BONDING PICTURES

Know what picture to draw for each hybridization

sp hybridization: 2 regions of electrons

sp2 hybridization: 3 regions of electrons

sp3 hybridization : 4 regions of electrons

sp3d hybridization : 5 regions of electrons

and bonds with sp2 hybridization

Draw like this:

Fluorine F2

Valence electrons: 7 + 7 = 14

Lewis Dot

Bond angle: N/A

Bonding regions

Nonbonding pairs

Central atom geometry

Molecular geometry

1 3 Tetrahedral paired

Fluorine

Water H2O

Valence electrons: 6 + 1+1 = 8

Lewis Dot

Bond angle: <109.5°

Bonding regions

Nonbonding pairs

Central atom geometry

Molecular geometry

2 2 Tetrahedral bent

Water

==

H

H

Ammonia NH3

Valence electrons: 5 +1+1 +1= 8

Lewis Dot

Bond angle: <109.5

Bonding regions

Nonbonding pairs

Central atom geometry

Molecular geometry

3 1 Tetrahedral pyramidal

Ammonia

Methane CH4

Valence electrons: 4 + 4(1) = 8

Lewis Dot

Bond angle: 109.5°

Bonding regions

Nonbonding pairs

Central atom geometry

Molecular geometry

4 0 Tetrahedral Tetrahedral

Methane

Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2

Valence electrons: 6+6+1+1 = 14

Lewis Dot

Bond angle: <109.5 °

Bonding regions

Nonbonding pairs

Central atom geometry

Molecular geometry

2 2 Tetrahedral bent

Hydrogen Peroxide

=

Carbon tetrachloride CCl4

Valence electrons: 4 + 4(7) = 32

Lewis Dot

Bond angle: 109.5°

Bonding regions

Nonbonding pairs

Central atom geometry

Molecular geometry

4 0 Tetrahedral Tetrahedral

Carbon tetrachloride

===

=

==

==

==

==

=

= =

=

Hydrogen sulfide H2S

Valence electrons: 6 + 1+1 = 8

Lewis Dot

Bond angle: <109.5°

Bonding regions

Nonbonding pairs

Central atom geometry

Molecular geometry

2 2 Tetrahedral bent

Hydrogen sulfide

=

=

=

=

Hydrogen chloride HCl

Valence electrons: 7 +1= 8

Lewis Dot

Bond angle: N/A

Bonding regions

Nonbonding pairs

Central atom geometry

Molecular geometry

1 3 Tetrahedral paired

Hydrogen chloride

=

==

Oxygen O2

Valence electrons: 6 + 6 = 12

Lewis Dot

Bond angle: N/A

Bonding regions

Nonbonding pairs

Central atom geometry

Molecular geometry

1 2 Trigonal planar

paired

Oxygen

Only draw the axes -- not necessary to draw p orbital balloons

Nitrogen N2

Valence electrons: 5 + 5 = 10

Lewis Dot

Bond angle: N/A

Bonding regions

Nonbonding pairs

Central atom geometry

Molecular geometry

1 1 Linear paired

Nitrogen

= ==

Carbon dioxide CO2

Valence electrons: 4 +6+6 = 16

Lewis Dot

Bond angle: 180°

Bonding regions

Nonbonding pairs

Central atom geometry

Molecular geometry

C: 2 0 Linear Linear

O: 1 2 Trigonal planar

paired

Carbon dioxide

Sulfur trioxide SO3

Valence electrons: 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 = 24

Lewis Dot

Bond angle: 120°

Bonding regions

Nonbonding pairs

Central atom geometry

Molecular geometry

S: 3 0 Trigonal planar

Trigonal planar

O: 1 3 Tetrahedral Paired

O: 1 2 Trigonal planar

paired

Sulfur trioxide

Carbon monoxide CO

Valence electrons: 4 + 6 = 10

Lewis Dot

Bond angle: N/A

Bonding regions

Nonbonding pairs

Central atom geometry

Molecular geometry

1 1 Linear paired

Carbon monoxide

= ==C O

Ozone O3

Valence electrons: 6 + 6+6 = 18

Lewis Dot

Bond angle: <120°

Bonding regions

Nonbonding pairs

Central atom geometry

Molecular geometry

2 1 Trigonal planar

bent

Ozone

Phosphorus pentachloride PCl5 Valence electrons:

5 + 5(7) = 40 Lewis Dot

Bond angle: 90° and 120°

Bonding regions

Nonbonding pairs

Central atom geometry

Molecular geometry

5 0 Trigonal bipyramidal

Trigonal bipyramidal

Phosphorus pentachloride

Sulfur hexafluoride SF6

Valence electrons: 6 + 6(7) = 48

Lewis Dot

Bond angle: 90°

Bonding regions

Nonbonding pairs

Central atom geometry

Molecular geometry

6 0 Octahedral octahedral

Sulfur hexafluoride

Nitrate NO3-

Valence electrons: 5 + 3(6) +1 = 24

Lewis Dot

Bond angle: 120°

Bonding regions

Nonbonding pairs

Central atom geometry

Molecular geometry

3 0 Trigonal planar

Trigonal planar

nitrate

Phosphate PO4-3

Valence electrons: 5 + 4(6) + 3 = 32

Lewis Dot -3

Bond angle: 109.5°

Bonding regions

Nonbonding pairs

Central atom geometry

Molecular geometry

4 O Tetrahedral tetrahedral

Phosphate =

==

=

==

==

=

=

==

=

= =

=

Sulfate SO4-2

Valence electrons: 6 + 4(6) +2 = 32

Lewis Dot

Bond angle: 109.5°

Bonding regions

Nonbonding pairs

Central atom geometry

Molecular geometry

4 0 Tetrahedral tetrahedral

-2

Sulfate=

==

=

==

==

=

=

==

=

= =

=

Chlorate ClO3-

Valence electrons: 7 + 3(6)+1 = 26

Lewis Dot

Bond angle: <109.5°

Bonding regions

Nonbonding pairs

Central atom geometry

Molecular geometry

3 1 Tetrahedral pyramidal

Chlorate

Ethane C2H6

Valence electrons: 2(4) + 6(1) = 14

Lewis Dot

Bond angle: 109.5°

Bonding regions

Nonbonding pairs

Central atom geometry

Molecular geometry

4 0 Tetrahedral tetrahedral

Ethane

Ethene C2H4

Valence electrons: 2(4) + 4(1) = 12

Lewis Dot

Bond angle: 120°

Bonding regions

Nonbonding pairs

Central atom geometry

Molecular geometry

3 0 Trigonal planar

Trigonal planar

Ethene C2H4

=

=

=

=

=

=

Ethyne C2H2

Valence electrons: 2(4) + 2(1) = 10

Lewis Dot

Bond angle: 180°

Bonding regions

Nonbonding pairs

Central atom geometry

Molecular geometry

2 0 Linear linear

Ethyne C2H2

Sulfur Dioxide SO2

Valence electrons: 6 + 2(6) = 18

Lewis Dot

Bond angle: <120°

Bonding regions

Nonbonding pairs

Central atom geometry

Molecular geometry

2 1 Trigonal planar

bent

Sulfur Dioxide

Cyanide CN-

Valence electrons: 4 + 5 + 1= 10

Lewis Dot

Bond angle: N/A

Bonding regions

Nonbonding pairs

Central atom geometry

Molecular geometry

1 1 Linear paired

Cyanide

= ==

Nitrite NO2 -

Valence electrons: 5 + 2(6)+1 = 18

Lewis Dot

Bond angle: <120°

Bonding regions

Nonbonding pairs

Central atom geometry

Molecular geometry

2 1 Trigonal planar

bent

Nitrite

Hydronium H3O+

Valence electrons: 6 + 3(1) -1 = 8

Lewis Dot

Bond angle: <109.5°

Bonding regions

Nonbonding pairs

Central atom geometry

Molecular geometry

3 1 Tetrahedral pyramidal

+

Hydronium