Anatomy and physiology is the study of the human body.

Anatomy is concerned with the structure of a part. Forexample, the stomach is a J-shaped, pouch like organThe stomach wall has thick folds, which disappearas the stomach expands to increase its capacity.

Physiology is concerned with the function of a part. For example, the stomach temporarily stores food, secretes digestive juices, andpasses on partially digested food to the small intestine.

Atom to Human body

The Human Body

Anatomical position When describing parts of the body, it is often important to refer to their relative positions.Anatomic position:- a person standing erect with the feet facing forward, arms hanging to the sides, and palms facing forward with the thumbs to the outside is an Anatomical position

Directional terms have been developed to facilitate such references.

Anatomical Position

1.In the anatomical position, the palms are facing towards the feet.

TRUEFALSE

2. The anatomical position was created to ____________A. annoy anatomy studentsB. be a standard reference for the bodyC. help physiotherapists to understand anatomyD. describe the pose that people take when they sleep

3. A person can sit in the anatomical position.TRUEFALSE

Directional terms.Directional terms tell us where body parts are located with reference to the body in anatomical position.

Directional terms Directional terms are used to describe the location of onebody part in relation to another

Anterior(ventral) means that a body part is located towardthe front. The windpipe (trachea) is anterior to theesophagus. Posterior(dorsal) means that a body part is located towardthe back. The heart is posterior to the rib cage

Directional terms 1

Superior means that a body part is located above another part, or toward the head. The face is superior to the neck.Inferior means that a body part is below another part, or toward the feet. The navel is inferior to the chin

Medial means that a body part is nearer than another part to an imaginary midline of the body. The bridge of the nose is medial to the eyes. Lateral means that a body part is farther away from the midline. The eyes are lateral to the nose.

Directional terms 2

Proximal means that a body part is closer to the point of attachment or closer to the trunk. The elbow is proximal to the hand. Distal means that a body part is farther from the point of attachment or farther from the trunk or torso. The hand is distal to the elbow.

Directional terms 3

Superficial(external) means that a body part is located near the surface. The skin is superficial to the muscles. Deep(internal) means that the body part is located away from the surface. The intestines are deep to the spine.

Directional terms 4

Central means that a body part is situated at the center of the body or an organ. The central nervous system is located along the main axis of the body. Peripheral means that a body part is situated away from the center of the body or an organ. The peripheral nervous system is located outside the central nervous system

Directional terms 5

Regions of the BodyThe human body can be divided into

1axial portions Head, Neck, and Trunk (Thorax, Abdomen, and Pelvis)

2. Appendicular portions.

(the limbs— the upper limbs and the lower limbs.)

The scientific name for each region is followed by the common name for that region. For example, the cephalic region is commonly called the head

A frontal plane, also called a coronal plane, is made at right angles to themidline and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. A sagittal plane passes from front to back and divides the body into right and left portions. If the plane passes through the midline, it is a mid sagittal or medial plane. A transverse plane passes horizontally, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

Body Cavities

Internal organs are located within dorsal and ventral cavities .The dorsal cavity contains the brain in the cranial cavity and the spinal cord in the spinal cavity (canal).The uppermost ventral space, the thoracic cavity , is separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm. There is no anatomical separation between the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity , which together make up the abdomino pelvic cavity.The large membrane that lines the abdomino pelvic cavity and covers the organs within it is the peritoneum

Body Regions

Key Termsabdominal cavity : The large ventral cavity below the diaphragm and above the pelvic cavity

abdominopelvic cavity: The large ventral cavity between the diaphragm and pelvis that includes the abdominal and pelvic cavities

anatomic position : Standard position for anatomical studies, in which the body iserect and facing forward, the arms are at the sides with palms forward, and the feet are parallel

cranial cavity : The dorsal cavity that contains the brain

Diaphragm : The muscle that separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity

frontal (coronal) plane: Plane of section that separates the body into anterior (front) andposterior (back) portions

pelvic cavity : The ventral cavity that is below the abdominal cavity

Peritoneum : The large serous membrane that lines the abdomino pelvic cavity and covers the organs within it

sagittal plane : Plane that divides the body into right and left portions

spinal cavity (canal) : Dorsal cavity that contains the spinal cord

thoracic cavity : The ventral cavity above the diaphragm; the chest cavity

transverse (horizontal) plane : Plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

Key terms