Bo-Christer Björk, 2007 Scientific Communication Life-cycle model Author: Prof. Bo-Christer Björk...

Bo-Christer Björk, 2007

Scientific Communication Life-cycle model

Author: Prof. Bo-Christer Björk

Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration, Helsinki, Finland

[email protected]


Copyright of this diagram set

• This work is licenced under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 1.0 License. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/fi/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA.


Background of the SCLC-model• This model has been developed since the year 2000,

first in the EC-funded SciX project and later in the OACS-project, funded by the Academy of Finland

• An article explaining the model will be published in the Information Research Journal

• http://informationr.net/ir/ in Vol 12, No 2 (Jan 2007)


Purpose of the model

• The purpose of the model is to act as a roadmap for policy discussions and research concerning the process. In comparison to earlier models found in the literature this model is more detailed, hierarchical and includes more modelling constructs (activities, inputs,outputs,

controls, mechanisms).


Scope of the model

• The scope of the model is the whole scientific communication value chain, from initial research to the assimilation of research results to improve every-day life. The model treats both informal and formal communication, as well as the publishing of data, but the major focus is on modelling the publishing and indexing of traditional peer reviewed journal articles, as well as the activities of readers to find out about them and access them. The new business models and parallel functions enabled by the Internet, such as open access journals and e-print repositories, are also in focus.


Modelling methodology

• The modelling methodology used is IDEF0, a process modelling method, which previously has mainly been used for business process reengineering in the manufacturing industries.


IDEF0 concepts

Journal Review Policy

The Researcher

Issue Schedule

Article readyfor publishing

Manuscript

Reviewers Comments

Accepted Manuscript

RejectedManuscript

Revised Manuscript

The ReviewersThe Editor

Formatted Article

1$0

Review Manuscript

2$0

Revise Manuscript

3$0

Queue for Publishing

4$0

Typeset Article

Input

Mechanism

Control

Output


Model diagrams

• The current version of the model consists of 33 diagrams, with 113 different activities and over 200 different inputs, outputs, controls and mechanisms.

• They are here presented in hierachical order. The number indicates the place in the hierarchy (i.e. Diagram A11 is a breakdown of one of the activities in diagram A1)


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Do research, communicate and apply the resultsA-0

Existing ScientificKnowledge

Scientificproblems

New scientificknowledge

Better quality oflife

Stakeholders inthe R&D process

Scientificcuriosity

Economicincentives

0

Do research, communicate and apply the results


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Do research, communicate and apply the resultsA0

Disseminatedscientificknowledge

Publication

Funding for R&D

New scientific knowledgeExisting ScientificKnowledge

Scientificproblems

Better qualityof life

Fundingforresearch

Funding forresearchcommunication

Funding forindustrialdevelopment

Public sectorfunding

Private sectorfunding

Priorities for scientificproblems to be solved

Research funders

ScientistsCompanies Government

Publishersandinfomediaries

Readers

1

Fund R&D

2

Perform the research

3

Communicate the results

4

Apply the Knowledge


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Fund R&DA1

Researchfunders

Priorities for scientificproblems to be solved

Availablefunding

Funding for R&D

Researchproposals

Publications,CV's

Peerresearchers

Evaluations ofresearch proposals

Evaluations ofresearch performance

Norms of science

Industrialexperts

1

Evaluate prior research of applicants

2

Evaluate research proposals

3

Make funding decisions


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Evaluate prior research of applicantsA11

Googlescholar etc

Peerresearchers

Publicationsof applicant Evaluations

of researchperformance

CV's, lists of publications

Citations

Metadata of thepublications ofapplicants

Evaluations of individualpublications

Overview ofresearch output

Citation statistics ofindividualresearcher

Impact factors

Journalrankings

Rules of researchfunder or university

ISI Scientificcommunities

UniversityCRIS system

1

Evaluate the publications themselves

2

Input the meta data

in CRIS systems

3

Produce citation statistics

4

Rank scientific journals

5

Make evaluation of research performance


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Perform the researchA2

Data fromexistingrepositories

Data baseswith scientificdata

ExistingScientificKnowledge


Internet Libraryservices

Conceptual framework andhypotheses of the research

Collected data

New empirical data

Museums,archives,statisticalservices

Information search habits

Researchequipment

Analysis tools

Scientific method

1

Study existing scientific

knowledge

2

Collect data from external existing

repositories

3

Do experiments and make

observations

4

Analyse and draw conclusion


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Communicate the resultsA3

Face to facemeetings

Copyright restrictions,licences

Publishers andinfomediaries

Funding forresearchcommunication

Scientific datarepositories


Publication

New empiricaldata

Informallycommunicated results

Data inrepositories

ICT tools

1

Communicate the results informally

2

Communicate the results through

publication

3

Sharethe data


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Communicate the results through publicationA32

Publisher

Funding forpublishing

Publication or copyof publication

Newscientificknowledge

Disseminated scientificknowledge

Secondaryaccounts of theresults

Citations

Funding foraccess topublications

Locally availablepublication

Author Infomediaries Scientists

1

Publish the results

2

Facilitate dissemination and retrieval

3

Study the publication

4

Publish secondary accounts of the results


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Publish the resultsA321

Publisher

Commercialpublishingconsiderations

AuthorPublicationor copy ofpublication


Rejectedmanuscript

Norms ofscientificpublication

Journalrankings

Openaccessmandates

Scientificwriting style

Manuscript

Choice of journalor publisher

1

Write manuscript

2

Choose where to submit or negotiate

publishing

3

Produce publication


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Produce publicationA3213

Monograph

Researchlab,university

Conference paper

Conferenceorganiser

Commercialpublishingconsiderations

Oral conferencepresentation

Manuscript

Journal article

JournalCommercialbook publisher

Peer review guidelines

1

Publish as monograph

2

Publish as conference paper

3

Publish as scholarly journal article


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Publish as monographA32131

Research lab,university

Commercial publishingconsiderations

Commercialbook publisher

ManuscriptReport

Thesis

Book

Thesis approvalprocedures

Guidelines of research lab

University

1

Publish as report

2

Publish as thesis

3

Publish as book


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Publish as scholarly journal articleA32133

Peer reviewguidelines

Publisher's IT staff

Journal article

Article manuscript

Publisher'sadministrative staff Editor Author Reviewers

Publisher revenue"Big deal" revenue

Subscriptionrevenue

Articlepublicationcharge

Publisher's businessstrategy

Journal businessstrategyPublisher's

IT platform1

Do publisher's general activities

2

Do journal specific activities

3

Process article


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Do journal specific activitiesA321332

List of subscribers

Publisher'sadministrative staff

Journal businessstrategy

Editor

Journal schedule

Journal pricing

marketdemand forjournal

Issue frequency

Subscriptionsponsors

1

Market journal

2

Negotiate and manage subscriptions

3

Plan and manage issues


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Process articleA321333

Journalarticle

Editor Author


Reviewers

Rejectedmanuscript

Articlemanuscript

Acceptedmanuscript

Articlecharge

Copyright agreement

Journalschedule

Publisher'scopyrightpolicy

OA mandatesby funders,universities

Publisher Universities,research funders

Funding forarticle charges

1

Do peer review

2

Negotiate copyright

3

Pay article charge

4

Do technical phases of publishing


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Do peer reviewA3213331

Editor Reviewers


Author

Rejected manuscript

Article manuscript

Accepted manuscript

Software tosupport thereview process

Choice ofreviewers

Reviews

Revisedmanuscript

Personal network ofthe editor

1

Manage the review process

2

Review manuscript

3

Revise manuscript


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Do technical phases of publishingA3213334

Publisher's technical staff

Journal schedule

Journal article

Acceptedmanuscript

Copyeditedmanuscript

Manuscriptat head ofqueue

Manscriptembedded injournal issue

Manuscript tobe publishedindividually

List ofsubscribers

1

Copyedit manuscript

2

Queue for publishing

3

Embed in issue

4

Duplicate and distribute article


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Duplicate and distribute articleA32133344

List ofsubscribers

Manscriptembedded injournal issue

Distributed paperissue

Manuscript to bepublished individually

Printedpaperissue

Electronic versionavailable on the web

Alertingmessages

Mail servicePublisher'sprintingdepartment Publisher's

IT platform

1

Print paper issue

2

Distribute paper issues to subcribers

3

control access to electronic

version

4

Publish electronic version


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Facilitate dissemination and retrievalA322

Author

Funding for accessto publications

Infomediaries


Publicationor copy ofpublication

Manuscript

Meta datastandards

Preservedpublication

Local librariesNational libraries

Purchasablepublication

Purchasablepublication

Open access copyof publication ormanuscript

Legislationconcerningpreservation

Development ofpreservationtechnology

1

Facilitate retrieval globally

2

Facilitate retrieval locally

3

Preserve publication


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Facilitate retrieval globallyA3221

Author

Meta datastandards

Infomediaries

Open access copy ofpublication or manuscript

Manuscript

Searchablemetadata


E-printrepositories

Searchengines

Indexing services

Copyrigthagreements

Incentives,norms, mandates

Commercialincentives

Publication available as part of E-series

1

Bundle publications from different sources

into E-service

2

Make manuscript or copy of publication

openly available on the web

3

Integrate meta data into

search service


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Make manuscript or copy of publication openlyavailable on the webA32212

OA copy of publicationsor manuscript

Author

University and fundermandates concering OA

Institutionalrepository


Manuscript

Subject-specificrepository

1

Post on personal web pages

2

Post in institutional repository

3

Post in subject specific repository


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Integrate meta data into search serviceA32213

Search engines

Meta datastandards

Indexing services

Open access copy ofpublication ormanuscript

Searchable metadataPublication

OAI standard

1

Index in edited bibliographic index

2

Index in web harvester for

scientific content

3

Index in general web search engine


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Facilitate retrieval locallyA3222

Funding for accessto publications

Local libraries

Locally availablepublicationPurchasable publication

Subscriptions

Licenses

Publisher andinfomediaries

University intranet

1

Negotiate subscriptions and licenses

2

Make paper publication available inside organisation

3

Make electronic publication available inside organisation


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Study the publicationA323

Libraryshelves


Locally available publication

Open access publication

Searchablemetadata

Alertingmessages

Purchasablepublication Decision to buy

access

Retrievedpublication

Metadata of thepublication

Decision not tobuy access

The webPay-per-viewsystem

InterlibraryloanBook store

PC, laser printer,copying machine

Funding for access toindividual publications

1

Find out about the publication

2

Consider buying access to publication

3

Retrieve publication

4

Read and process publication


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Find out about the publicationA3231

The web

Searchable metadata


Alerting messages

Journal issue sent toindividual subscribers

Publication


Library shelves E-mail

Information searchhabits

The journals areader followsregularly

1

Search for interesting publications

2

Be alerted to a specific publication


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Search for interesting publicationsA32311

The web

Key wordsearch

Library shelves

Searchable metadata


Publication


1

Use dedicated search service for

scientific publications

2

Use general web search engine

3

Browse shelves in library


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Be alerted to a specific publicationA32312

The journals a readerfollows regularly

E-mail


Alerting messages

PublicationJournal issue sent toindividual subscribers

Citation

Personal network ofthe reader

Papermail

1

Receive recommendation from colleague

2

Notice reference in other publication

3

Remember existence of previously

read publication

4

Browse journal issue or

e-mailed TOC


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Retrieve publicationA3233

Ergonomic andtime restraints

The webLibrary shelves



Retrievedpublication

Open access publication

Purchasedpublication

1

Retrieve paper publication

2

Retrieve electronic publication


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Read and process publicationA3234

Copying machine,laser printer

Retrievedpublication Disseminated scientific

knowledge

paper copy ofpublication

Publication worthsaving

Self-archivedcopy ofpublication

Reader'shard disk

Reader's officeshelves

Software formanagingreferences

ergonomy,eyesight, desire toannotate

Time available forreading

1

Photocopy or print out for

easier reading

2

Read the publication

3

Selfarchive for future reference


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Read the publicationA32342

Scientists

Disseminated scientific knowledge

Retrieved publication

Universitystudents

Industrypractitioners

Practisingphysicians

Goverment officials,politicians

Privateindividuals

1

Read for research purposes

2

Read as part of university

education

3

Read for company R&D

purposes

4

Read to keep up with progress

of medicine

5

Read for public policy

setting

6

Read to increase your knowledge


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Publish secondary accounts of the resultsA324

Scientists

Review articles


Citations

University textbooks

Media reports ofthe results

Journalists

1

Cite in your own publication

2

Report on results in

review articles

3

Include results in university textbooks

4

Report in popular media


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Apply the KnowledgeA4

Companies

Funding for industrialdevelopment

Government

Trained researchers


Better qualityof life

Universitytextbooks

Trainedpractitioners

Laws, standards,patents etc.

Standardisationorganisations

Society,individualsUniversities

1

Educate professionals

2

Regulate industry and society

3

Do industrial development

4

Apply in practice


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Educate professionalsA41

Universityteachers

Trained researchers

Universitytextbooks

Trained practitioners

Copyrigthrestrictions onreusing material

Professional trainingorganisations

University teaching materialPublication

1

Produce teaching material

2

Teach students

3

Teach practitioners


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Regulate industry and societyA42

GovernmentStandardisationorganisations

Standards


Patent authorities

Standardisationpractice

Patentlaw

Patents

Laws andregulations

New products,tools andmethods

Legal and politicalsystem

1

Define standards

2

Grant patents

3

Legislate and define public policy


NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Apply in practiceA44

Practicingphysicians

Industrypractitioners Private individuals

Disseminatedscientificknowledge Better medical care

More efficientcompanies

More ecological andhealty lifestyle

Betterunderstanding ofthe world

1

Take into account in the

treatment of patients

2

Take into account in

company practice

3

Take into account in

your life-style

4

Understand the world better

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