BODY ART

WHY IS THIS INFORMATION IMPORTANT?

A recent study showed 51% of undergraduate college students have something pierced besides their ears.

A 1999 study found only 6 of 28 emergency physicians were able to describe proper removal techniques.

Body art in the form of tattoos and piercing have become main stream to our culture for all age groups.

DeBoer, S., Amundson, T., & Angel, E. (2006). Managing body jewelery in emergency situations: Misconceptions, patient care, and removal techniques. Journal of Emergency Nursing , 159-164.

Patients seek our help as healthcare providers and expect us to be knowledgeable.

Many nurses who wouldn’t think of judging a patient based on race or religion feel differently when it comes to judging patients who display some types of body art

In order to provide quality patient care we need to have a working knowledge of body art

HISTORY Since the beginning of human history,

people have embellished their bodies for many reasons

There is no known culture in which people do not paint, pierce, tattoo, reshape, or simply adorn their bodies

Body Art: Marks of identity. (n.d.). Retrieved March 5, 2008, from American museum of natural history: http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/bodyart/

Whether with permanent marks like tattoos or scars, or temporary decorations like makeup, clothing, and hairstyles, body art is a way of signaling an individual's place in society, marking a special moment, celebrating a transition in life or simply following a fashionBody modification ancient and modern. (n.d.). Retrieved March 5, 2008, from University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology : http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/exhibits/online_exhibits/body_modification/bodmodintro.shtml

Body art in all cultures changes. It is an ideal canvas for individual creativity and self-reinvention. It can also be a way for people to challenge social values and cultural assumptions about beauty, identity, and the body itself.

Self-love, self-hate, considered a true art.

Many people get pierced to be in style, and others to flaunt tradition or assert their individuality.

Many adolescents report getting pierced because they want to look cool or different, and some say they do it to emulate their favorite pierced celebrities.

TYPES: Body Painting Body Shaping Henna Scarification Tattooing Piercing

HISTORY OF BODY PAINTING

People of ancient civilizations used natural plant dyes for body painting. The Celts used “Woad” a plant similar to indigo as body paint as depicted in the movie Braveheart featuring Mel Gibson.

HISTORY OF BODY PAINTING

Mel Gibson as William Wallace in the movie Braveheart

BODY PAINTING TODAY

How many of you put on make-up this morning?

Online advertisement for Sephora

PAINT YOUR FACE FOR THE BUCKEYES!!

BODY SHAPING

FOOT BINDING The practice of foot binding began in

the Sung dynasty (960-976 BC), reportedly to imitate an imperial concubine who was required to dance with her feet bound. By the 12th century, the practice was widespread and more severe--girls' feet were bound so tightly and early in life that they had difficulty walking. The tiny “lotus” feet were a sign of wealth and chastity.

FOOT-BINDING CUSTOM HAS CAUSED SEVERE LIFE-LONG DISABILITY FOR MANY MILLIONS OF ELDERLY WOMEN, EVEN IN TODAY'S CHINA.

Head flattening, also called head binding, head shaping or head moulding was common practice in many tribal cultures in North America, Australia and Africa.

A person with a finely elongated head was considered to be more intelligent, of higher status, and closer to the world of the spirits.

HEAD SHAPING

Painting by Paul Kane

WAIST TRAINING Victorian Era corsets were laced tightly

for “waist training”. A small waist was highly desirable. A tightly laced corset was known to cause breathing difficulties, even to the point of swooning. Police constables would carry salts made from a strong ammonia solution, in a whistle-sized container, to wake them up.

VICTORIAN CORSETS/WAIST TRAINING

BODY SHAPING TODAY

Online advertisement for Lipfusion-lip plumper

HENNA

Used for personal adornment, especially for special occasions like weddings.

SCARIFICATION Scarification, the act of creating

designs out of scar tissue by cutting the skin or branding it with heated metal.

Branding- uses heated metal or cautery pen

Can also carve the skin with a scalpel

TATTOOS Tattoos traced back over

5000 years ago Sailors and fisherman

were the first to popularize tattoos to the Western world

Brought back from the South Pacific in the 1700’s

To mark a special occasion or as right of passage

A source of power in a difficult situation; death of a loved one, a break-up or overcoming a disease

Many women find the experience an "important step in reclaiming their bodies”

Some reasons people choose tattoos:

HOW ARE TATTOOS DONEInk is pushed down into the dermis layer

of theskin with a needlethat punctures up 3 thousand times per minute.

REACTIONS TO TATTOO PIGMENTS Allergic reactions are more common in red

and yellow pigments Some of the purples/magentas are photo-

reactive and lose their color with prolonged exposure to light

The plastic-based pigments produce intense colors but have a higher rate of reported reactions

Pigments that glow in the dark or in response to black (ultraviolet) light are notoriously risky for toxicity

CARRIERSafe commonly used carriers Unsafe commonly used carriers

Ethyl alcohol (ethanol)- Vodka Denatured alcohol-can burn the skin

Purified water Other alcohols-isopropyl, rubbing alcohol, methanol-toxic

Witch hazel Ethylene glycol (antifreeze)-toxic

Listerine Aldehydes such as formaldehyde and gluteraldehyde (highly toxic)

Propylene glycol Various surfactants

Glycerine (glycerol) Various detergents

INFECTIONS AND TATTOOS Lax sterilization procedures can lead to

cross contamination and infection Possible pathogens include staph

aureus- MRSA Hepatitis B Hepatitis C-(it is estimated that 70% of

carriers do not know they are infected) Tuberculosis, syphilis, and HIV

BLOOD DONATION Must wait 12 months after a tattoo

before you are eligible to donate blood.

CURRENT OHIO LAW FOR TATTOO & PIERCING

Must apply for an operating permit and pay a fee

Must pass a health department inspection prior to opening

Parents must accompany a minor and sign a consent

Assure the individuals at adequately trained

Comply with safety and sanitation requirements

Tattoos and Pregnancy Most tattoo artists will not tattoo a

woman who is pregnant. Fear of rejection if an infection

develops. Suggest waiting eighteen months after

childbirth to get a tattoo.

(www.midwiferytoday.com)

Tattoos and Breastfeeding Local and systemic infections are at an

increased risk. Human milk banks will not accept

donations from a woman who has had a tattoo within the last twelve months.

Allergic reactions from the ink. Overall, there is no evidence to imply

that tattoos would alter the woman’s milk or ability to breastfeed.

(La Leche League, 2008)

SOME NEW TRENDS IN TATTOOS

TATTOOS AS A POST-MASTECTOMY OPTION

PIERCING Navel Nipples Genitals Ears Nose, septum, bridge Oral, tongue, tongue web, lip web Labret, lips, chin, Monroe Surface

Body Piercing in Pregnancy Association of Professional Piercers

(AAP) have developed position statements.

Piercing not recommended in pregnancy due to the risk of infection.

Three areas of concern during pregnancy and postpartum- navel, genitals, and nipples.

(www.midwiferytoday.com)

NUMBER ONE SITE FOR INFECTION AND POOR HEALING……..

Think about it…

It’s warm, It’s moist, It’s dark and it even collects lint.

This site receives a lot of friction and is not highly vascular……….

NAVEL

Navel Piercings Advised to wait until after pregnancy or

wait one year after piercing to get pregnant.

Jewelry can migrate to the skin surface, especially with a pregnancy, causing scarring.

Options include leaving piercing in or removing during pregnancy.

If piercing becomes uncomfortable can replace with a piece of flexible plastic, called Tygon.

(www.midwiferytoday.com)

THE FAMOUS NIPPLE

Can You Guess Who????

http://www.janetjacksonflash.com/

NIPPLES

Barbells

Nipple rings

WHAT ABOUT BREASTFEEDING?

Nipple Piercings Piercings take two to four months to

heal completely. There is no evidence that suggests

difficulty with a woman’s ability to breastfeed after having a nipple piercing.

The APP and La Leche League recommend removing the piercing before breastfeeding for obvious choking risks.

(www.midwiferytoday.com)

This type of piercing has a high infection rate. Any woman wishing to have a nipple piercing should wait at least three months after discontinuing breastfeeding.

These sites may leak milk and women are encouraged to use an insertion taper to maintain piercing.

Lactation consultants who have had clients keep their piercings in while breastfeeding report: difficulties with poor latch-on, babies frequently coming on/off breast, slurping, gagging, and leaking of milk from the baby’s mouth.

REASONS FOR GENITAL PIERCING Also called “intimate piercings” Same reasons as given for other types

of body art Sexual stimulation and increased ability

to have an orgasm Makes one more interested in their

genitals and therefore more interested in sex.

Visually stimulating to self and partners A sense of feeling more attractive

FEMALE GENITALS Vertical and Horitzonal Clitoral hood

http://www.body-piercing.com.au/body_piercing_gallery.htm#healthy

FEMALE GENITALS Outer and inner labia

http://www.infinitebody.com/index2.html

Genital Piercings Recommended to remove before

delivery in order to decrease chance of tearing the tissue or causing trauma to the baby during delivery.

If a woman opts to keep the jewelry in, it should be small enough to avoid catching and large enough to tolerate engorgement and swelling after delivery.

Women should be advised to speak with their physician or midwife before delivery.

(www.midwiferytoday.com)

EARSTragus, cartilage, lobes, and lobes with rivets

NOSE, SEPTUM, BRIDGE

There are not many scientific studies of piercings, but looking through the information that is available:

The nose is highly innervated :more painful than other piercings

Nasal piercings take longer to heal completely, especially the nasal septum

Reports of severe damage the cartilage of the nose and long-term problems with appearance and breathing.

Maintaining hygiene is more difficult than with other piercings.

Many people are nasal carriers of Staphylococcus.

TONGUE PIERCING

Because a piercing is essentially an open wound, it gives bacteria a pathway into the bloodstream.

Bacteria that travel through the bloodstream to the heart can cause an infection called endocarditis. People with heart defects are particularly susceptible to this.

LUDWIG'S ANGINA Ludwig's angina is an infection in the

floor of the mouth which is characterized by swelling of the mouth and throat. At first, this might be mistaken for the normal swelling associated with a piercing, but it can progress quickly and cause the airway obstruction. There is one fatally reported in the literature.

ORAL

LIP, LABRET, MONROE, OR MADONNA

SURFACE

COMPLICATIONS Piercings can cause scarring, cysts, bacterial infections,

and dermatitis People with allergies to nickel or other metals are

especially susceptible. Keloids-- raised blisters of scar tissue that appear in or

around a piercing -- are common, and sometimes have to be removed surgically.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has a similar warning: People who get pierced run the risk of serious infection, mainly viral infections such as hepatitis B and C, or bacterial infections such as tetanus or staphylococcus.

NICKEL ALLERGY With the popularity of piercing; nickel

allergy is on the rise. Concern over potential rejection of

implanted devices and joint replacements later in life.

The recommended metals for piercing are: surgical grade stainless steel, niobium, titanium and gold.Hayward, M., & Tindale, R. (2008). Knowing you dydoe from your madonna:An emergency nurse guide to body piercing. Emergency Nurse , 26-35.

A keloid is a type of scar which results in an overgrowth of tissue at the site of a healed skin injury. The only treatment to remove the scar completely is surgery. However, the probability that the resulting surgery scar will also become a keloid is high, usually greater than 50%.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keloid

KELOID FORMATION

WHEN TO REMOVE All oral piercings for surgery

COMMON JEWELRY TYPES

Captive bead ring Barbells-straight, curved, twisted,

circular Nose screws

REMOVAL TOOLS Ring opening pliers Ring closing pliers