Board on Mathematical Sciences & Analyticssites.nationalacademies.org/cs/groups/depssite/... · M...
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Board on
Mathematical Sciences & Analytics
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February 12: Machine Learning for Materials Science*
March 12: Mathematics of Privacy*
April 9: Mathematics of Gravitational Waves
May 14: Algebraic Geometry
June 11: Mathematics of Transportation
July 9: Cryptography & Cybersecurity
August 13: Machine Learning in Medicine
September 10: Logic and Foundations
October 8: Mathematics of Quantum Physics
November 12: Quantum Encryption
December 10: Machine Learning for Text
MATHEMATICAL FRONTIERS2019 Monthly Webinar Series, 2-3pm ET
2
Made possible by support for BMSA from the National Science Foundation
Division of Mathematical Sciences and the
Department of Energy Advanced Scientific Computing Research
* Recordings posted
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Thomas Baumgarte, Bowdoin College
Mark Green, UCLA (moderator)
MATHEMATICAL FRONTIERSMathematics of Gravitational Waves
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Manuela Campanelli, Rochester Institute of Technology
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MATHEMATICAL FRONTIERSMathematics of Gravitational Waves
4
Professor of MathematicsDirector, Center for Computational
Relativity and Gravitation
Revealing the Hidden Universe with
Gravitational WavesManuela Campanelli, Rochester Institute of Technology
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Manuela Campanelli
Image credit: LIGO/T. Pyle
Frontiers in Mathematics Webinar, April 9th, 2019, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
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• Understanding the most extreme astrophysical objects!
• Dangerous distant places where gravity is very strong, matter is very dense and magnetic fields are very extreme!
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Regions of space where gravity is so intense that it prevents all matter and even light from
escaping!
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Im a g e : M ild e M a rk e tin g 2 0 0 8
“Space tells matter how to
move and matter tells space
how to curve” English translation by John Archibald Wheeler
1915
It predicts the existence of Black Holes …
… and of Gravitational Waves
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Gravitational waves stretchand compressspace-time itself!
Animation created by R. Hurt, Caltech/MIT/LIGO Lab
A lot of mass in very rapid
acceleration moving at speeds
close to
the speed of light!
This stretching and squeezing of space is no more than one ten thousandth the width of a proton ~10-19!
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Solving the Einstein’s
equations with the
use of
supercomputers!
Video Credits: Nicole Rosato RITTraveling at 60% of the speed of light!
Ripping space-time apart as they go!
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LIGO -Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Detector
These waves are
entirely different
spectrum than
light …
You need a special
ruler to measure the
stretching and
squeezing of space
…
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Was detected on September 14, 2015
Abbott et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 061102 (2016)
GW150914 occurred at a distance of more than one billion light years away!
Original Black Holes: 36 + 29 solar massesFinal Black Hole: 62 solar masses
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M c2 = E
3 solar masses x c2 = 4.5 x 1047 Joules
in 0.3 sec = 1 x 1048 Watts
radiated away in gravitational waves
19 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
000 000 000 000, 60W light bulbs
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3 solar masses missing …1 Solar Mass = 333,000 Earth Masses!
This is more than 10 times the combined the light power
of every star and galaxy in the observable Universe!
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LIGO Hanford H1
LIGO Linvingston L1
Virgo Cascina PISA
"for decisive contributions to the LIGO
detector and the observation of
gravitational waves"
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LIGO Hanford H1
LIGO Linvingston L1
Virgo Cascina PISA
LIGO/Virgo scientific collaboration (LVC):
1000 scientists, 16 countries
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Abbott et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 061102 (2016)
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• They also change
character
depending on the
freedom we have
to explicitly write
them down!
• And black holes
have singularities!
A system of nonlinear, coupled, partial
differential equations with hundreds of terms!
The BSSN formalism developed by
Baumgarte and collaborators in 1999
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NCSA's Blue Waters
This requires very advanced numerical algorithms, which
translates into in hundred thousands lines of code!
And the processing power
of several petabytes
(one thousand million
million bytes —
1,000,000,000,000,000
bytes) of information at
once!
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Kip S. Thorne, 2017 Nobel Prize
lecture.
It took more
than four
decades for
researchers
to solve the
problem
But in 2005,
we finally
did it!
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Figure courtesy the SXS Collaboration
To compare them to LIGO data, and extract information about the black holes!
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21
1 Solar Mass = 333,000 Earth Masses!
But stay
tuned as
LIGO/Virgo
just restarted
taking new
data!
The LIGO/Virgo
detectors found 10
black hole binary
mergers and one
neutron star merger!
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Hubble Optical
More than 70 astronomy follow-up
observations!
NGC 4993130 million light-years from Earth, in the
constellation Hydra.
GW170817
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E = M c2
Energy
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Their masses can range from few times the one of our Sun to billions of Suns!
1 billion Solar Masses = 1,000,000,000 Solar Masses
1 Solar Mass = 333,000 Earth Masses
~2,400 billion Solar Masses
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T G 2 0 1 9 – Va n c o uve r Ja n ua ry 2 4, 2 0 1 9
Supermassive black holes
at the center of galaxies
are surrounded by
accreting hot gas and emit
powerful radio jets!
Because galaxies do merge,
the supermassive black holes
at their cores should merge too
…
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We are working on the modeling and observations of these
monster collisions!
Credits: RIT/NASA simulation
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General Relativity. + Magneto-Hydrodynamics
Several physics scales from microphysics to astrophysics!Vey long simulations and many parameters!
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We have just opened a new
window into the universe.
There might be surprises
awaiting for us!
“The most incomprehensible
thing about the Universe is
that it is comprehensible!
Stay Tuned for More Soon!
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MATHEMATICAL FRONTIERSMathematics of Gravitational Waves
30
William R. Kenan Professor of Physics
Einstein’s Gravity and the Geometry of
Black HolesThomas Baumgarte,
Bowdoin College
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The Schwarzschild solution
• Astrophysical significance not appreciated until 1960’s
• Describes non-rotating black holes, characterized by
‣ Curvature singularity at center:
‣ Event horizon at : “one-way” membrane
ds2 = −(
1−2M
r )dt2 +
(1−
2M
r )
−1
dr2 + r2dΩ2
Rabcd →∞
rS = 2M
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…and a breakthrough!• First successful simulations of
binary black hole mergers in
2005
• Pretorius
• Campanelli et.al.
• Baker et.al.
Campanelli et.al., 2006
![Page 53: Board on Mathematical Sciences & Analyticssites.nationalacademies.org/cs/groups/depssite/... · M c2 = E 3 solar masses x c2 = 4.5 x 1047 Joules in 0.3 sec = 1 x 1048 Watts radiated](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040410/5ec919c5b93c8165e561f45c/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
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View webinar videos and learn more about BMSA at www.nas.edu/MathFrontiers
![Page 55: Board on Mathematical Sciences & Analyticssites.nationalacademies.org/cs/groups/depssite/... · M c2 = E 3 solar masses x c2 = 4.5 x 1047 Joules in 0.3 sec = 1 x 1048 Watts radiated](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040410/5ec919c5b93c8165e561f45c/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
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![Page 57: Board on Mathematical Sciences & Analyticssites.nationalacademies.org/cs/groups/depssite/... · M c2 = E 3 solar masses x c2 = 4.5 x 1047 Joules in 0.3 sec = 1 x 1048 Watts radiated](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040410/5ec919c5b93c8165e561f45c/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
View webinar videos and learn more about BMSA at www.nas.edu/MathFrontiers
Thomas Baumgarte, Bowdoin College
Mark Green, UCLA (moderator)
MATHEMATICAL FRONTIERSMathematics of Gravitational Waves
57
Manuela Campanelli, Rochester Institute of Technology
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February 12: Machine Learning for Materials Science*
March 12: Mathematics of Privacy*
April 9: Mathematics of Gravitational Waves
May 14: Algebraic Geometry
June 11: Mathematics of Transportation
July 9: Cryptography & Cybersecurity
August 13: Machine Learning in Medicine
September 10: Logic and Foundations
October 8: Mathematics of Quantum Physics
November 12: Quantum Encryption
December 10: Machine Learning for Text
MATHEMATICAL FRONTIERS2019 Monthly Webinar Series, 2-3pm ET
58
Made possible by support for BMSA from the National Science Foundation
Division of Mathematical Sciences and the
Department of Energy Advanced Scientific Computing Research
* Recordings posted