Body Systems - stambrosesciencejr.weebly.comstambrosesciencejr.weebly.com/.../body_systems.pdf ·...
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BODY SYSTEMSCHAPTER 3
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THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3, LESSON 1
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FUNCTION
• The human circulatory system consists of the heart,
blood vessels, and the blood
• The circulatory system’s function is to circulate the
blood so that oxygen and nutrients can get to the body
tissues, and waste products can be transported to their
proper places
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THEHEART• The heart is a muscle that acts as
a pump for the blood
– When the heart contracts
blood is forced out, and when
it relaxes, blood enters
• Separated into 4 chambers
– Left and Right Atria – Top
portions; blood enters
– Left and Right Ventricles –
Bottom two portions; blood is
pumped out
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BLOOD VESSELS• Arteries:
– Carry blood away from the heart
– Carry oxygenated blood
• Veins:
– Carry blood to the heart
– Carry de-oxygenated blood
• Capillaries:
– Smallest blood vessels
– Diffusion of oxygen, carbon dioxide
and waste products occur here
– One cell thick
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BLOOD• Blood Plasma
– The liquid part of the
blood
• Red Blood Cells
– Shaped like discs with a
dimple on each side
– Carry oxygen to the rest
of the body
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BLOOD
• White Blood Cells
– Have many different
shapes and sizes
– Protect the body by
eating germs such as
viruses and bacteria
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BLOOD
• Platelets
–Not complete cells
–Form blood clots
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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
CHAPTER 3, LESSON 2
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FUNCTION
• The function of the respiratory system is to exchange
oxygen and carbon dioxide
• The respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
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ANATOMY
• Trachea – Windpipe
• Bronchi – 2 main branches of the trachea
• Alveoli – Air sacs externally covered in capillaries; gas exchange occurs in the alveoli
• Diaphragm – Long flat muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity
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GAS EXCHANGE• There are approximately 350
million alveoli in each lung
• These alveoli cumulatively provide a very large surface area
• Oxygen dissolves in the moisture on the inner surface and diffuses into the blood in the pulmonary veins
• Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood in the pulmonary arteries and into the alveoli
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BREATHING
INHALING
• The diaphragm contracts, causing
it to pull downward
• The rib cage rises
• Causes a partial vacuum in the
lungs
• The partial vacuum allows air to
enter the lungs
EXHALING
• The diaphragm relaxes, causing it
go upward
• The rib cage descends
• The relaxation of the diaphragm
and rib cage descending force air
out of the lungs
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THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
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THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• The function of each organ of the digestive
system is to help convert foods into simpler
molecules that can be absorbed and used by
cells of the body
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THE PROCESSOF DIGESTION
The Mouth
• Begins mechanical and chemical digestion
• Mechanical – Chewing food breaks it down to smaller pieces, increasing surface area
• Chemical – Saliva contains enzymes
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THE PROCESSOF DIGESTION
Esophagus
• Brings food from the mouth to the stomach through peristalsis
• Smooth muscle surrounding the esophagus contracts, forcing the food downward
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THE PROCESSOF DIGESTIONStomach
• Mechanical and chemical digestion
• Mechanical – Contractions churn and mix food
• Chemical – Glands produce mucus, hydrochloric acid and pepsin
– Mucus – Coats and protects the inner lining
– Hydrochloric Acid – Helps pepsin work better
– Pepsin – Breaks proteins down into smaller fragments
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THE PROCESSOF DIGESTION
Small Intestine
• Absorption of nutrients
– Up until now, food has only
been broken down chemically
and mechanically
– Villi are folds inside the small
intestine, and have capillaries
inside the folds
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THE PROCESSOF DIGESTION
Large Intestine
• Water absorption
– Also called the colon
– No digestion occurs
here
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ACCESSORY DIGESTIVEORGANS
Liver
• Produces bile
– Breaks down fats
– Stored in the gall
bladder
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ACCESSORY DIGESTIVEORGANS
Pancreas• Gland that serves 3 functions
– Produces insulin which regulates blood sugar levels
– Produces enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
– Produces sodium bicarbonate, which neutralizes stomach acid