PROJECTPROJECT BODY MOVEMENTS BODY MOVEMENTS

Class-vi( b)Class-vi( b)

Presented by Priyanshu Raj

Muscles and Body MovementsMuscles and Body Movements

►Movement results when a muscle moves an Movement results when a muscle moves an attached boneattached bone

►Muscles are attached to at least two pointsMuscles are attached to at least two points OriginOrigin

► Attachment to a immoveable boneAttachment to a immoveable bone InsertionInsertion

► Attachment to an movable boneAttachment to an movable bone

Muscles and Body MovementsMuscles and Body Movements

Types of Ordinary Body Types of Ordinary Body MovementsMovements

►FlexionFlexion Decreases the angle of the jointDecreases the angle of the joint Brings two bones closer togetherBrings two bones closer together Typical of hinge joints like knee and elbowTypical of hinge joints like knee and elbow

►ExtensionExtension Opposite of flexionOpposite of flexion Increases angle between two bonesIncreases angle between two bones

Types of Ordinary Body Types of Ordinary Body MovementsMovements

Types of Ordinary Body Types of Ordinary Body MovementsMovements

Hyperextension: results when angle is > 180 ̊

Types of Ordinary Body Types of Ordinary Body MovementsMovements

►RotationRotation Movement of a bone Movement of a bone

around its longitudinal around its longitudinal axisaxis

Common in ball-and-Common in ball-and-socket jointssocket joints

Example is when you Example is when you move atlas around the move atlas around the axis vertebra (shake axis vertebra (shake your head “no”)your head “no”)

Types of Ordinary Body MovementsTypes of Ordinary Body Movements

►AbductionAbduction Movement of a limb Movement of a limb

away from the midlineaway from the midline

►AdductionAdduction Opposite of abductionOpposite of abduction Movement of a limb Movement of a limb

toward the midlinetoward the midline

Types of Ordinary Body Types of Ordinary Body MovementsMovements

►CircumductionCircumduction Combination of flexion, Combination of flexion,

extension, abduction, extension, abduction, and adductionand adduction

Common in ball-and-Common in ball-and-socket jointssocket joints

Special MovementsSpecial Movements►DorsiflexionDorsiflexion

Lifting the foot so that Lifting the foot so that the superior surface the superior surface approaches the shinapproaches the shin

►Plantar flexionPlantar flexion Depressing the foot Depressing the foot

(pointing the toes)(pointing the toes)

Special MovementsSpecial Movements

►InversionInversion Turn sole of foot Turn sole of foot

mediallymedially►EversionEversion

Turn sole of foot Turn sole of foot laterallylaterally

Special MovementsSpecial Movements►SupinationSupination

Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces up (anterior)Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces up (anterior)►PronationPronation

Forearm rotates medially so palm faces down (posterior)Forearm rotates medially so palm faces down (posterior)

Special MovementsSpecial Movements►OppositionOpposition

Move thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on the Move thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on the same handsame hand

Gliding jointGliding joint

LIMBSLIMBS► for the limb it serves. Joints permit bodily movement and are for the limb it serves. Joints permit bodily movement and are

held together by fibers called ligaments. Joints are oiled held together by fibers called ligaments. Joints are oiled continuously to prevent friction. Some joints, like those continuously to prevent friction. Some joints, like those connecting the skull's series of bones, allow no movement. connecting the skull's series of bones, allow no movement. Others may permit only limited movement; the joints in the Others may permit only limited movement; the joints in the spine allow some movement in several directions. Most joints spine allow some movement in several directions. Most joints have a greater range of movement, and these are called have a greater range of movement, and these are called synovial joints. The skeleton is made up of many kinds of synovial joints. The skeleton is made up of many kinds of movable joints. The bearing surface is made smooth by slippery movable joints. The bearing surface is made smooth by slippery cartilage to reduce friction. Larger joints are lubricated by cartilage to reduce friction. Larger joints are lubricated by synovial fluid. Connections called synovial joints are sturdy synovial fluid. Connections called synovial joints are sturdy enough to hold the skeleton together while permitting a range of enough to hold the skeleton together while permitting a range of motions. The ends of these joints are coated with cartilages, motions. The ends of these joints are coated with cartilages, which reduce friction and cushion against jolts. Between the which reduce friction and cushion against jolts. Between the bones, in a narrow space, is the joint cavity, which gives us bones, in a narrow space, is the joint cavity, which gives us freedom of movement.freedom of movement.

► Most joints have a greater range of movement, and Most joints have a greater range of movement, and these are called synovial joints. The skeleton is made up these are called synovial joints. The skeleton is made up of many kinds of movable joints. The bearing surface is of many kinds of movable joints. The bearing surface is made smooth by slippery cartilage to reduce friction. made smooth by slippery cartilage to reduce friction. Larger joints are lubricated by synovial fluid. Most joints Larger joints are lubricated by synovial fluid. Most joints have a greater range of movement, and these are called have a greater range of movement, and these are called synovial joints. The skeleton is made up of many kinds synovial joints. The skeleton is made up of many kinds of movable joints. The bearing surface is made smooth of movable joints. The bearing surface is made smooth by slippery cartilage to reduce friction. Larger joints are by slippery cartilage to reduce friction. Larger joints are lubricated by synovial fluid. Connections called synovial lubricated by synovial fluid. Connections called synovial joints are sturdy enough to hold the skeleton together joints are sturdy enough to hold the skeleton together while permitting a range of motions. The ends of these while permitting a range of motions. The ends of these joints are coated with cartilages, which reduce friction joints are coated with cartilages, which reduce friction and cushion against jolts. Between the bones, in a and cushion against jolts. Between the bones, in a narrow space, is the joint cavity, which gives us freedom narrow space, is the joint cavity, which gives us freedom of movement.of movement.

Carti lageCarti lage►Carti lageCarti lage  is a flexible  is a flexible connective tissueconnective tissue

 found in many areas in the bodies of humans  found in many areas in the bodies of humans and other animals, including the and other animals, including the jointsjoints between  between bonesbones, the , the rib cagerib cage, the , the earear, the , the nosenose, the , the bronchial tubesbronchial tubes and the  and the intervertebral discsintervertebral discs. It is not as hard and rigid . It is not as hard and rigid as as bonebone but is stiffer and less flexible than  but is stiffer and less flexible than musclemuscle..

►Cartilage is composed of specialized cells Cartilage is composed of specialized cells called called chondroblastschondroblasts that produce a large  that produce a large amount of amount of extracellular matrixextracellular matrix composed of  composed of collagencollagen fibers, abundant  fibers, abundant ground substanceground substance rich in  rich in proteoglycanproteoglycan, and , and elastinelastin fibers.  fibers. Cartilage is classified in three types,Cartilage is classified in three types,elastic cartilageelastic cartilage, , hyaline cartilagehyaline cartilage and  and fibrocartilagefibrocartilage, which differ in the relative , which differ in the relative amounts of these three main components.amounts of these three main components. [1][1]

 Chondroblasts that get caught in the matrix are  Chondroblasts that get caught in the matrix are called called chondrocyteschondrocytes. They lie in spaces called . They lie in spaces called lacunae with up to eight chondrocytes per lacunae with up to eight chondrocytes per lacuna.lacuna.

►Unlike other connective tissues, cartilage does Unlike other connective tissues, cartilage does not contain blood vessels. The chondrocytes are not contain blood vessels. The chondrocytes are suppliedsupplied

►by by diffusiondiffusion, helped by the pumping , helped by the pumping action generated by compression of the action generated by compression of the articular cartilage or flexion of the articular cartilage or flexion of the elastic cartilage. Thus, compared to elastic cartilage. Thus, compared to other connective tissues, cartilage other connective tissues, cartilage grows and repairs more slowlygrows and repairs more slowly

► In embryogenesis, the skeletal system is In embryogenesis, the skeletal system is derived from the mesoderm germ layer. derived from the mesoderm germ layer. Chondrification (also known as Chondrification (also known as chondrogenesis) is the process by which chondrogenesis) is the process by which cartilage is formed from cartilage is formed from condensed mesenchyme tissue, which condensed mesenchyme tissue, which differentiates into chondroblasts and begins differentiates into chondroblasts and begins secreting the molecules that form the secreting the molecules that form the extracellular matrix.extracellular matrix.

►Following the initial chondrification that occurs Following the initial chondrification that occurs during embryogenesis, cartilage growth during embryogenesis, cartilage growth consists mostly of the maturing of immature consists mostly of the maturing of immature cartilage to a more mature state. cartilage to a more mature state.

►The division of cells within cartilage occurs The division of cells within cartilage occurs very slowly, and thus growth in cartilage is very slowly, and thus growth in cartilage is usually not based on an increase in size or usually not based on an increase in size or mass of the cartilage itselfmass of the cartilage itself

collagencollagen

Collagen Collagen

►Many people are Many people are familiar with a familiar with a hambone as a hambone as a cross-section of a cross-section of a typical bone. The typical bone. The center of the bone center of the bone is filled is filled with with marrowmarrow , and , and this is surrounded this is surrounded by the hardened by the hardened bone tissue itself. If bone tissue itself. If you would examine you would examine a bit of this hard a bit of this hard bone tissue under a bone tissue under a microscope, it microscope, it would look like the would look like the picture to the right. picture to the right. In boneIn bone

►Following the initial chondrification that occurs Following the initial chondrification that occurs during embryogenesis, cartilage growth during embryogenesis, cartilage growth consists mostly of the maturing of immature consists mostly of the maturing of immature cartilage to a more mature state. The division cartilage to a more mature state. The division of cells within cartilage occurs very slowly, of cells within cartilage occurs very slowly, and thus growth in cartilage is usually not and thus growth in cartilage is usually not based on an increase in size or mass of the based on an increase in size or mass of the cartilage itself.cartilage itself. [2][2] Articular cartilage function is  Articular cartilage function is dependent on the molecular composition of its dependent on the molecular composition of its extracellular matrix (ECM), extracellular matrix (ECM),

Skeleton systemSkeleton system

►craniumcranium► the bones of the skull surrounding the brain, not the bones of the skull surrounding the brain, not

including the face bones; the bone just above/in including the face bones; the bone just above/in front of the ear is the front of the ear is the temporal bonetemporal bone

►mandiblemandible► the jaw bone, so the hinge of the jaw is the jaw bone, so the hinge of the jaw is

the the temporo-mandibular jointtemporo-mandibular joint , and problems , and problems with malfunctioning of this joint are known as with malfunctioning of this joint are known as TMJTMJ

►VertebraeVertebrae►bones which make up the spine, which includebones which make up the spine, which include

CartilageCartilage► cervical vertebraecervical vertebrae► the vertebrae in the neck regionthe vertebrae in the neck region► thoracic vertebraethoracic vertebrae► the vertebrae with ribs attachedthe vertebrae with ribs attached► lumbar vertebraelumbar vertebrae

► the vertebrae in the lower backthe vertebrae in the lower back► sacrumsacrum► five fused vertebrae which are joined to the pelvisfive fused vertebrae which are joined to the pelvis► coccyxcoccyx► four fused vertebrae which comprise the tailbfour fused vertebrae which comprise the tailb

Gliding jointGliding joint

►spread of ilium: female more flared and spread of ilium: female more flared and cradle-like with anterior iliac spines farther cradle-like with anterior iliac spines farther apart vs. more straight “up-and-down” in maleapart vs. more straight “up-and-down” in male

►shape of hole in ischium: smaller and shape of hole in ischium: smaller and triangular in female vs. larger and rounded in triangular in female vs. larger and rounded in malemale

►angle across pubic symphysis = pubic archangle across pubic symphysis = pubic arch

Joints and Movement Fact Sheet Joints and Movement Fact Sheet

JOINTS:JOINTS:

Joints are functional junctions between bones. They allow for movement, bind bones together, make bone growth possible, and allow parts of the skeleton to change shape during child birth. Joints can be categorized based on their mobility as immovable, slightly moveable, or freely moveable. They can also be categorized based on their types of tissue: synovial, fibrous, or cartilaginous

►Ball and socket jointBall and socket joint

Hip jointHip joint

Condyloid jointCondyloid joint► . . Condyloid jointCondyloid joint is an oval shaped condyle of  is an oval shaped condyle of

one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone, as in the joints between the metacarpals bone, as in the joints between the metacarpals and phalanges. This type of joint can allow and phalanges. This type of joint can allow many different movements, except rotational many different movements, except rotational movementmovement

Candyloid jointCandyloid joint

. Gliding joints are nearly flat or slightly curved. Most joints within the wrist and ankle and ttwisting movementshose between the articular process of adjacent vertebrae belong to this group. They allow sliding and

Hinge jointHinge joint

►   Hinge jointsHinge joints is when the convex surface of  is when the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone, like the elbow. This joint can another bone, like the elbow. This joint can also be found in the phalanges and permits also be found in the phalanges and permits movement only in one plane, like a door movement only in one plane, like a door hinge.hinge.

Saddle jointSaddle joint

►Saddle JointSaddle Joint forms between bones whose  forms between bones whose articulating surfaces have both concave and articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions. The surface of one bone fits convex regions. The surface of one bone fits the complementary surface of the other.the complementary surface of the other.

Fibrous Joints:Fibrous Joints:

►These are joints which connect bones but are These are joints which connect bones but are immoveable. There are three types: sutures, immoveable. There are three types: sutures, syndesmosis, and gomphosis. syndesmosis, and gomphosis. 

►