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Transcript of Bobbling along in the sky, hot air balloons look like a fun way to spend a day. Before the invention...
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Bobbling along in the sky , hot air balloons look like a fun way to spend a day. Before the invention of satellites or airplanes though, hot air balloons were used by scientists to study the atmosphere. Riding in their balloons, scientists gathered information about temperatures, humidity and even cosmic rays. For more than 150 years, balloons were considered cutting-edge atmospheric observatories.
What are some differences between research hot air balloons of the past and the scientific balloons we use today?
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Text Reference 56-63Text Reference 56-63
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1. Water makes up 75% of the surface of the earth
2. Water exists in three forms or phases (yup! Write it all!)
Solid - Ice
Liquid - Water
Gas - Vapor
Melting
Condensing
Freezing
Evaporating
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3. Phase Changes of Water
a. Evaporation-Water molecules heat up and gain energy. They begin to move faster and change from the liquid to gas phase
Water molecules as a vapor
Water molecules as a liquid
A typical glass of water
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3b. CondensationWater molecules slow down and lose
energy changing from a gas to a liquid
phase collecting on grass and objects in
the form of dew. If the temperature
falls below 0o C , it becomes frost.
Dew Point - the temperature at which water vapor condenses
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3c. Transpiration
Water transferred from plants to the atmosphere as water vapor as they take in CO2
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2. Water vapor from condenses into clouds
4. Deep ground water and runoff return water to the rivers, lakes, and oceans
3. Precipitation (rain, snow, hail) returns water to the soil
4. The Water Cycle
1. Heat energy from the sun warms surface water on the earth, causing it to evaporate and transpirate
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5. HumidityA measure of the amount of water vapor in
the air• Warm air holds more moisture than cool air• Air feels cooler when the humidity is lower, the air
is more capable of evaporating water from sweat• Measured with an instrument called a
“Psychrometer”
• Saturation-the point at which evaporation and condensation are equal (warmer-higher; cold-lower)
Wet Bulb
Dry Bulb
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6. Relative Humidity
The percentage of water vapor in the air compared to the maximum amount the air could hold. For example:
• If the air can hold 8 grams of water, and it has 8 grams in it, the relative humidity would be 100%• If the air can hold 8 grams of water, and
it has 4 grams in it, the relative humidity would be 50%
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7. Dew Point• The
temperature at which condensation begins
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a. Clouds form when the temperature falls below the dew point
b. Small particles of dust must be present for the water to condense
c. Three Basic Types: CumulusCumulus StratusStratus CirrusCirrus
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C1-Cumulus (“heap”) Clouds
Thick and puffy, Thick and puffy, cotton candy clouds cotton candy clouds associated with fair associated with fair weatherweather
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C2-CumulonimbusC2-Cumulonimbus clouds are clouds are vertically developed clouds that vertically developed clouds that
can yield lightning, hail, and can yield lightning, hail, and heavy rainfall.heavy rainfall.
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Low level layer of Low level layer of clouds that clouds that often often covers the entire covers the entire sky.sky.
C4-Nimbostratus clouds are clouds are heavier stratus clouds that give heavier stratus clouds that give long periods of steady rain or long periods of steady rain or snow.snow.
C3-Stratus (“spread out”) (“spread out”) CloudsClouds
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C5-CirrusC5-Cirrus - - Wispy, Wispy, feather feather cloudsclouds◦Only form at high levelsOnly form at high levels◦Made mostly of ice crystalsMade mostly of ice crystals◦Name means “curl of hair”Name means “curl of hair”
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FogFog is a low-lying cloud at or is a low-lying cloud at or near the surface of the earthnear the surface of the earth
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Common Types:• Rain-bigger than 0.5 mm •Drizzle-less than 0.5 mm• Freezing Rain- When rain strikes a cold surface and turns to ice•Sleet-Sleet-WhenWhen rain falls through rain falls through freezing air and turns to ice
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SnowSnow - Ice crystals formed inside a - Ice crystals formed inside a cloud, form in the presence of little cloud, form in the presence of little windwind
Hail Hail - Pellets of ice greater than 5 mm - Pellets of ice greater than 5 mm in diameter. Form exclusively inside in diameter. Form exclusively inside cumulonimbus clouds and are cumulonimbus clouds and are associated with stormsassociated with storms
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Hail forms in cumulonimbus clouds.
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The End