Body fluids(health)
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BODY FLUIDSIMPORTANCE IN
HEALTH&
DISEASE
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BODY FLUIDS
INTRACELLULAR FLUID
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
Fluid contained inside the cells. Most of this cytosol, matrix in which cellular organelles are suspended.
The interstitial, intravascular and transcellular compartments.
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Measurement of Fluid Volumes
METHOD USED:- INDICATOR DILUTION
Indicator Mass B= Volume B x Concentration B
Volume B= Indicator Mass B / Concentration B
Indicator Mass A= Volume A x Concentration
A Indicator Mass A=Indicator Mass B
FORMULA USED Volume B= Volume A x Concentration A
Concentration B
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Ideal IndicatorDisperses evenly throughout the compartment
Disperses only in the compartment being measured
Indicator not metabolized or excreted during the process
Can be easily & accurately measured
Non toxic in nature
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DETERMINATION OF VOLUMES OF SPECIFIC BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS
VOLUME INDICATORS
Total body water
Extracellular fluid
Intracellular Fluid
Plasma Volume
Blood Volume
Interstitial fluid
3H2O, 2H2O, Antipyrine
22Na, 125I-iothalamate, thiosulfate, inulin(Calculated as total body water- Extracellular fluid volume)125I-albumin, Evans Blue dye (T-1824)51Cr-labeled red blood cells or calculated as blood volume=Plasma volume/(1-Hematocrit)(Calculated as ECF volume-Plasma volume)
Total body water -Extracellular volumeECF Volume –Plasma Volume
Plasma Volume1 - Hematocrit
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Types of Solutions TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
Hyperosmotic solutions
Have higher
osmolarity than the cell
Isosmotic Solutions Osmolarity
same as the cell
Hypoosmotic Solutions
Have lower osmolarity than
the cell
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ABNORMALITIES IN VOLUME & CONCENTRATION OF BODY FLUIDS
Abnormalities
Dehydration
Overhydration
Sodium Balance
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DEHYDRATIONDehydration occurs when water intake is insufficient to replace free water lost due to normal physiologic processes (e.g. breathing or urination) and other causes (e.g. diarrhea or vomiting).
Iso-osmotic contractionWater loss due to • Diarrhoea• Vomiting• Haemorrhag
e• Burns &• Ascites
Hyperosmotic contractionWater loss due to• Decreased
water intake• Excessive
sweating• Diabetes(m
elittus & inspidus)
Hypo-osmotic contractionWater loss due to
• Loss of NaCl or hypertonic fluid from the body
• Adrenocotical insufficiency
• (Addisson’s disease)
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OVERHYDRATIONOverhydration is an excess of water in the body. People can develop overhydration if they have a disorder that decreases the body's ability to excrete water or increases the body's tendency to retain water. Drinking too much water rarely causes overhydration because normal kidneys easily excrete excess water.
Iso-osmotic expansionWater caused• Infusion of
isotonic fluids(0.9% NaCl)
Hyper-osmotic ExpansionWater caused by• Administrati
on of excessive amount of hypertonic saline
Hypo-osmotic ExpansionWater caused by• SIADH(syndr
ome of inappropriate ADH secretion)
• Ingestion of large amount of water
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HYPONATREMIA
Diarrhea and Vomiting
Overuse of Diuretics
Addison’s Disease
Causes
A primary loss of sodium chloride usually results in HYPONATREMIA-DEHYDRATION (associated with decreased ECF volume)
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Diuretics & Diarhea
Diabetes Inspidus
Hypernatremia Overhydration
Dehydration
Causes
HYPERNATREMIAPrimary loss of water from the extracellular fluid and elevated sodium level in the extracellular fluid which also causes increased osmolarity.
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SYMPTOMS FRIED
Fever(low grade), flushed skin
Restless (irritable)
Increased fluid retention and increases BPEdema(peripheral and pitting)
Decreased urine output, dry mouth
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EDEMA
Caused by Hyponatremia Depressions of the
metabolic systems of the body
Lack of adequate nutrtion
Caused by Abnormal leakage of
fluid Failiure of
lymphatics to return fluid from the interstitium
Intracellular Extracellular