Valuation of Ecosystem Service from Shellfish - The Pacific Shellfish
Bob Rheault, "The Future of Shellfish in Rhode Island," Baird Symposium
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Transcript of Bob Rheault, "The Future of Shellfish in Rhode Island," Baird Symposium
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Baird SymposiumThe Future of Shellfish in
Rhode Island
Bob RheaultExecutive Director, East Coast Shellfish Growers Association
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Celebrate the Bivalve
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Primative500 million years old
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Critical food for the survival of large brained primates
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Shellfish Sex
John Norton
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Shellfish feeding
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The Ultimate in Sustainable Seafood
Well managed.
Caught or farmed
responsibly.
No feeds or
antibiotics.
No fertilizers
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Good food –Good for you too
High in protein Low in fat High in heart-healthy
omega-3 fatty acids Good source of vitamin B12 & minerals (Iron,
Zinc)
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Bivalves with Benefits
Sustainable seafood Green jobs Nutritious & delicious Cultural icon Ecosystem services to boot!
– Remove nutrients - Stabilize sediments– Provide habitat - Reduce turbidity
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Ecosystem Services• Nitrogen removal at harvest
• Each oyster and clam contains about 0.3-0.5g N
• RI Harvest 5 million oysters – removes ~1.5 tons N
• RI Harvest ~25 million clams – removes ~8 tons N
• Essential fish habitat• Vertical structure
– nooks and crannies
• Enhances survival
of juvenile fish
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To maximize ecosystem services
1) Maximize the biomass and harvest
– every clam or oyster that is removed will yield a small benefit
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To maximize ecosystem services
1) Maximize the biomass and harvest
– every clam or oyster that is removed will yield a small benefit
2) But we must ensure that harvest is sustainable - year after year
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Keys to sustainable harvest:
Wild harvest can be too efficient, stocks can become depleted, harvests dwindle– Harvest controls (gear restrictions, bag
limits, minimum sizes, limit licenses, days, seasons)
– Stock enhancement (hatcheries, seeding, spread cultch, predator control)
Farmers replant seed following harvest
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Comments from Roger BingVP of Protein Purchasing for Darden
Speaking at Managing our Nations Fisheries III
Washington DC, May 2013
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Darden Today
Fiscal 2013 projected sales over $8 billion
Own and operate over 2,000 restaurants
Employ over 185,000 people who servemore than 400 million meals annually
The 28th largest private employer in America
On the Fortune Top 100 Companies to work for in the USA
A Fortune 350 Company
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From The Headlines
16
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Fish Supply
Assumes: Aquaculture follows recent trend Capture fisheries remain stationary
– 211 million tonnes fish in 2030
Is the supply enough to feed future population?
17Source: FAO FISHSTAT
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Fish Supply-Demand Gaps Per capita fish demand in 2030
estimated based on assumptions: – GDP per capita projection by
IMF– Prices unchanged
Total fish demand in 2030 estimated based on:– Estimated per capita demand in
2020.– UN population projection in
2030. Results:
– Supply < Demand 51 mt shortage
18
(mmt)
Source: FAO
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Bing’s Conclusions In 16 years we can predict a global
shortfall of seafood supply on the order of 51 million metric tons.
We import over 90% of the seafood we consume in the US.
This is a food security and job security issue. Prices will go up. US consumers will stop eating healthy seafood and switch to cheaper proteins.
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“There is really no difference between fishing and
aquaculture – they are just two extremes of a spectrum of
seafood extraction techniques.” Roger Bing
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Wild vs. Cultured
Much has been made of the conflict between harvesters and farmers
There is no bright line separating the two – rather a gradient of management approaches
Friends don’t let friendseat cultured shellfish
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Laying cultch on seed beds in Connecticut
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Harvesting the cultch with new spat attached
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Starfish Mopping
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Remote setting of oysterseconomical for restoration, fisheries
enhancement or aquaculture
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Islip, NY town hatchery40 million hard clams a year
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Wild vs. Cultured
There is no bright line separating the two – rather a gradient of management approaches
Most growers are former fishermen
The skill sets are similar
Both demand strong backs and a tolerance for tough working conditions
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Fishermen and Farmers United by challenges and opportunities
The only real difference is who owns the shellfish – are they public or private?
Fisheries managers and farmers both invest in the resource. The main difference being who pays for the investment and who reaps the benefit.
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Fishermen and FarmersUnited by Challenges
Water quality Predators Weather Disease / parasites Global warming Ocean acidification Labor intensive
Access to commercial dock space
FDA regulations
Cheap imports
Customers can’t open our products
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Fishermen and FarmersUnited by Opportunities
Nutrition trends
Locavore movement
Omega-3 fatty acids
Sustainable seafood movement
Eco-tourism
Nutrient credit markets
Carbon credits Payments for
Ecosystem Services Global markets Demand projections
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Challenges: low-cost imports
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Opportunities: global markets China is now a net seafood importer
Emerging middle class demands protein
Demand doubling every 10 years
Global seafood prices projected to rise 70% in 20 years
Wealthy Chinese citizens don’t trust domestic products
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Challenges: acidification
NOAA 2012
1/3 of CO2 dissolves in seawater and creates carbonic acid
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Ocean CO2 Concentration and pH
Acidification Projections
Meehl et al., 2007
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AcidificationIn acidified waters larvae are challenged to form shell, clams won’t dig down in acidified muds “choosing” death by predation over dissolution.
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Scaling up - 2012 Ocean Heatwave in the North Atlantic
Mills et al. 2013
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From: Mills et al. 2013
Gulf of Maine Trends:
Since 2004:~1°C every 4 years
Since 1982:~1°C every 40 years
Threats: Global Warming proliferation of parasites and diseases
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Despite Challenges – Optimism Prevails
Fishermen and farmers are optimists by nature
Opportunities for growth
Opportunity for innovation
Opportunity to work on the water, make a living
off sustainable, delicious, nutritious shellfish
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