Bones and Skeletal Tissues

Figure 6.1

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

Hyaline cartilages

Elastic cartilages

Fibrocartilages

Cartilages

Bones of skeleton

EpiglottisLarynx

TracheaCricoidcartilage Lung

Respiratory tube cartilagesin neck and thorax

ThyroidcartilageCartilage in

external earCartilages innose

ArticularCartilageof a jointCostalcartilage

Cartilage inIntervertebraldisc

Pubicsymphysis

Articular cartilageof a joint

Meniscus (padlikecartilage inknee joint)

Bones of the Skeleton Two main groups, by location

Axial skeleton (brown)Appendicular skeleton (yellow)

Figure 6.1

Cartilage inexternal ear

Cartilages innose

ArticularCartilageof a jointCostalcartilage

Cartilage inIntervertebraldisc

Pubicsymphysis

Articular cartilageof a joint

Meniscus (padlikecartilage inknee joint)

Classification of Bones by Shape Long bones- longer than they are wide Short bones- cube-shaped bones (in wrist

and ankle) Sesamoid bones (within tendons, e.g.,

patella) Flat bones- thin, flat, slightly curved Irregular bones- complicated shapes

Figure 6.2

Functions of Bones1. Support- for the body and soft organs2. Protection- for brain, spinal cord, and vital

organs3. Movement- levers for muscle action4. Storage- minerals (calcium and phosphorus)

and growth factors5. Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) in

marrow cavities 6. Triglyceride (energy) storage in bone

cavities

Bone Markings Bulges, depressions, and holes serve as

Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons

Joint surfacesConduits for blood vessels and nerves

Bone Markings: Projections Sites of muscle and ligament attachment

Tuberosity—rounded projectionCrest—narrow, prominent ridge Trochanter—large, blunt, irregular surfaceLine—narrow ridge of boneTubercle—small rounded projectionEpicondyle—raised area above a condyleSpine—sharp, slender projectionProcess—any bony prominence