Presentation on Bond management

Presented by:Amanpreet

Sourabh modgil

MeaningBond is a debt security in which the

authorized issuer owes the holder a debt and is obliged to repay the principal and interest at a later date, termed maturity. It is issued by public authorites,credit intuition, companies and supranational institutions in the primary markets.

A bond is a promissory note and financial debt. Instrument issued by corporates and governments to collect funds from public or investors by offering fixed interest or there form of returns with specific maturity term to the investors. In India the term bond is associated generally with loan able instrument issued by public undertaking.

FEATURES OF BOND

• Nominal, principal or face amount• Issue price• Maturity date (1) short term (2) medium term (3) long term• Coupon• Coupon dates• Indentures and covenants

• Optionality (1) call ability (2) put ability (3) call dates and put dates (4) convertible bonds• Convertible bonds• Exchangeable bonds

TYPES OF BONDS

• Fixed rate bonds• Floating rate bond• High yield bond• Zero coupon bond• Inflation linked bonds • Assets-backed securities• Subordinated bonds • Perpetual bonds• Bearer bond• Registered bonds• Book entry bonds • Municipal bond

• Lottery bond• War bond• Other index bond

Bond management

Bond evaluation

concept Sale and purchase

Rating agencies

Bond valuation

Time valuation concept Bond return

Yield to maturity Yield to cost

strategies

Bond management strategiesBond

management strategies

Passive strategies

Buy and hold strategies

Ladder strategies

Semi active strategies

Maturity matching duration

immunization Maturity matching

Active strategies

Sector and asset

substitution

Maturity adjustment

Quality diversification

Coupon adjustment or

yield substitution

Mapping expected returns

Passive strategyBuy and hold strategy : A buy and hold

strategy essentially means purchasing and holding a security to maturity or redemption and then reinvesting cash proceeds in similar securities.

AdvantagesAny capital change resulting from interest rate change is neutralized or ignored.Primarily used by income maximizing investors who are interested in the largest coupon income over a desired horizon.

Bond ladder strategy: building a bond ladder means buying bonds scheduled to come due at several different dates in the future, rather than all in the same year.

This process is known as laddering because each group on bonds represents a rung on the investments maturity ladder.

Advantages: Beneficial in both situation when interest rate rise or fall.Effective tool for someone who needs large mounts of money available on certain future dates, for example, to pay for a child education.Disadvantagesif interest rates plunge, invester would be better off owning only long term bondsLadders also not make sense for investors with smalll amounts of money.

Semi active strategies 1. Immunization because of changes in the shape of the

term structure and changes in the level of interest rates, investor faces interest rate risk. The elimination of these risk is called bond immunization.

Immunization is the investment of asset in such a manner that the existing business is immunized to a general change in the rate of interest provided that the average duration of assets is equal to average duration of liabilities.

Two types of interest riska) Price risk : the price risk occurs due to decrease in

price or value of bond as a result of increasing in interest rate in the market.

b) Coupon reinvestment risk: CRR arises because the yield to maturity computation implicitly assumes that all coupon flows will be reinvested at the promised yield to maturity.

2. Duration: duration is a concept , which means the weighted average measure of time period of bond’s life.This is valuable in understanding how bond’s price change in response to interest rate change.PropertiesI. High coupon rate result in shorter duration and

less volatility in priceII. The bond has no coupon rate, the duration is

equal to maturity period.III. Higher , YTM leads to shorter duration , YTM and

duration have inverse relationship.IV. The duration of a coupon bond increases at

decreasing rate with maturity.Advantages: Necessary for a study of the effect of changes in interest rates on bond prices and yields.

3 Dedication: dedication is concerned with financing a stream of liabilities over time.The purpose of dedication is to fund a sequence of liability payments as they come due with no interest rate risk.It involve four steps:I. Liability payment stream is determinedII. Bond universe is selected according to

quality criteria.III. Investor objectives and constraints are

identifiedIV. Optimal portfolio is chosen

Active StrategiesSector and asset substitution among bonds say from

central government securities to higher yielding semi government bonds or from government to corporate bonds.

Maturity adjustments by shortening the maturities when interest rates are expected to rise and lengthening the maturities when interest rates are expected to fall.

Quality diversification into various grade of risk, through expected or actual ratings of bonds by rating agencies.

Coupon adjustments or yield substitutions: bonds of lower coupons are preferred when speculative capital gains or losses are aimed at.

EVALUATION OF BONDS1. Goodwill of the cooperation 2. Past earning of the profit3. Purpose of collection money

Valuation of bondsThe value of a bond is simply the present value of the security future cash flows.

Market price and expected yield are the major determinants of bond.

Current year = coupon rate (current year is the coupon payment as a % of current market price.

CY = CR/PCURRENT YIELD – Current yeild held investor to measure threir

annual cash flows on a bond every year. if the bond is purchased at the face value the current yeild and coupon rate will the same. So with the help of current yeild the investors can find out the rate of cash flow from their investment evry year.

HOLDING PERIOD RETURN - A Bond is held for no. of years. So, it become necessary to calculate the rate of return of that period.

Yeild to maturity - (ytm) is the rate of return and investors expects to earn if the bond is held till maturity.

It is the single discount factor that makes

present value of future cash flow from a bond equal to the current price of the bond. YTM is the discounted cash flow of the returns from the bond which represents interest payment And premium or discount in the price.

YMT is a measure of yield not a measure of returns from a coupon bond.

ASSUMPTIONSThe investors holds the bond till maturityThe intering coupon received a re-invested and

the computed at the YTM rate or at the same interest rat as the same ytm of the bond

There is no default in payment of coupon or maturity of value.

Valuation of YTM

Simple model NPV model