ortw enty j o intsof the

mmonblood-suckers

nwegoswimming,have

efrontend.

her" biva lves havethe ir

shell.Manyofthe

whichthey canpull

hout.Thesnailin

d-twentytailors,was

eyestoseethesevaliant

esssnails,or slugs,be-

softheirhorns,havea

rlyahundred,sprinkled

eallynotgoodfor

ht fromdarkness.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





dEars

whena shadowfalls

theshadowofsomething

up,sohe getswarning

candoas muchwithour

at sabouta llmosteyesw ill

t manyreallygood

epairofthe animalswith

ortof eye,though

s,andthatisthe strange

ts.

aveeither one,two,or

ntoftheirheads,which

ingthingscloseto them.

etheirtwogreatcompound

gerthanall therestof

rusuallymakealmost

beeorwaspor mothor

dthehorizon,abovehim

e, anda lle ua llywell.

rollo fpaper, andlook

escope,youseea small

f youhadtwosuchro lls,

mbothat once,you

s. If youhadathousand

and couldlookthrough


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






ldhavesomethingvery

n insect.

recameras.They

ack,ontheretina.B ut

notcameras,andthey

nywhere.I nstead,the

eeye tube,andsees

hroughanother,andsees

ghathird, andsees^ t

hsomehundredsallat

ingnumberof hundreds

uchspots wouldmake

weseeinthe smallcenter

eweseemostclearly.

andgrasshoppersseeonly

datthesidesof ourheads.

round thanwecan

rysow ellanyw here.

read,evenifhe could

ers andthewhite

toagrayblur. A f ly

gwith ahalfinchmesh,

ndit.A lthotheholes

his body,hecannot

noughtoflythrough.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ographicMagazine.Copyrightmm.

ouseF i. y , ShowingProboscis. Large

reeSingleEyesattheTop.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





dEars

holehandonaf ly , orhit

nnotdo it.H esees

ndstandsfromunder.

mbybringingdownthe

dthen, j ustashe isaboutto

ngeronhis back.H e

ainst thewallofthe

eclearlyonefingeragainst

oesnotreallyseemuch

ct,taking,onethingwith

and menandwomen

ly,andmakemoreuse

thercreature that


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





gThem

So, too , doallplants. A t

ssometimesmove

theymustfeel.

theyfeelornot, is

y,allplantsandall the

feelin oursleep,whenwe

ndturnover,orfeel cold

s,withoutknowingatall

bodyhassaidthatthe

reamsinanimals,and

atisrea lly j ustaboutthe

every lowesta lsotasteand

setheir food,asthey

theydidnotsmellortaste

thinkofit,for ananimal

d smellareallthesame

ater, thecreature s

itsnose(ifit happens

creatures donot)isfull


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





gThem

tmakemuchdifference

eaturetastes thewater

dcansee. N otafew

canstill telllightfrom

,fore ample,hasno

voidsbrightlight,and

e sunisout.N either

art wayoutofitshole,

inwhencertainnotes

ano.

teverybitof thelife-

hingsaremadehasitself,

f itseemstofee l, anda ll

ndhear,tasteandsmell,

sidesthis, the life - e lly

esandears,allsorts of

sof musclesandbrains,

dhear,smellandtaste,

berbetterthanit could

havebeenthinking

ndearthworms,we

reatureswhichwereally

inlyknowbest,the cats

abbitsandvariouspets


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






byname,andwhichin

of us.Theseanimals,

withfur,andthebirds,

tlikeourselves.They

heyarelikeus alsoin

samesenses thatwehave

normore,accordingas we

mesensesthatwehave

etly . Nothing, I think, is

ore ample,thanthe

r eyes.O ften,indeed,

heyfailtorecognizetheir

ay getseparatedfrom

cally,smellingofevery-

thew hile , themastercan

and pickhimoutata

s.O newouldthinkthat

ound,see hismaster,

y reallyareha lfblind.

rlyaswell aswe.They

es,and dependinsteadon

ostimportantsensefor

hebirds. B utthebeasts

mell.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





gThem

e scentofdogs,and

,areoftenalmostbeyond

understand,areso

eespeciallyfierce,in

ewholearather gentle

tbecausetheyaresup-

ood, andtobeableto fo llow

e.I supposetheyreally

buttheydo itthruthe

one hassimplywalked

andtheyfollowthatincon-

fter,andpickit out

thoseof otherpeople

k w emak eoutthedog s

wonderfulthanitis.The

rintsso marvelously

ofdirtas ifhehadno

atthingsthatwe would

melling. A nybodycan

n theairwhenthereis

housand.H ydrogen

hatmakesthesmellof

1,700,000timesitsbulk

ofmuskwillscent a


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






tythousandmillionthofan

agoodnose.Teaand

eare reallyteaandwine

placewheregrapesor

onofthe year.Wine

svintagefromanother,

hetopandthe bottomof

mellanythinglikesuch

substances,ordetectsuch

mellmuskandwineand

ts. O necan tsay that

antheother.R eally,

ncebetweenusandthe

on sightandhearing,

wo sensestohandle

s,andwecan hearwords

hem.Sowegettorely-

uttheanimals, whichdon t

inkmoreaboutsmells.

nwhichweareapt,

ethesensesofanimals.

, thatahorsew illf indhis

when everythingis

cannotseehishand

atthe horsemusthave


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





gThem

uthis wayundersuch

thatthehorsegoes

ssandstorm,notbe-

but becauseitispoor.

ht, becausehedoesnotsee

seofyouwho have

mpeii(aseverybody

dstory)willr emember

tionofV esuvius,the

eshowerofashes,so

eredaboutinthe streets

eunabletofindtheir way

toleadher friends

alwayslivedin the

ayaswellonetimeas

eranimals.They

hentheyreallyhearand

ydependsforfindinghis

e.W hilehisdriveris

ndsign-boards,the

pullup onehill,somuch

r,somuchlevelstretch

henhe cannotsee


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





gThem

d,or makeanychange

uscularsense.That

lyonit. I fw eplay the

eswithoutthenotes,itis

t wedoit.O urfingers

andinasense, they rea lly

n findhiswayback

rdthrua longpieceof

scular sense,itisnot so

ouldfindits wayhome

mperthruits holes,

s.Theydon treallysee

n onanothersense.

mostlyw etrusttooureyes,

,onwhich animals

ngthanwe are,andthat

manddirection,which,as

sitsseatinaparto f the inner

whereyouareblind-

mes,andthentry to

urdirection-senseisat

uturntoofaror notfar

ndleisn t,andmake

ohavetofindtheir

ntry , e plorersandthe


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






directionsensetrained

ysimplycannotget

us,who dependon

n-boardsonthe lamp

useforthissense, andso

.Manyanimalsdepend

dtheirwayhomein

andw esay it is" instinct.

c, butj ustpla insight, hearing,

Menwhohaveprac-

an findtheirwayq uite

aven tdifferent

e wholebetterones.

rently andcultivatesome

waste.F orthemostpart,

ellfar morethanwe.

cipalsense,as sight

on tusethe ireyesas

andremembermore

eirsenseofdirection

utamanwhotries

nimalat hisown

hatwe,menandbeasts


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





gThem

sensesthereare,all

ouldhaveanyway.

snature andhabits,

st,tothinkandremem-


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





E y e

beingsuseoureyes, ears,

y , asasimplee peri-

thenameofsome

TTA B L E .

rmind seye Some

ablej ustasclearlyas

oomwiththetable

ethecloth andthe

opleat theirplaces,the

ture,all j ustassharp

ftheywerelookingat

thers,morecommonly,

mly.Theydoindeed

tismorelike thepicture

dattheside ofthehead,

e.Theyhaveageneral

itgoes buttheycan t

ates,northepositionof


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ye

ther persons,though

e, andchildrenare

notseeanymental

nomind seye. They

sitis actuallythere.

innerpictures are

ldrenareespecially

ed,theyhavedifficulty

weenwhattheyactually

orimagine.Thensome-

ortellingfibs.

for makingmental

narydegree. I f theyhave

thepageofthe book

dsimplyread offwhat

setterina printingoffice,

ecouldspellanything.

hesimplysawinhis

ingstick w iththew ordset

wnandbackwards,as

hesimplyreadoffthe

ht.

avee pla ined, remember

ngers butsomeseethe

andreadthemoffasif

astoryofa public


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






f hisspeechstopped,

aidsomethingdifferent.

rds, thatw hileheneverread

manuscript,hedidalways

aryonewhichhe saw

histime,themanuscript

somew ordsw rittenin

e couldnotreadthem

thetruly wonderful

mpionchessplayers.

dlikecheckers,onlyitis

game,withsi different

ovedindif ferentw ays. Never-

playaboutaswell when

atall,aswhenthey do.

eofthe board,sit

megoeson,they keep

yare toldwhatitis,

re. Someofthebest

ten,fifteen,andeven

latthesametime,

mallagainstasmany

yingonegameandlook-

ampionplayerhasto

reoften,fifteen,or


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ye

achwithsi teenmen,

ty - fours uares, anda ll

ttheydothis without

j ustby these innerpic-

.

canseeapictureon a

arly thattheycanmark

this waymakemost

wings.Somecanpicture

sof aroomatonce,and

mas easilyaswhatis

nheardirectlywhatis

achw ordisuttered, seethe

theirmind seye,and

thosewhosaythat

nightandthinkofthe

theireyesdazzled

agetobeeye-minded.

earningone slessons

mapsand chartsand

wantthem,rightinfront

uhavetodois tolook

tweenboysandgirls

stwithouteffort,and

ththe greatest

orgetthemagain,is


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ye

easiertochangethings

ertheygetintow oodand

ecanpossibly succeedas

ner,dress-maker,milliner,

nmakethesepicturesin

how thingsarego ingtobe,

materialon thereality,

ndednessiseasilyculti-

tend tohismental

thereisin them,tohave

recomplete.I nfact,

uchof thisfacultythat

have,insteadofletting

use,theywouldbefar

upthan mostgrown-ups

egettothinkingmore in

ckof makingpictures.

t.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





r-m inded. I f yousay to

TTA B L E

ek fasttableatall. I nstead

searthesoundofdishes,

n,andtheclatterof

heyhavelearnediheir

ecite,theyhearaninner

ay.They cannoteasily

konthemap butthey

ds,thedifferentwhistles

rhood,theylikelectures

eyhavehearda tune

uchpeoplemay findit

ignlanguage,butthey

silytounderstandit

r-minded.Mozart,

ntoa longpieceofmusic,

overagainasmanytimes


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





sear, andsow rite itdown

n,afterhebecamestone

magnificentsymphonies,

makingthemup inhis

nhissoul sear—v io lins,

sanddrums,eachin its

bodily earshadceased

r-minded notnearly so

Thosethatare,can

ndpleasantsounds,

callthewordsand

lythereis much

nded.W hateverear-

llworthhangingon to

inded.Thinkofa

urmind seye ordoyou

mind sear ordo

gers,andthepullof

w I f the last, youare

andyouprobablyfound

thewordball.

sagreatconvenience.

comeeasy,and dancing,


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






s itmak esiteasy to

setools,to beskillful

ymusicalinstruments.

apttotalkeasily,andto

gnlanguages.A ny-

to themwhichinvolves

aremotor-m inded. I f

course,theyhavetobeso.

mangetof fastreetcar, turn

he streetasfaras his

withouttheleast

orethanas ifhecould

Hesimply fe ltthathehad

. A ndhehad.

of thethreepos-

mindhappenstobe

umberofyourhouse,or

sdiscoveredA merica.

s,orlistenforthem,of

f Didyousee1492

rdidyouhearsomething

ourse lf sayingit inyour

caseyouareeye-minded)

inthethird,motor-


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





-minded.Theyhave

hichtheydo mostof

ethatis notconvenientto

O ccasionallyeven,they

elfmotor-minded.To

ewordsovertomyself.

y thing, I cannotremember

ver andw heneverI think

saboutittomyse lf . I can

hearthem, butI cannot

tittosomew ordsorsounds

gingit. B utI canthink

nehow thingswill

nI canthinkabouthow

n, w ithsomeef fort, think

artingtosay anything

rds.So I amalsosome-

nd yourselves,first

minded.Thatis,on the

rrangement.B utthebest

nhandleall threekinds

utseeing,hearing,and

well. Soyouhadbetter

do , andsetaboutlearning


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





erwhatyou have

k,youwill seethat

methingabouthowwe

plantscometo haveany

l.W elearnedhowthe

egg,andthelittle

elearned,too,aboutthe

otoplasmofwhichall

howitshapesitselfinto

sece llsintoourvarious

sandhairandmuscles

,aswe growfromyouth

uritytoold age.

somethingabout

edtoconsiderhowweuse

thingofwhatanimals

an do,andhowtheydo

alsofvarioussorts,and

elandact andw elearned

weourselvesdoour


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





fferent,andso very-

atof anyanimalor

ntmatter. Wehave

andthinking.N owwe

shalllearnabouthow

imalfeedsitselfand

fferentpartsof it,the

and bark,manageto

d worktogetherlikea

y isamachine. I t isa

,many,manytimesmore

hineevermadeby

lamachine. I thasbeen

utthatwasbeforewe

ayit worksasweknow

ngine l ik etheengineof

at,oranairplane.

tanyboy , atleast, needsto

eenagas engineanda

ne, webuildaf ireunder

o steam.Thenthe

thecylinder,whereit

forth,first ononeside,

urnsthewheels.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






heotherhand, there isno

f ire . A mi tureofa irand

hecylinder,cold.There

anelectricspark, andthe

movesthepistonand

d.

amengines. Wehave

rfire. B uteachlittle

ylinder,whichtakesup

d,mi esthemtogether

rythingreadytogo off,

uanerve, thene plodes

doesitswork.I tisa

dengine.E achlittle

yinder andeachtimeyou

urfootthereisa perfect

sions. Youcannothear

themufflingis vastly

ldereverdevised.B ut

ndifyoumovefastand

topto cooloffandgeta

ylinderedgasengines.

orkasanimalsdo,not

movingthings.B ut


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ygrowandlift them-

muchworktheydoby

ustasanimalsorautomo-

gplants taketheir

e irleaves andthey tak e

mew ay . Theymi these

andwhenthereiswork

ng,oranyother sort,

themi tureanddo it.

ughbreathingholes.

nimalsandplantsand

keautomobiles.They

listheir food.They

plodethemi ture , and

esthatis anautomobile,

e.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





gasengines. Sow ehavetohave

line . Thesimpler

nges,whicharemostly

ures,bothanimalsand

rectlyintotheircells

e it.Thereisplentyof

it fizzleoutfromthe

whenyoudrawwater

ther.Thewatercreatures

ter,anddieofsuffocation

aterfromwhichthe

air.

lood,usethis tocarry

blood,whateverelseit

dwill dissolveairlike

ts,however,though

se ittocarrya ir. I n-

ofbranchingpipes

s,and openingat

ce.Y oucanoften


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ir ofopeningsforeach

terpil le r sbody . These

whereovertheinsect s

thatwhereverthereisa

oisthe airforitto work

noneedoflungs,and

havebreathingholes

supposenevergetsout

ardit works.

urfour-footedcousins,

act,donot managein

eathetheair intoour

solvingitin thewatery

tovertothe redcor-

llymadetodo thisvery


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






ywell.Theseminute,

heairall overthebody,

ce llsastheyneedit. B ut

e alreadylearnedin

nlythepart oftheair

gen. Therestit letsgoand

hatisw herewehavethe

omobiles,whichcan t

tbuthavetotakethe

omestothesamething

a lstheo ygengets

de plodes.

ood deallikegasoline.

elatedto kerosene,

erest,whichareall pro-

,then,themselvesoils

, tobesure , minera lo ils,

oils,oliveoil andbutter

fats forfatsaremerely

iving temperatures

themstowedaway.

rtso fo il. Wealso

ndthe like,starchand

ughnotoils, aremuch

w ay , o ilsthatarea lready


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





wefinishup inour

it smuchmoreconvenient

tof fuel,ande ploding

pnow tote llyouthe long

potatoesandtherest

angedoverintoasortof

packedaw ay inthece llso f

sues, mi edw iththe

madeready toe plodewhen

etouchesi toff.The

togetheragain,com-

edupw henit isn t

mesinonewayandsome-

animalstreattheir

getitswallowed even

atingthesamefood,do

tethesameway.

toourstomachs,but

ughtheearth,andat

mofearthcrawlthrough

and leavingtherest

moebassometimes

tsmanytimeslonger

ongthestem,withthe

back, anddigestthe


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






The starfish,whichlives

self,turnshis stomach

heoyster sshe ll and

oyster,pullshisstomach

digestbones andacow

afishwillswallowan-

shimself,keepthetail,

uthwhilehe digests

eshis mealupanother

eerfreaks,butthemain

our foodgetsbuilt

s muchof it intheform

gare plodesasif itw ere

senginethatsomeman

eof thesee plosions,

itk eepsitse lfw armw ith


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





s

ngaboutthesee plosionen-

allgoeswellwith

uste actly thesame

mouthfulof ourfood,

houlddrythefood,grind

odethedustmi edw ith

omobile—as itwouldbe

newantedtotakethe

sGovernment,for

otryingj ustthisvery

howmuchworkcan

offood,andout ofwhich

orhismoney.They

largeasastate- roomona

ndatableandchairs,

e,on whichonecan

ogethis e ercise.They

ndk eephimtherefora

lyeverythingthathe


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






achtimehetakesameal

me ofthefoodand

heheat theygetfrom

muchthatfoodisw orthas

muche plodinghe

stiny cylinders.

ptrackof alltheair

o , andf indoutj usthow

ptoe plodethefood.

heatsuptheair which

y thew armthofhisbreath,

hefrictionofthe sta-

ercises.

tthemanmak esjustas

heeatsasthe same

ndburned andthatit

oe plode it inhisbodyas

stove.Sothebody

sesupfuell ik eanyengine j

of heatorworkoutof

adeenginewould.

periments, andotherslik e

partmentofA gricul-

et,calledB ulletinN umber

therthings,howmuch

todoonone poundof


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





t anycivilizedhuman

ating.I trustthat

book,beforeshegrows

use,and hastofeeda

amphlet,orsomething

fullywhatdifferent

ccordingtotheUnited

dcandomore hard

ardwork,on onepound

uncesof butter,than

ngchicken while

ookiesaretwice as

dsi timesmorenutri-

andmostsorts offish.

portantdifference

sandtheengineswhich

l.W henapartwears

obile,ifitcannotbe

wnaway.B utinthe

fe- e llyw earsout, asit

tonly makesomenew

seuptheold stuffasfuel

mobilesarebuilt ofsteel

ubber,andburngaso-

o f l if e - e llyandburn


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






t wearsout,wemend

rand brassandrubber.

earsout, wemendwith

egetfromthe portionof

garnorstarchnor oil,but

therplantsandanimals,

, w ehavetok il ltogetstuf f

nts canmaketheir

hatthey take inthruthe ir

omesin throughtheir

omtheleast tothe

ytakingitawayfrom

part, I f ee leasierinmy

thislife-stufffromsome

an whenI robsome

elf.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





o isons

efore , andthebodiesofa llo ther

whichburnsugarby

tha ir. Mosto fourfood, to

tbreadandpotatoesand

ethingsmadeofbutter

e. B utasI havea lready

rtantportionofthis

o ourownlife- elly,or

arande plodedinour

mobilegoesby,oneof

erybadsmell.This

half-burnedgasoline.

an,changesto water

ghtlytangygaswhich

bondio idasit isca lled.

then,yougetthe same

lainsodawater.

wise,burnto carbon

ddoesit, andcoa l, allk inds


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






s,andthegas thatwe

,too,doallsorts ofcan-

mple, orw a ; andso, too , do

ndleswhichour great

ke.Tallow,however,is

e , lik ethefatw eeat.

thatwecannotalso

doburna gooddealthat

odse piode inthe

burnoutside.They

w ater—w henyou" see

day, youmere ly seethe

youre plodingmuscles.

ain wholesomefoods,

getables,fruit,candy

andall thevariousother

will burnclearinyour

lvesbecleanand sweet

utif youhaveataste

ohave,andgetthem,

waterand carbon

detoa loto funw holesome,

gs,thatarenotat all

are stillworseinside.

ivealtogetheron


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





osons

ndstarchesandsugars,

ndio idandw ater, and

dthanawa candlewhen

k eourlif e - e llyoutof these

lso,eggsandmilkand

sand meatandfish,some

dtoourlif e - e lly . B ut

ourfoodneedsto beof

makingsorts.Theother

leanburningthings

ourworkandplay.

thwhichwe runour

aterit getsusedupand

be blownoffintothe

biles,whichtaketheair

s, blowofftheirwaste

again.Thelowly

airin thewater,send

k intothew ateraga in. B ut

atto carryoffour

erthings.

foodissimplyadded

ood.Thecarbon

od ordinarycookingsoda

tothelungs,andthere

idaga in, e actlyasitdoes


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





osons

roperbedtime. Youare

uaresleepyin your

sleepy inthe least and

owdidtheeyesfind

runninghardandneeded

mattersintheblood. We

andbynighttimeahun-

osionsinourmuscleshave

dtherest,thatthe blood

terial,andthelungs

dpoisonsus— not

smuchasifw ehadtak en

r alcoholoranyofthe

sons,whichkillone by

rdthathecannotwake

ins asw ecallthem(which

nsthatwemakeby getting

oughtomakeussleep.

tdomuch lessof these

e lungsandk idneyshave

rw ork pretty soonthe

wewakeupinthe morning

more.W earemadeto

oisoning,and getover


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






wepoison ourselves

oourblood,thatwe

eryou havebeen

me, yourlegsache O r

nyousit downto

once I t isthesesame

plodeyourmusclece lls

washawaytheproducts

heseaccumulate . B yand

e muscle,andyoubegin

eeponworking,aspeople

of weariness,theache

seandworse,till the

orkanylonger.

acheofw earinessstil l

e, theblood-stream

Thentheache isgone,

nagain.N evertheless,

w ork w illso loadupthe

tcanno longerw ashthe

usttakea longerrest,

fortheblooditself to

ifyouhaven t,try

edampground)thatw hen


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





osons

estandstopachingmuch

our feetuphigherthan

se,becausetheblood

edmuscles,can run

silydra inoff theto ins

o,you cankeepfresh

areworkingorplaying

stillandworkingyour

you standupproperly

nyouslouch, youcramp

ngsfailto clearthe

to washbrainor

ttired soonerthanyou

ason, youtiremorequick ly

vebloodandlungsafa ir

frestingfor youwhile

ntheleasttired,we get

fore,onlythis timeit

idthatdoesthebusiness.

des,andformsthecarbon

idleak soutintothe

culatingthru thebody,

ecenterhighup inthe

sensetastesthecarbon


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






etonguetastesit inaglast

the necktastesalittle

tsayanything. B utthe

oget strong(whichis

nuteafteronestarts

soverthe nervestothe

hatisthematterw ithyou

hehard.Thisbloodis

psugar "

owntowork.They

epastheycan w hilethe

telephonedofthe

dharder,togivethe

nclean,andtheworking

candirty.

the irown, nothingin

fwekeeprunning ontoo

nthe bloodfasterthan

thenthenervecenter

neckinterferesonce

keheartandlungs work

cle.Suddenlyitgivesus

eathandsuffocation,


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





osons

notherstep. We have

gs catchupontheir

one s" secondw ind

afterpumpingviolently,

adilyoncemoretho we

gettingintra ining so

e ercisesw ithoutgetting

desirableconditions

this" respiratory

ttora isesomuchofarow

bondio idintheblood.

dothe irw ork andw ealso

togetrattledand turn

onuntil itabsolutely

burntmuscle-sugarso

etasteasitdid.

lyby j ustescapingbeing

curiousthingabout itis

poisonswhichwould

we didnotpromptly

s,stands,ofallthings,

ugarinourfood. We

t ofothersortsoffood.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






ar, andhaveita lw ayson

dneitherworknor

ofpersons,everyyear,die

tsugarpoisoning.

sthatwehaveaspecial

orkeepingdownthe

e getsintotheblood.

candy , oramealo fbreadand

killuswithinthree

rownmanalways

rounceofsugar,thatis tk

fhehaslessthantw o

e. I fhehasmorethan

adfeelsheavyandhe

begins,inshort,to be

hoshouldget bisblood

acupof teaorcoffee,

sleep fromwhichhe

eliverisforistocatchthe

meal,andstore itup

henitslowlyfeedsit

se itup,alwayskeeping

ttw o lumps. B utifw e

an thelivercanpack


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





osons

ngedintofatandstowed

he muscles.Sowe

useitas sugar—fat,

w thingswemakeinour

.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ers

creature , man, animalorplant,

eingpoisoned.The

fways.Some,like

ctuallydestroythe

deataho lethruthetopof

d ordieforlack ofa

greatmanypoisons,

orm,thevariousalka-

atropinandcocain,

,andnicotin, whichis

poisonsof manytoad-

it caf-een,butcaf-fe-in,

n teaandcoffee(and

keither tillweareq uite

sandothers,mostlywith

andtheptomains(aga in

a-in)whichforminfish

eenkepttoo long,and

ce,allthese donotdo

omach.B utwhenthey


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ers

hey gostraightforthe

ther,chloroform,and

inby paralysingthe

eis cutofffromthe

owmuchdamageisbeing

ny thingaboutit. A nda

isthatw edon t

blood.Thefumes

somesortsof gasthat

oking, lock theo ygen

edblood corpuscles

ells,thatthe cellscan-

.Sothetissuesdie

splentyandto sparein

onlythebloodhangsonto

cannotpryit loose.

attackingtheblood,

ofair.Thesedissolve

arrythe o ygen,and

tow ater. Thenthe

s,cannotcarryo ygen

dthebodydiesof suffo-

s muchairasbefore.

doesnotdotheleast

mach.O necansuckthe

debythe snake steeth,


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






blood,orevenswallow

t danger.O necould

epoison,andtakeno

wholeskinso that

sarethe great

killingthemandeating

weresomanyapple

bitethepigs.B utthe

underit isagreatlayerof

stnoblood.Sowhen

onunderhis skin,enough

edoesnotmind itatall.

fat,worksoutintothe

canmakenewblood

s thepoisondestroysthe

thepigfeelsonlya little

snakeissafelytucked

e, w here itw il lneverdoany

member, then, isthisfA ll

.W e,ourselves,are

ginourbodiescarbon

,andascoreof other

soonput anendtous

lmachineryforgetting


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ers

achance.A great

certainspecialpoisons,

ike,whichwouldkill

h.A fewanimals,too,

shesand variousinsects,

chalsowouldkillthem.

fanyanimalisapo isonto

andalwaysapoison

-venomwhichdoesno

fatalwhenenough

ngeneral,then,each

ofgettingrid ofitsown

any differentsortof


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





a ils

growin theblood—like

ough.B eingliving

akepoisons.I thap-

nt makesanespecially

straightforthe nerves.

sions,andalmost

ys.

dtetanusor" lock-

k il lscoresofboysandgirls

Sometimes, too, one

arustynail,not because

nyspecialharm,but

lytobea dirtynailalso,

m i edinthedirt. We

manordinarycutw itha

awoundbleedsfreely

dangerouswoundsare

edtears,that givethe

etohideandgrow.

re lik eF ourthof J uly

opingcough, chick enpo ,

anymostdreadful

edie,allsuch arecaused

gets intoourbodies,

growing,poisonsus


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






meofthese plants

twhichcausesconsump-

heria,thegrowthis in

omplaint,whichsickens

her,thetroubleisin the

sofbaldnessare dueto

of thehair.Mostly,

ntheblood.I nany

kegetinto theblood

blood. Muchenlarged.

ausesthe" sleepingsickness.

erves,like thevarious

ut,orelsethey attackthe

enomsdo.

kingthings,too,are

h,for e ample,isthe

esmalaria andanother

sleepingsickness that

ndsofwretchednegroes


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





a ils

hatcanbedonetopre-

nallsortsof ways.

enwe breathedirtyair.

Some,agreat many,

uceandcelerythathave

ndespeciallyindirty

allamongthem,the

ecarriedon thefeetof

dplantedall overthe

oeat.R atsandmice

heirfur,ontheir feet,or

docertainstinging,

andwhentheybiteor

omelargercreature,

mediseaseinhisbody,

esuntil theanimal

oone, fore ample ,

ormalariaunlesshe has

towhichhasalreadybitten

sease.Themos uito

nggermsintheblood of

eminthebloodof thene t

seedf romonef ieldorgarden

,then,fromordinary


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ryC hildShouldKnow

ommeaslesandchicken

etfevers,are nothingin

oranimalsgrowingin

s.W esaythatwe

ythediseasecatchesus.

g,thatinveryreal

ches usasalion ora

noussnake. I fw ecould

onousserpents,bacteria,

eywouldn tgetachance

allliveto oldage—

ves,asI amsuresome

henoughtodo,or metwith

dnot help.B utoi

erdiseases,likerheuma-

indigestion,where

rselvesand notwith

atgets afterus.

oneof these living, catch-

eton,and whenone

oanother,I amgoing

ngthatI amsureyou

erin yourhistory,or

vereadabouttheMiddle

worearmorandthe

sandbows.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





a ils

everylittle while,whole

ha terribledisease

youalreadyknow

ondonin1665,when

perished,andthedead

thelivingweretoofewto

whowrotethe story

tealsoastoryof thisgreat

y," naturally,butone

aterwhenyouareolder.

the worldbutdirt

thedirt andthe

akestheplague,lived

romthemitgotintothe

utsolongas acitykept

neverhadtheplague.

dirty,asancient cities

oseafifthofi tsinhab-

gantobemoredecent,

pear andafterabout

onaryWar, mostof

eanand civilizedthat

ere.B utstillit

eworld,wherethereis

e,insteadofputting


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






e bucketorburning

doorfor ratstoeat.

laguethreatensA sia.

ofthisverycivilized

onpersonsdiedofit

ndratsandfleas.The

asliveon therat,and

astomachfulofblood,

sandorsoofthe little

e.Thenthe fleaj umps

dbiteshim.Then a

germsgeti ntotheman s

y , thesefew havebecome

oftenwithintwodays,

poisoned.B utiftheman

fratsandhis skinclearof

hclean,hewouldnot

atsincetheyear1900, and

ehavebeencasesofthe

ciallydirtycitiesinthe

tionalGovernmenthad

cleanup andgetridof

mighthavehadaterrible

omethreehundredpeople


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





a ils

manbeingsthanmostofus

heplaguewithoutrats, and

outdirt. So,therefore,

ntintheworldkeepsmen

ingtheratsthatcome

gtheplaguefromChina

n tminda litt ledirt.

rtiereventhan the

ermoredangerous—and

here isdirt,thereare

sofvariousdiseases.

f ly likes, it isdirt. H eeats

hedirtst ickstohisfeet,

ck tothedirt f o ra f ly is

than anelephantasa

na fly.

foodorfallsinto

million germsonhis

tsdownone ofhissi

.I nforty-eighthours

grow ntosi teenthou-

eatsthefoodandis

nk sthemilk anddies.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





t lewehavetof ightisw ith

ykillmorepeople

rishedatthehandsof

wehaveeverfought.

the fliesalonekilledin

f oursoldiersasthe

verydayofourlives

efightingforour lives

ofpestilenceanddisease.

ecampaign.O ur

pingclean.E verycity

watchitswatersupply.

dsand reservoirsare

cessary,thewateris

thestreetpipes.A lways,

tfiltersall itssewage

vers.Thus,ifthereare

sin thewater,theyget

ouses,wherethepeople

ystrainor filterthe


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





tilltheykilleveryliving

men tolookafterits

ggoodfoodforus, is

ng creatures sothat

oabottle,it willshortly

playsad havocwith

refulpeople,too,do

keeptheirmilkclean,*

ereit comesfrom espe-

forchildrennotonly

culiarly liabletocatch

it.

,lookoutthatall

e thatnonehasbeen

ll init,whereratsor

or wherefliesmay

seways, theseedsofdis-

food.O neoughtto

o rats,mice,orfliesin

neoughttomak esurea lso

ce andceleryare

oftencarrytheeggs of

swhichwillhatch out

owsthem,andnotbeat


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






ofdefense— keeping

emyenterthroughour

nseisto keeptheairwe

nddust free,lestthe

our lungs,andwedie

tion,orsickenofcom-

na llthis, weare lik ea

vywhichcanprevent

andingoni tscoast.

minutefoesoutofour

ongaswekeepthemout

getnearenoughtous to

brokenthroughour

gun tolaysiegetoour

nd lineoffortifications

oursk insareforisto

keepawholeskin,it is

of germstogainan

eskinisthin, asit is

thereis alwaysasome-

usto catchthegermsj

washthemout.W eare

wemustnotlet theenemy

.

toneglectevensmall


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





thelike,thru which

ometimesgetmost

seasesbydrinkingfrom

ftheirlipsis crackedin

ittleplant thatcauses

sinbyway ofacutso

ed.N ochildwould

hedidnotf irstcutorblow

manyofthelesser

en,measlesandcolds

yinto thebloodbecause

ho llow inatoothgets

ortwofindsits wayinto

ill itbecomesmany

ssaultbyan armyis

lthan anassaultbya

eepingtheteethand

ga dentiststopthe

ncutdowntoless than

sicknessinayear.Some

alwaysaftertheyhave

washout theirnoseswith

of anyoftheenemy

nfact,peoplewhohave

yfromcoldsandgri


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





eryC hildShouldK now -

ceand completely,by

nthe nose,whichopens

llowinwhichthe be-

urk.

nse,then,iskeepingskin

nd whole,thatthe

whereintohide,and no

ter.I fthisgivesway,

nemyhandto hand.

eventhing between

sonus,andwetryto

acidin ourstomachs—

y,thattin-menuseto

uy itanywhere. R egularly ,

tw ith butifany living

chs,wegivethemadose

owlthemover.

poisonthemw ithbile .

ostusefulorgan,the

atter,moreor less

we aregettingridof.

t ittopoisonus, weuse it

uresinside us.

ofdefense.I fthe

he warhastobefought

wewin,weshall suffer


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ketoourbeds andhave

nforcements.

thyblood,thatis,

orthebloodofanysorto f

pla ined, w illpo isonanyother

anufacturespecialpoisons

special creaturethat

ssault us.Soeachside

battle becomesaq ues-

therf irst. I nonecase,

intheothercase, w eare

and inthebattle,he

ndmedicine,tomake

metimes,besidesthese,

ch,whileit harmsusa

greatdealmore. I na

pumpsintoourbodies

heranimal,generallya

tingthesame disease,

can manufacturemany

thegermsas wecan.

beensavedbythis

uldcertainlyhavedied.

mall-po especia lly, by

gbeforetheenemy


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





garoadover whichthe

ecanfeelthemonly

ttheyarea lloverthebody,

hthemembranesofthe

ans,whereverthebody

fortsareapeculiar

avingno wallsorcover-

angetheirshape,reach

asif theyweresea-

meothersort ofwater

urbodiesatall.These

meslargerthanthe

bacteriaor othergerms

ssagesofthe bodyon

els,theseguardian

grabthem,dragthem

gresthat devour

stles, overthehigh

ursympathymustbe

ogres.

notalwaysstayinthe

ylike,theyletgo their

goffthroughtheblood,

orthe lymphisonly the

thoutthe redcorpus-


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






y inthebloodvesse lsbut

hthebody,feedingand

elymphcells,or white

verywhereoverthebody,

andelbowingtheirway

ravelingintheopen

hebody,andbeginsto

corpusclessmell them,

ltowardthesmell,to

he particularlymph

at thepointofattack.

nger.Thesliveropens

dcarriesinsomehostile

urlymphcellsdidnot

uldinevitablydie of

ydocometo therescue.

r" pus, whichinafew

und,isinlargepart the

emyand ofthede-

dinthefight. Soin

ppedatthe firstlymph

whitecorpusclesfallin

sacredto thelast

aved.

upperhand increase


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





O R W H I T B L O O D CO R P USC E S

A

C L L

C E S

B A C T R I A

USC E S

N D O UT O F B L O O D V E S S L S


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ankill themoff break

nterthebloodstream

overrunthecountry and

sword.

dayofourlives,wekeep

e.W henmeaslesdoes

olds.Thegame,there-

uterdefenses,bykeep-

ean,andourskinsand

the.A ndwhileweare

o keepourbodiesstrong

oodande erciseand

odfightif theenemy

wsomuchnowabout the

ngsick orkeepingwellis

ncontrol.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ar

creatureswho haveto

y ofthem,against

nenemy.A llother

e,if theyarebigenough

sidethem.Thereare

ocattleorhorsescan

yworkhas tobeby

ausethereareflies

geranimals,bothwild

sin theirblood.A fter

atleast,almostinvari-

etheircatchingdiseases

mestheyarethe sameas

redifferent— thingsthat

ch,andwedonot.

musthavebeenmorethan

orsesoverentirestates

ardlysawahorse onthe

dbecausethatwaslong


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ar

bilesortrolleycars,

riveo en, andsome-

ows.B utafterafew

erdied orgotwellagain.

r whitebloodcorpus-

articulargerm sothere

e.B utitwouldmake

cowshaula milkwagon.

killspuppies.Thereis

pesout wholeflocksof

manageriessuccumbto

hichtheycatchfromthe

t them.When the

attleandthevarious

begin todiefirstbefore

softengive themwarn-

allcases,someparticular

eaksthroughinto the

mewhereinthe body,

entheinvadersand

andthe bestmanwins.

nthra whichattacks

sandthebirdsamong

ample, f ightinganthra ,

iskeptwarm.The


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






enthe bloodishot.

arek eptinco ldw ater, then

coo lbloodgivesitthe

ercreaturescatch

rgiveus chillsor

ngchilled,or gettingour

aught, j ustcoo lsdow n

ghso thattheblood

sow ell. Perhapsit isonly

atmomenttheenemygets

ythatthe reasonwhy

w henheissick , andw hy

shavefeverwhenthey

sothat theirbodies

ndtheir lymphcells

tblood.

beingsandanimalsthat

inwait.Plantshave

apsyouhavenoticed

gby theroadside,or

timesalmosteverytree

ybranchonatree,will

largeasyourfist,grow-

ee issick sick w itha

alledthe blackknot.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ar

hinglike amold.I t

ingtip ofthebranch

thin.Thenceitgrows

pthe livingsubstance

erythingasitgoes.The

ef ruit ingof the invading

hroughthe barkand

spores, w hichare its

troubletoneighboring

sdownwiththis trouble>

t offeverydiseased

owthelowestknot,and

e maygetaheadot

erest ofthetree.

planthasitsdiseases.

andfruit ofapeartree

s. Thehardlumpsinan

eis asortofblack

titis called,whichdis-

worthofgraineachyear.

causetheyneedwater

ckandneed medicine.

oo.Sometimesthe

kingtheseeds inthe

sprayingiton theleaves


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ar

thinglefttocatch

ymore,unlessheeats

,ordoessomethingelse

e llnothavedone.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ops

h e bo d ie s o f al l e c e pt t h e ve r y

tsatthe sametime

unds theyarealso

ndeed,itisa prettywell

smore differentchemi-

s horse,andhisdog,

orksin,alltogether,

theirlives.

thedifferentperfumes

andall thevarious

egetableswhichweeat,

esandherbswhichwe

od.Thinkofallthe

nflowersandleaves.

, maplesyrup,tur-

elac,indiarubber,tan

getfromafewtrees

ebyeventheordinary

lvesofafair sizeddrug


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ops

moredifferentthings

verytimewemovea

odawater.E vtrytime

zendifferentchemicals

mouthfulofcracker,

andstraightwayaferment,

mouthbeginstoturnthe

whyacrackerora

sweeterthelongerone

getsinto theblood,

isl ik e" i, andthew ord

iver turnsitbackto

ysthereintheliver, and

ouknow,thisliver-starch

gain,and leaksout

muscles.I nthemuscles,

tto e plodeintocarbon

metimesitforms lactic

acidofsourmilk.B e-

the muscles,thegas

nrun whenonlymoder*

dingtobe toohotto

hentheyareat work.

flourintocrackers,or

theneatingthem,we

eadwithyeast:then


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






andgrowingplant,

erenzyme,whichinturn

arin thebreadinto

o l, andthecarbondio id

readand madeitlight.

heyeastofbeeralso,

inintocarbondio idand

ves usthefizz,the

rselveswith.

irandeyesdependson

cturesthecoloringmat-

nzyme,havedarkhair

hohaven tit,havelight

thatanyliving partof

ertotakeitsfoodout of

t intoitsownsub-

ormerelytogrow,it

eormore ofthese

e are,infact,the

ly , orprotoplasm, which

sour livingforus.W ith-

easinglehour.

ehundreds,orperhaps

ntchemicalsanddrugs

sandantito insand


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ops

mein differentpartsof

nsputthemto allsorts

others,theyemploy

gers,tocarry signals

toanother.

inedthattheheadisoneof

y tobeformed. It gets

rest,and alittlebaby s

times asbigasit need

baby slegsandarms,

nearly largeenoughto

mbshaveto growfast,

wly,inordertocomeout

theyknowenough

eetsometimesgrow A t

mamma sshoes.Then

he restofthebody

timeforaboy svo ice

, hisA dam sapple , where

tsgrowing.I nafew

romboy ssizetoman s,

to adeep,ifuncertain,

ughoutthebody,the

g,andstop,andkeep

adofeach otherinthe

,butalwaysright.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






donot altogetherknow.

hatthedifferentpartsof

anotherbymeansof

eyformwithintheir

ebloodstream. I nthis

yis abletosendmes-

artgrow ing, " Steady

" S t op — a s t h e ca s e ma y b e.

workingmusclesignals

dhowthebloodcells

thealteredsmellor

tothepointwherethe

hthedefense,andthe

agehas togoq uickly

toanother,itgoesby

henthereisno special

ust gotosometissue

oodcorpuscles,hasno

emessagehastogo by

say : " We resitt ing

rp,pleasemaywe

verthenerves. I f they

beengrow ingtoofast,

oppedandgavesomething


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ops

oitbyturningsomething

yw anttosay : " W e re

plycan tw alk another

w,theyusebothmethods

dverydreadfulaches.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





heTadpo le sTa il

s, bloodce lls, w hitebloodcor-

slycalled,are a

aysondutyto repel

msof disease.I ntimes

hereisnoenemyto be

eyhavetowork.A ll

nthereis nofightingto

nabattleshiphaveto

rowthecaptainabout

paringpotatoesforthe

oodarein thislikeother

keepthebody

blood.B esidesthis,

wayanytissue ororgan

o longeranyuse.

epolywog stail,after

hisgills.Thepolywog,of

ish,withgillsandtail,

tB rerF rogispretty


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





Tadpo le sTa il

breatheswithlungs

lygoodones,sothathe

ina lsotohe lpout. A t

hygills,andno longer

Thew hitebloodcor-

andw ithit, a lo to fother

mber,whichthetadpole

asnousefor.

hasnolegs. When

nsee themunderthe

ofthecomingchange)

methingintothe blood

odcells togettowork

loodcellsdoget to

h,cuttingintoit much

o wood,orawood-

ound.Thenasfast as

he fleshthatisno longer

uildupthe newlegs.

a il isusedovertomake

enswhena cater-

Thecaterpillar,asyou

shutshimselfup ina

ffin,orchrysalis,the


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






akentopieces,and

fthickmilk.Thenout

erflyisformed.

becomeabutterfl

tisreallyalmosta

oamoth.

f thematerialofthe,

oldcoat andhaveit

w emaybeverysurethat

ghtest recollectionof,

adozenlegs,and

elikefrogand butterfly.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





Tadpo le sTa il

orfiveyears old,wehad

eeth,eachset firmlyin

troot. B yandby , these

ettymuchtheorderin

begantoget loose.

etootha litt le thena

hungonlyby thethin

onegoodyank,orper-

ongueagainstit,toreit

o anapple,andleftthe

n tany root. Thehard

thesoftnerveand

e inside.Therewasonly

wasthecrownofthe

tenup, bone,nerveand

.W eneededlarger

ou,onceformed,cannot

dcorpuscles chewed

heycouldgetat, and

thenewone.N odoubt

ntiretooth,crownand

behind,ifonlytherewere

st bitinplacewhile they

wholewouldbepleas-


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






stringroundthe tooth

growingbones.The

dye pla ined, grow muchas

newstufftotheoutside.

arehollow,thehollow

w growsbythetaking

nside, justasatreemight

ut asfastasit grew

s theworkofthe

f littlechildren

of grownmen.B utthe

sbefore,thegristle

voured,bytheseliving

ph andasfastasthe

egrowsintoits room.

sthattwolittle boys

reharmony,withthe

oeshomewithoneeye

tday , anda llthene tw eek,

stremarkablestudyin

cause,duringthelackof

penedtohitonelittleboy

p someofthelittleblood


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





Tadpo le sTa il

e bloodleakedoutinto

scles,whichare

goutofthelymphspaces

nderingroundthruthe

rktocleanupthat spilled

up theflecksofblood5

sall cleanandwhite

black-and-bluenomore.

emeetw ithanin uryora

hitebloodcorpuscles

process,eatingawaythe

wingchanceforfresh

s,then,liveto eat.

reswhoarealwayshun-

ingsthattheyhad

metimes,people shair

puscleshaveactually

eopleevengo sofaras

ywegrowold(since,as I

wingoldis mostlygrow-

whitebloodcorpuscles

up thesofterpartsofus,

nestogrowold with.

erthislastissoornot. B ut


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






odcorpuscles,which

ceswheretheygrow,

er thebodyeating

belikelyto makethis

would andtheman

o,probablyknowsmore

nybodyintheworld.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





o p

thurtina llsortso fw ays—

,blackeyes,oncein

okenbone.Thenthe

ourblood,andthe

plasmwhichisin our

s wonderfulandmys-

keus inhandtomendus

adeus,and thatkeeps

rts.B yandby,if we

areonce moreasgoodas

wlycreatures,which

elvesaswe can,andso

oallsortsof trouble,are

enbetterthan we.The

ls,whichhaveneither

th,norarmorfortheir

or cunningofbrainwith

mies.B uttomakeup in

thesesimplebeings


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





eryC hildShouldK now -

uchin uriesaswould

theyrecovercompletely,

s,fromaccidentswhich

tous.

mple, mayatanymoment

fe insearchofane ua lly

reitmaytakerefuge

hichwantsit forbreak-

es,thelizardsohardly

hatj ustashew hisk sinto

ffhis entiretail.

mostlargeranimals,

mplywaitsroundfora

a ilgrow s, j ustasgood

sas welloffasbefore.

nownto losehistail

ndeach timetogrowa

alizard stailis longer

s largeround,the

noughnewfleshtomake

enewlizards.Curiously

otheylooke actlylike

rod ofgristleorcarti-

regularbackbone.

ardthathashada leg

wsanewone.H ewill


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





o p

e,whensomething

ich hehappenedtobe

ard,whenhe growsnew

yliabletomakethe

willgrowa newtail,when

one, butonlyhadabite

stwotails.Some-

rsebreakthan this,and

replacethesingleone

q uite lose . Thenhehas

stonemorethanany

ess.

legs. The lizardseems

as beenbittenoff,when

enoutof it.Sohegoes

andasaresult,has five.

sible , tomanufacturea lizard,

arentlyhappy,with

urtails.

at" theearlybird

f so , didyoueverconsider

deof theworm I f the

ingintohishole j ustas

ght ofhim,thereis

tweentheeaterand the


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






soutthefrontendof

nthesides ofitshole,

sintotheground.

go,andgetseaten

edin halves,andonly

erobin sredlane.

edin halvesj ust

fcarsmindsgetting

almlycrawlsaway

ngdirtasusual,and

ew tailasbefore.

severedtail end,ifby

stoeatitup Thatper-

ngofa ll. I f thef rontpart

saya thirdofthe

-thirdsofthewormat

,thenthis severedtail

onewormbecomestwo.

horter, nomoresay thana

nthattail, insteadof

thertail.I nthatcase,

eworm,oldheadend

ails,oneold,onenew,grow-

urse,twotail ends,and

ellmakea living,and,

ation.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





o p

ercreature,thefresh

eoutdoestheearthworm,

n newparts.Thehydra

one,aboutaslongasapin

rstalkanda circleof

undtheir mouths.O ne

ksand waterplants

.

rs,anditgrowsagain.

alvesasonechopsthru

e,andtherootend

headendgrowsanew

w hydrasinplaceofthe

alintothreepieces,

smallbitoutof themid-

endformsanentire

formsan entirenew

,whichisneither head

sta litt ledrum-shaped

etweenthetwo,even

andanewheadend, and

ature,whichin time

oneout ofwhichitwaa

nonerippedoff thesleeve

new sleeve orw henone


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






at,thecoatgrewa new

eeveandtail eachgrew

ons,collars,tails,sleeves,

atwefindin thesalt

reafterthetidegoesout,

mendingitse lfupafteran

chgrowout fromits

ngbrokenoff.Soone

r fishwithonlyfour

es,andonesmallerone

etheplaceofonew hichhas

ethingdoesn teatitup,

romthebrokenend,

outlikethoseofa tiny

atinthew orld. Thesingle

souttheotherfive,but

ter forthemtogrowto,

ch,a newnervering

thecreature sbra in and

orms awholenewstar-

lete.A ndallthewhile,

cannoteat anything,

tomach. So ithastomak e


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





theStarf ishwillGrow intoan


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





o p

d,asthe tadpolebuilds

il.

hyanyof thesethingsare

nthatthelizard and

starfishshouldhave

rstplace.Thatafterall,

blethingthere isin

over,inadditionto

ngthemselvesupafter

,havealsoanarrangement

tina convenientplace.

ample,almostnever

vertheraygetscaught

tbreaksclose tothe

m comesoffatonce.

dsatthesea shorein

ace ineachleg,closeup

ismeanttobreakoff.

nedbackintotheflesh

shellwithaholei nthe

stheleg. Thruthe

oodvessels,butthe

on eachsideandthere

catchesacrab byone


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






eheadedplanarian,a

re.

arianhasbeensplit

wards,andformedaY

esandone head,another

ewheads,eyes,brain

facingbackwardsin the

heanimalseemstohavea

ewheads andtailsinall

s.I fhegetsa woundor

body,and thewound

ole backward,outof

wanewtailin addition

B utoutofsuch wounds

woutcompletenew

ndifferentheadshavethus

ngleplanarian—someon

meunderneaththe body,

thetail,andall,no doubt,

entoftheirowner.

dtails, onemighte pect

ndbecomewhole

t,however,unlessthe

head,cutoffclose

t,nota body,butanother

creatureis twoheads,


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





GrowsN ewPartsinall sortsof


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





o p

ookingin opposite

saregoingon,whilethe

ads,orbodies,orthe two

g outagain,the

o eat.H owthendo

They liveonthe irown

akendownand usedto

worm,madefromahalf

ehalffromwhichit

ofgrowinglarge,

ungagain,is byno

y itdoes. A tleast, a

enoughto eat,proceeds

nggraduallysmallerand

nths,itisnomore thana

ize. Whetheri treally

inornot, itcertainly

ttysmall humanbaby

ifteenthaslargeas a


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





nksofmonstersaslarge. They

rgeandhorriblein the

ogresanddragonsand

asandthree-headed

w w hate lse , allmoste tra -

as niceandcreepyto

ever,thereisnoreason

houldbelarge.I tmust

misshapen,orq uiteoutof

ueandproper mon-

lit is. A ndasamatter

strangeas anymakerof

,aretoosmallto beseen

themwithamicroscope.

havej ustbeen

.I fatwo-headedcalf

ho gotothecircus will

planarianisastill greater

aheadinthesmallo f its

f itstail,andfour orfive


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





splacesanywhereover

ynothingofasmanysuper-

erebetween.Y ou

onstrousplanariansare

,insteadofhealingupa

ossessedtogrowanew

mgoingtote llyounow

monsterscometobe.

erinthis book,almost

to ldyouabouthow the

beginwith,singlecellsj

ntheybegintogrow,they

enintofour,theninto

lly,thesinglecellof the

edsandthousandswhich

iallythoseofcertain of

h asstarfishandsea-

traordinarilytough.

elsefew ofthemwould

lI t isq uitepossibleto

inglecell hasdivided

woapart intotwo

mightthinkthateach

animal.I nstead,much


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






alves,itformsawhole

arefourcells, andshake

urcompletecreatures,

w ecaninthesamew aymak e

nnotgo.E ightanimals

or oneisallthat eggcan

possibletotak eaha lf

roperlytohavemade

es,andmakethemstick

egg,fromwhich will

canimal,aslargeasthe

w hichoughttohavecome

penwhentheeggs,

aryseawater,are put

sta litt lebitmoreorless

mmonseawatercon-

erentkindsofsaltbesides

t outanduseonthe

ndmoreorlessofanyone

erwhichisnotq uitethe

theocean. I nfact, you

twatermade with


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ttaste byanymeans

water(notverydifferent

ycouldtell themapart

makesalotof difference

win it.A littlemoreof

makeslittlestar-fishwith

toftheir mouths,

eswhereall proper

heggsresult inallsortsof

emoreofanother,makes

ein ithaveonlyoneeye,

eoftheirforeheadslike

cyclopsthatI trustyou

o inthestoryof

tyoucerta inlyhadbetter

hegreatstories ofthe

children,andtogrown


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






rat leastthreethousand

howmuchmore.

ngsalittle differentin

esgrowlikeother

attheydonothaveany

ver,theseparticular

owup.Peoplemakeall

ow-a-daysbydoing

gswhenthe newanimal

ofthingmayhappen

dent. I f thetw ohalves

ratedentirely,thenthe

uresso nearlyalikethat

ellthemapartatall.

tonlypartlyseparated,

oublemonster.

hickens,andtwo-

eadedturtles,andtwo-

sonlythetipofthe nose

he wholehead.Some-

fourfront legs,two

ccasionallythereisone

usethelegs doubledand

oublingbegins onthe


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





etwota ils orfourhind

ccasionally,twocom-

atonesmallregiononly

apair ofcommontwins

w ellseparatedthef irsttw o

toget.

wins wereaboutlike

thattheywerefastened

rabwithaneye ononesideanda feeleronthe

ogreattoesoneach foot.

bandoffleshunder the

married,and

ye hibitingthemselves

ed thereupontheother

fter.B utasforthat,

edlyalike,are likely

me.

whichare formingthe

herearee tra f ingersor


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






Cats,forsomeunknown

ohavedoublepaws cr

ugh, thonobodyk now sw hy ,

nlyonthefrontpaws

werwhich afewcrea-

parts,or e traparts,like

adsofplanarians,

s whentheyarevery

hepoweras theygrow

,likecrabs andearth

stsup tooldage.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





epTheirToo lsSharp

muchofany thingw ithout

malshavetohave

yhaven tsenseenoughto

vensenseenoughtouse

dymade—pointedsticks

sand bitsofboneand

ageandverystupid

ols oftheanimalshave

rehis mowingmachine,

e grass.H isgreatflat-

iein alongstraight

j aw behindtheplace

millstoneswithwhich

nintomeal. B utthe

ts,whichalsoH ealong

arenotmillstones,but

eth,liketheir claws,are

ndlongdaggerstostab

anddogsdonotgrind


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






heyarebutchers,not

tothink of it, nearlyall

ermillers orbutchers.

ts forfood,ashorsesand

sdo ore lsetheyhunt

sand devourthem,as

w olvesandfo esand

aturally,thesetwosorts

differentsortsoftools—

one,hoofsandgrinding

somereasonorother,

sthat arestrongenough

animals.A llthehorses,

buffalos,elephants,camels,

n tk now how manymore,

workoutof,allhave

skimodog,sofaras I

nimalthat earnsa

roundandgrow l.

to grindtheirfood.

bek eptrough andasfast

millerhasto" pick out

roughagain.I nlike

wsandsheepwould

moothto beofanyuse,


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





pTheirToo lsSharp

w ayofmak ingthemonce

nding,millstoneteeth,

fbeingon theoutsideof

bledintofoldsand

ththeboneof thetooth

treakofleanin bacon,

arblecake.Sothebone

eenamel,andleavesthe

pridges.Thus the

roughandreadytodo

setheseteetharepretty

ylastalongtime before

whichhaveteethlike

theoutside,soonwear

heywillnolongercut.

s andthewildcreatures

ed.Theyarebuiltto

young,becausethereis

detolivelongerthan

tleastthat sonereason

ger.

uswayof takingcare

takecareofthem,

tobe veryold—a

d andfifty—somepeople


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






owahundredyearsisa

htokeepongrinding

,so theelephanthasto

emlast.

frontteethbynot

ttusksare twoupper

heyarenotteethat all,

hantusesto grubup

namelandno root.

t theinnerendas fast

er.B eingespecially

ngastheelephantdoes,

aslongastheir owner

tturnedinto pianokeys

s frontteethbynot

ack teethbynothaving

verylarge,notq uite

butq uiteaslarge, o f ten

ourofthese big

of eachj aw,andgrinds

hasusedtheseforafew

emdown,four new

hef irstfour. B yandby ,

t thenthewhiteblood


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





pTheirToo lsSharp

oots,thecrowns— what

off,and thatistheend of

elephantbeginstoget

teethhaswornout,and

areally oldelephant

hetw otusk s, if youca llthem

same.Theyhold

ngteeth atthelastend

tthemappeartilla f terthe

rettywellused up.So

on tcutour" w isdom

enty.Moreover,the

stin therow,andthe

hem,twoineachhalf

ongtothemilk setw hich

ew erebabies. We don t

d thembacktillwedo,

entyyears.

,beavers,andother

nt teethasdrillsand

rwayof keepingthem

eethatas uirrelw hoputs

shellsofnutsevery

eaverwhocuts through

w ithhis, oramouseorarat,


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





pTheirToo lsSharp

softhemouth.Then

akea tusk,andeach

eepsitsharp. B utI

imaleverdoesthissorto f

eeth.H ecanmake

woastheelephantsdo,

eto haveordinaryroots,

w hy that stheendof

ralrowsof teethat

themouthand letting

w inthesk in. Thesearenot

butonlya sortofskin

wsthemby thedozen,

ddropout.The snakes

withtheirpoisonfangs,

nenew pairfoldeddown

whentheseget pulled

rksdon tchew w iththe ir

em.

can tf indoutforyourselves


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





a lt

y salt. So isthesweat, as

ting yourtongue

eryouhavebeenhot

A ndofcoursethetears

oundoutlongago,

dywasespeciallyhorrid

ourmouth. I nfact,

boutthebodyis salty,

madeof blood,whichis

ecausethesea is. I much

adalwaysbeenfresh

kes,thenour blood,

animals,andallsweat

uldhavebeenfreshalso.

odaresa ltw iththesame

is mostlythesodium

ablesalt,andbesides

hichmakeslimestone

aster, potassiumwhich


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






p,andvariousother

.A ltogether,sea

raordinarilyalike,especi-

tthereare vastnumbers

athatonecan tsoeasily

esof theblood.

atthesimplercreat-

allyusetheseawaterfor

gtheirbodiesshut up

aveours,sothatnothing

eatheor swallow,the

entotheseawater,and

outfreely.

heytake thewater

es,and letitout

eybreathetheair that

rntheirwastematter

nj ustasif thew ater

ercreaturesmanage

ithoutany private

g thegreatcommon

shutupour bodies

eoceaninside. We

d andw ehaveadded

stil l it isseawater, the


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





a lt

thebloodoftheearth

aturesthathavenopri-

er thingsalsothat

and dofornoother

allseac reaturebegan

ppenedto benospecial

ldchange.

es, asyouk now , breatheby

irmouthsand letting

slits,usuallyfivein

atwouldbetheneckif

elittlefish isforming

ot haveanyofthese

stobreathethroughitssk in.

terthe low erj aw has

uth,theseslitspunch

onvenientopeningsthat

ughwhenwegofishing

h,insteadofputtingthem

allyapracticenotat all

nthe egg,hasthese

eadbecauselater,when

wimsround,heisgoing

th B utthe litt lechick


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






erj aw hasbeguntogrow,

tsintheside ofhisneck,

out,heis goingto

ever goingtohavethe

dolittlepuppiesand

sand alltheland

ungsandhaven tthe

holes.

tevenbreakclear

einside andcomesout,

oes in,butthetwo

t,andtheholenevergets

rtheholesopenthrough

again,andleavenosign

hereat all.

o leoneachside, theone

everclosesagain,but

stheholeinto theear.

outside,as youknow,

ansandpencilsin, only

ere isanotherhole f romthe

thethroatj ustwhere

unningintil l ita lmostj o ins

nthetw oisj ustathin

o f theear, andifyou

verbeable tohearagain.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





a lt

ergrew . I t istheplacethat

cameinfrom outside,

ndthetwodidn tq uite

ofusland creatures

thewithlungs,start

ecan tpossiblyuse.

emonhand,weuse the

eholeoftheear, and

ndw etak ea llthat

n ttroubleusmuchatthe

riousotherback-boned

water anddon thave

stobreathewith.

this sort—partsand

honecreature,whileit

oesn tuse, j ustbecause

nitgrewup, hadtohave

shorttailahenora

ustastubofata il, only

itsta ilf eathersin. B uta

on,whileitisstill inthe

nimals,longenough

der,whichisunlike

ewts,andthelike—these


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






mething,andyoufind

hebrooksandthe ponds

lofthesethat youare

ith gillslikeafish,and

lyinsteadofhavingtheir

onyplatelikethefish,

ethemoutside,likea

gsdownatthe sideof

neysweep,inCharles

e , a fterheturnedintoa

uchtuf tedgillssothathe

eanynewt oreft,and

T h e W a te r B a b i es , i t s c e r-

sthatthisparticulark ind

e land. Sohedoesn t,

avethem. B utthe litt le

lin theegg,hasgills

ghforallthe usehecan

htj ustasw ellhavebeen

k ates forby thetimehe

gillshavebeentakento

lesand thestuffused

thebody.

akopentheegg,takethe

himinthewaterwhile


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





a lt

maway,andliveunder

rcreature.B utifyou

himselfandhaslost his

thewater,he will

.So thelittlesalaman-

hislifeon dryland,still

gg andhasnousefor

thersalamandersthatlive

terneedgillsto breathe

whichhavelungs

ndanimal.O nlyasnake

re isn troominhimfor

hehasonlyone proper

at runsfromhisneck

.N evertheless,the

ung, smallandq uite

dethefrontendof the

eptileshavetwolungs,

twolungsalso,though

themboth, andtheother

mere ly takesuproom.

ustasbadastherest.

bodycomesdownwith

takentothehospital

mappendi " tak enout.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






eslightestuse toanybody,

butincowsand dogs

s,andvariousother

hateatgrassandleaves,

helpingtodigestfood.

elikethe rest—andthen

arsashorsesanddogsand

musclesarethere and

howantedtotakethe

hisearslikea baboon.

rethere , thoughwedon t

resdo.

ewerthanonehundred

ngsabout us—all sorts

seto usatalland no

athavethem.B utthey

f,andweallhaveto be

heseisastrange sortof

leofthehead,so thatwe

eadoftwo.O urthird

a,andit liestuckedaway

e brain,wellinside

ossiblysee anything.

aureshaveit. B utinnone

use, e ceptincerta in


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





a lt

N ewZ ealand,whereit

middleof theforehead

veralA mericanlizards

e, thoughit isn tgoodfor

mthe" hornedtoad o f

e isn tatoadata ll. So,

rdsw antthreeeyestosee

ootedanimalsandwe

veane traeyethatw e

yinpitch darknessinside

hngsaremanaged—salt

ndgillsinthe eggand

thesnak es, ande traeyes

eeEyesinthestory . It s

a ilsonthe lizard, andthe

arian. Naturegetsstarted

tseemtobeabletostop.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





shavef ingers—asonecan

thepartsofhis

thefore- leg, andbeginat

ontof theplacewhere

thatandthebeginning

kbone,thesamepart

tcollarsatthe backsof

houlders,againstwhich

ullshisload,are mostly

estof allfour-footed

houlder-blades,instead

soursare,areat their

weentheshoulderand

edinmuscleso thatone

ef irst j o intthatshow s,

sthebody,isnot theshoulder

alf ofthearmis inside

e sfore-leg,then,is


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





owandwrist andsure

horse isdouble j ustasit

hat cantwisttheir

eboneisn ttheslightest

w eca llthehorse sk nee,

ain,likeourwrists,it

chmakeourwrists

dtheminall sortsof

useatallto thehorse.

sshin— whichisn tshin

ofthemiddlefinger,

wristtothe knuckle.

ddlefinger, withthe

cheveryfingeroughtto

nail,whichis thehoof.

ndaverylargehand too

gerse ceptone, sothat

nsonthenail ofhis

less, thehorsehasn t

hand becausea longthe

palm-bone,whichwe

ittlebones,toosmall to

palm-bonesofthefirst

once ina longw hilea

oofsonthese bones,so

steadofone.The


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






nd,hasthree fingers,all

whiletheelephantkeepsall

efore-legofacow,you

boutlik ethato fahorse , t il l

B elowthatpoint,the

palm-boneandone

e,then,ithas twofinger-

ers likethecow,and

s,and sodoesthepig.

asallfour fingersand

youreyesopen,you

esandmore.O nlyI

mewhyallthe animals

eoftheirheads— cows

eer andbuffaloesandI

haveeithertwof ingersor

tures thathaveonef inger,

,neverhavesuchhorns.

odyhasyet beenable

e shand—andw hata

be,by theway,ifit

steadofonlyone L et s

taboutthehorse sfoot.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





lymakeoutwhenthe

pto thetail,andlike

hollyinside theskin.

ow sisthek nee, andthe

usit behindtodrive,

o strongly,arethoseof

o intthatcomesnearest

w eca llthegambre l, isthen

oeslook likeaheel and

ddle oneofthefivelong

middletoeontheend

ntheend ofhismiddle

smiddletoenail.

wotoeswith their

our. I don tthink a

wnsoastostand onthe

ceptsometimeswhenhe

tsandrabbitsoften do,

p ontheirhindlegs to

ltheydon tdo itenough

allthewaybackto the

themonkeysandalotof

trunvery fast, doputthe

und,anddo haveasole

el.I ngeneral,thefaster

reitstandsupon its.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





eryC hildShouldK now ,

ngerits feetandhandsare,

upperarms,andthe

has. That sw hy the

eisaboutthefastestanimal

tleasthalfhand,andhis

theirentirelivesto

of correspondence

sandmusclesandother

oseof othersandof

ggameitis, too anda

ayalittle, andkeepon

sandkeepslearningmore


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





oH isTrunk

t h e J u s t So S t or i es , i n th e

re anyelephant

w asacertainE lephant s

haninsatiablecur-

lephant sC hildhadbeen

tiablecuriositybyhis

dbyhistall uncle,the

nt,the H ippopotamus,

B aboon,grievouslyand

ping,foralongtime,he

thegreatgrey-green,

,toseewhattheCrocodile

rocodilecaughtthe

thenose, whichw asj usta

nk atall,andpulled

gmindedto have

hebeginningofhisdinner.

C hildspreadouthislitt le four

lledandpulled,until

chedouttheElephant s


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





veryC hildShouldK now

rste lephant strunk that

antshavehad such

oryofhowthe elephant

eralmorelikeitof the

tall readforyourselves,

utas goodstoriesas

odythislongtime.

soverydifferentfromthis

ant sC hilddidrea lly

happeninq uitethesame

erebeingoneE lephant 3

any,many,oneafter

ars,eachwitha nosea

d alittlemoretrunk-

beforeit.

somethinglikethis:

peanutsto atthe

angesortof beast,with

body,histalllegslike

of rontparttohisj aw s,

kteeth.Theparents

ee wereelephantslike

parents andtheir

.B utifyoucould go

k tothedayswhenthe


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





tHisTrunk

urope,youwouldfindthat

sweresomewhatmore

mals.F oronething,

mals,whileinsteadof

eethin useatonce,

smostotherbeasts

mastodonsandmam-

illdugout ofthesoil

uresofthe mammothonpieces

urope,andinvarious

d whosebodieshave

inSiberia,sowellpre-

e fleshaftertheywere

theseleftalivenow

resofthemwhichmen

esof boneorsketchedon

hichtheylivedbefore

houses.

atures,whosebones


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






hadfrontteeth,and

eventhanthesharpest

say,asthebill ofaduck,

bird.These,of course,

mostas long,with

ndlips.Thengradually,

on,theselong-snouted

ont ofhisfacee cepthiaupperlip.

t oftheirj awsandtheir

lips.Theykepttwo

ewverylargeand

lsotheirlongupper lip,


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





otH isTrunk

t inplace,sothatit

runk.

isn thisnoseonly , but

ndpart oftheroofof

yougotothecircus, you

eliftshis trunksothat

e,andnoticetherough

beastshaveon theroofs

ou yourselvescanseein

ofofyour ownmouth

hentheelephantopens

t,seewhetherhismouth

nderlipandthew holef ront

k enof f j ustasI say ithas.

say , istherehavebeen

,thebonesoftheoriginal

veatrunk , butdidhave

ofotherelephantsbe-

at-grandchildrenofthese,

-grandfathersofthemam-

ohadbeguntolose

urn theirupperlips

ithanyotheranimalthatis

hisgreat-grandfather s

at-grandfathermanytimes


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






sodifferentfromother

nstance,thehorse.

ntfromotherbeasts,with

andhisstrangesingle-

rangesingle-toedfoot,and

nails ofhismiddle

dthereaboutstheydig

esofoldhorsesthat had

sbeenmadeoverfrom afour-toedone.

d theirmiddletoenails,

derablysmallerthan

whileatthesametime,the

ethe remnantsofthe

emiddle , aremuchlargei

Stilldeeperinthe

ll olderhorses,which

ot, butthemiddleone

thesidedidnot touch

ydon tinthedeer. These


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





otHisTrunk

s thesmallestponies.

,come thebonesofyet

withthreehoofson each

ize butthehoofhas

rtoe withanail,about

boutha lfw aybetw een

vendeeperintheearth

obiggerthanlargedogs,

et looksomethinglike

kesheep whichhave

t,thatarerealtoes,

urnintohoofs. Lasto fa ll,

ofall,nolargerthan

irfrontfeet,andthe

ethumb,with claws

othoofsata ll, horsesthat

andlook eda lmostasmuch

nlyit hadgrinding

ngeat atime,this

smuch dogashorse,lost

easedinsize, gotupon

derntrotter. A tthe

lthatlookedmuchlike

es,onlyhe wasonthe

og,keptongettingmore


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






mallerclawsandsharper

illhe becamesomething

w olfnorfo , butagenera l

hsomecatandsome

g,also,thebonesof

beencalled" thefather

stheysay it inL atin. B ut

greatdeal likeaseal,and

atleastheusedto take

moderncatscertainly

dlivedinN orthA merica

beforethefirst human

mewhereontheearth,

ittotell onesortof

orseslookedlikedogs*

ts, andthecatslooked

igs thatlookedlike

ggestedsheep,tosay

couldn tte llf romdeer.

agenera lm i tureofa ll

ehavebeen meninthe

ngedintoall thevarious

gs.I nfact,asnake


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





tHisTrunk

zardthathas leftoffhis

ngintosmallerholes.

s aremucholderthan

erew ereplentyofbothinthe

rehorsesand cowsand

estofthe beastswith

urally,beforetherewere

gooddeallike

a crocodile,andlong

thesides,andthothey

rd,theyhadalsoclaws

reallythree-fingered

wingonthem.B uteven

theoldlizardscales

elongagochangedthem

ew ithourow nancestors

nybeastorbirdor reptile.

stillfoundinthe caves

hthebonesof theanimals

n theearthandstone

of.Thesemen were

ngs,whowalkedon

suppose, ta lked. B utthey

aswe are,fortheirskulls


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






thebonyridgesover

avierandtheirteetha

arlyallI ndiansbefore

thatmatter,like ourown

urope,hadnometaltools,

ammers,a es,andarrow-

all overE urope,vast

weapons,cruderas they

arliestareonlycommon

ngedbyuse.

oftheseearlymen,but

oddealbroken.So

about thesepeople.

ehollowinthebrain-case

vrthe le f tear, asifeven

wereright-handed,and

very ancientapeshad

urs thananymodern

has.Soit seemstobea

syounganimalsandplants

notherthantheywillbe

yancient creaturestend

erthantheirpresent-day


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





erstands

w ehavecometothe last

is goingtobethe

think,themostim-

goingtobeaboutsome-

understands,andsome-

inksabout,themorehe

everthelessitis something

aboutmanytimesin

oumightas wellmakea

ughyouwon tunderstand

y—largely I amaf raid,

erstanditmyse lf—still I trust

omeof it andbyandby

doverthesematters,

t.

erw hatI havea lready

tanimalsandplants,and

ourselvesseen,and

outyourownbodiesand

hinkyouwillagreewithme,


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






wonderfulthingsinthis

ulworld,alivingthing

ostwonderful.

walittleegg,no bigger,

fapin,with nohelp

rhapsalittlefresh airand

saheadandmakesitself

onsider,too,howwell

y sca leandfeatherandtooth

uscle andclawandnail

eandhair, a ll j ustinthe

therightsize . Whenone

onsultsthe architect,

iththe contractor,and

fthe workonthesub-

ctorandthe sub-con-

n andamongthem,

getogetthehouse to-

oflivingthings,one

smgoesahead allby

ing animal,sometimes

aremoredifferentparts

etherinoneofyourlittle

ondwellinghouse,even

hindtheplasteringand

yes,andthenailsthat


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






es,andin generaltolike

forittodo. Yetif it

thesesense organsand

italwayshassomething

gessomehowtogetits

k thatthemoste tra -

things,bothanimals

snumberof different

metwentydifferent

zesfromlionsdown

tsortsof dogs,wolves,

creatures.Thereare

fwillowtreesinN orth

f ferentk indsofpinetrees,

k s. A sforinsects, about

fferentsortshave

s andthereareatleast

at arestillnameless.

ferentracesof men

apartby the irlook s —

hitemen,Tartars,E skimo,

s, andI don tk now how

g human,andyetall

a lotofdifferent


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





erstands

nis somethingthat

We doknow,however,

hattherehaven t

ussortsin theworld.

fficientnumberofthousand

timewhen,insteadof

ereonly ten.B ackof

enttimewhentherewere

eforeeventhatearlyday,

thefatherofcats,

wasalso agooddeallike

avebeena" fatherof

ntshavechanged,someinto

owolves,andsomeinto

ack als, coyotes, dingos,

forty-oddsortsof

gofallthe varioustame

d mastiffsandbulldogs

unt upforyourselves.

yonekindofman. H e

einsouthernA sia,and

e possessedthewhole

uth-eastintothe

ngedintoMalaysand

mwentsouth-westinto


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






groes.SomebecamePer-

us, andA rabs. Thosethat

dE uropeturnedvarious

meus.F orveryfew

onlycertainSwedes

nes.Therestofus,

remerelynotq uite

y-times-greatgrand-

distantcousins,the

owever,started

setheycouldn tveryw et

anddesertsin central

easternend,andthen

de.O ntheirway,they

apanese.Thosethat

dertheA rcticcircle

ofthemcrossedoverby

ka(forthesecountrieshave

theyarenow)and

ndians.

adgotnorth ofthe

othersofthemturned

ossintoEurope. I nfact,

ningE uropeduringthe

mpiresothatthefamous


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





erstands

heminthe eighth

henyou studyhistory

enyoureadstoriesof

early MiddleA ges-

metoE urope,andthen

msouthernA sia . A nd

wayofChinaandTar-

now w earea llm i tupto-

te llw hichf romt other.

ryougetupin thegallery

ple sheads, youcansee

long,egg-shapedheads

ehaveroundbullet-

ces.Thelongsort of

omI ndia , bywayofA sia

ortcameroundtheendof

centra lA sia . That s

rea llw hitemen, w ecan t

s.

iswithallkinds of

honestartssomewhere,

ctionsasfaras itcan,

es,until frombeingone

ometobedozens,and

ordogthereare ascore.

st kindsofanimalsand


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h






earlieronesandthere

them.Thisiswhatwe

hy ita llhappensorw hatit

cse ly " oneof thosethingsthat

nk ingthatifw emen

s wedooutofiron

comotivesandbridges

e-shipsandallsorts of

dmakethembetterand

iser beingthanour<

ndstill morewonderful

e llyw hichw eca llpro -

gthembetterandbettei

f themastheages


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





276.

2.

o f , 245.

4 1 a n d

,274

; l izard- like ,

.

wthof , 50-51

w aste

g

ng

andfo l-

79andfo l-

w ayof , 294

329and

, 330and

owfind

angeto

ng.

ggs, 25-27 o f

fplants,

growthin

f , 91-93

ng.

, 56-5 , 61-

- 6 0 g r ip o f

sw allow ing

- 5 , 9 3- 9 4

12-114.

69-170

-92 how

3-1 5,

4.

stuffedcalf,

340,341.

,309and

319.

f ish, 16

f f ish, 16 and

ntersin, 123-

133 com-

of , 257and

rimentsinre-

untinghu

5 s t or y o f,

o f speechto ,

e ll in,

andfol-

f e et o f ,

andfo l-

7 -79.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





ofotherbirds,

o f

o f f ishes,

70, 317

s,

5.and

oads,

-13, 2 ;

rdsidea

tsto , 315

ollowing.

ndfollow-

fo llowing.

wing.

, 5 o f f ishes,

, 2 .

camera,

9, 1 3-

,1 5 -1 6

; o f a nt s ,

atures,

s, 215-

ow ing

7.

ndfollow-

90.

53.

1,70

sers, 317

331.

73,274and

lowing,

rtance

5 -60

5 o f

teningof, 301

ish, 16

hapesof

ay , 222-224

teethof ,

bsof, 33

cient,

of,172.

esto, 307

42and

269.

, 109.

.

creatures,

ndfollow-

, 23 , 249,

gofplants

52,156-


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





growthof ,

190 o fants

77-27 .

,65-66

4 teeth

1 take

sick ness

5 anddis-

teeth

6-147,154-

wing.

40,307.

andpollen,

4.

asdefence,

ollowing

35 limbs

.

andbrain, 114-

19-120.

,54-55

hof, 30

s,315and

51,253,

dfo llowing.

296and

7-10 ;

growth

ollow-

n, 277and

andfol-

growth

owing.

54.

repa iro f

owing,

sters,314.


/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





/ h t t p : / / w w w . h





e s s_


Book-Natural Wonders Every Child Should Know

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