i

PREFACE

In my training period I did covered five sections. Those sections are LPG system installation,

LPG Detection system, Fire Protection system, Fire Detection system and plumping system.

There are many experiences that can’t be described properly in this report. But this report

exposes what I have learnt through chapter by chapter.

The first chapter contains an introduction about the company and some of its organizational

aspects. It contains details of, history of the company, company services, organizational

structure as well as the current status of the company. In the other chapters I have explained

the basic concepts of LPG system, Fire protection & Fire Detection and plumping system

respectively.

During my training period I work with Mechanical Engineers, Electrical engineers and

Chemical engineers as well as Mechanical and Electrical technicians and learned about their

duties. Also I learnt how to handle the labours in work site, time management of the works,

construction safety and design of LPG, Fire Protection and Plumping system.

I conclude my report with a description about the importance of this training and how it

would be beneficial for my future.

Puviraj. J

Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering,

Faculty of Engineering,

University of Ruhuna.

II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The special thank goes to NAITA and the Training Centre of the Faculty of Engineering

University of Ruhuna for the opportunity given to have my second industrial training at BME

Services Pvt LTD. My special thanks go to Dr. P.D.C Perera (The dean of the faculty), Dr.

Ruwan Appuhami (Training coordinator), and Dr. Sumith Baduge (Head – Dept. of Mech.

Eng.) for playing a major role when arranging this establishment for my training. I wish to

convey my deepest gratitude to Mr Chathuranga Gunawickrama, Design and Estimation

engineer, BME (PVT) LTD, Mr Navindra Alponsu, Design and Estimation engineer, BME

(PVT) LTD for they spent their valuable with me to design fire protection and central gas

line system, Mr Darshana Ethugala, Project engineer, BME (PVT) LTD for coordinate my

industrial training in a successfully way. I would also like to thank to all The Engineers, staff

members and team members of BME (PVT) LTD, for their Cooperation.

I am grateful to all the staff members of Mechanical and Manufacturing Department Faculty

of Engineering, University of Ruhuna, for their excellent guidance. I am so much grateful to

my beloved parents and friends, who gave me invaluable support and care in my life.

Finally I wish to thank for all whom I forgot to mention in names, but helped me in various

ways and without their support which I could not have proceed so far in my studies.

Puviraj. J

Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering,

Faculty of Engineering,

University of Ruhuna.

III

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Building Services Engineering ................................................................................... 1

1.2 Introduction of Company ........................................................................................... 1

1.3 Vision ......................................................................................................................... 2

1.4 Mission ....................................................................................................................... 2

1.5 Services of company ................................................................................................... 2

1.6 Organization Structure of Company ........................................................................... 3

2.0 TECHNICAL BACKGROUND............................................................................. 4

2.1 Designing the LPG Installation .................................................................................. 4

2.1.1 Components of LPG System ................................................................................... 4

2.1.2 Determine the Total Load ....................................................................................... 4

2.1.3 Evaporative Capacity of LPG Containers ............................................................... 5

2.1.4 Deciding on Cylinders or Bulk Tanks .................................................................... 6

2.1.5 Selecting Location for LPG Installation ................................................................. 6

2.1.6 Safety Considerations for LPG Installation Site ..................................................... 6

2.1.7 Material for LPG Installation .................................................................................. 8

2.1.8 Flexible Hoses ......................................................................................................... 9

2.1.9 Pipe Joints ............................................................................................................. 10

2.1.10 Pressure Regulation ........................................................................................... 11

2.1.11 Fuse Cock .......................................................................................................... 12

2.1.12 Pipe Sizing......................................................................................................... 13

2.1.13 Considering Factors on LPG Piping Installation............................................... 13

2.1.14 Bulk LPG Storage Vessels ................................................................................ 19

2.1.15 Tank Design ...................................................................................................... 20

2.1.16 Constructions ..................................................................................................... 20

2.1.17 Maximum Filling Capacity ............................................................................... 21

2.1.18 Tank Supports ................................................................................................... 21

2.1.19 Minimum Tank Fittings .................................................................................... 22

2.1.20 Location of Fittings ........................................................................................... 22

2.1.21 Above Ground Tanks ........................................................................................ 23

2.1.22 Underground Tanks ........................................................................................... 23

2.1.23 Valves in LPG Bulk Tank System .................................................................... 23

2.1.24 Vaporizers ......................................................................................................... 25

2.1.25 Leak Testing ...................................................................................................... 26

2.1.26 LPG Detection System ...................................................................................... 27

2.2 Fire Protection System ............................................................................................. 30

IV

2.2.1 Fire Pump Design ................................................................................................. 31

2.2.2 Wet Riser Pump Design Calculation for Boralle Jet Wing Hotel ......................... 34

2.2.3 Landing valve and Fire Hydrant Valve ................................................................. 36

2.2.4 Dry Riser ............................................................................................................... 37

2.2.5 Wet Riser .............................................................................................................. 37

2.2.6 BS336 Instantaneous Coupling ............................................................................. 37

2.2.7 Hose Reel .............................................................................................................. 38

2.2.8 Breeching Inlet ...................................................................................................... 39

2.2.9 Fire Extinguishers ................................................................................................. 40

2.2.10 Automatic Sprinkler System ............................................................................. 40

2.2.11 Sprinkler Head Types ........................................................................................ 43

2.2.12 Pressure Reducing Valve .................................................................................. 45

2.3 Fire Detection System .............................................................................................. 46

2.3.1 Conventional Fire Alarm ...................................................................................... 46

2.3.2 Analogue Addressable Systems ............................................................................ 46

2.3.3 Fire Detection System Design and Installation ..................................................... 46

2.4 Plumping System ...................................................................................................... 51

2.4.1 Plumping Material Selection ................................................................................ 51

2.4.2 PP-R pipes ............................................................................................................. 52

2.4.3 PVC Pipes ............................................................................................................. 54

2.4.4 Copper Pipes ......................................................................................................... 55

2.4.5 Pipe Installation Testing ....................................................................................... 56

2.4.6 Hot Water System ................................................................................................. 58

2.4.7 Booster Pump ........................................................................................................ 60

2.4.8 Valves and Fittings ............................................................................................... 61

3.0 MANAGEMANT AND SAFETY ....................................................................... 64

3.1 Management ............................................................................................................. 64

3.1.1 Site Management .................................................................................................. 64

3.1.2 Employees Works and Facilities ........................................................................... 65

3.1.3 Site Safety ............................................................................................................. 65

4.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ..................................................................... 67

4.1 Summary ................................................................................................................... 67

4.2 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 68

5.0 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 69

V

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Organization Structure of Company ................................................................... 3

Figure 2.1: Galvanized Pipes for LPG Installation ............................................................... 8

Figure 2.2: Rubber Flexible Hoses ........................................................................................ 9

Figure 2.3: Screwed Fitting Devise ..................................................................................... 10

Figure 2.4: Primary Pressure Regulator .............................................................................. 11

Figure 2.5: Three Stage Pressure Regulation System.......................................................... 12

Figure 2.6: Fuse Cock .......................................................................................................... 12

Figure 2.7:15mm LPG Supply Line from Duct to Kitchen ................................................. 13

Figure 2.8: The Anti-Corrosive LPG Supply Line through the Wall .................................. 14

Figure 2.9: LPG Cylinders .................................................................................................. 16

Figure 2.10: Vapour - Draw Cylinder System ..................................................................... 17

Figure 2.11: Liquid-Draw System ....................................................................................... 18

Figure 2.12:Multi-Cylinder System ..................................................................................... 19

Figure 2.13: Bulk Tank and Fittings .................................................................................... 23

Figure 2.14: LP Gas Line Pressure Test .............................................................................. 27

Figure 2.15:LPG Detector Electrical Circuit ....................................................................... 28

Figure 2.16: Solenoid Valve ................................................................................................ 29

Figure 2.17: Mechanical Type Emergency Valve with Gas Meter ..................................... 30

Figure 2.18: Fire Pumps Classification ............................................................................... 31

Figure 2.19: Pump Room Arrangement .............................................................................. 32

VI

Figure 2.20: Jockey Pump ................................................................................................... 33

Figure 2.21: Wet Riser System with LV and HR ................................................................ 35

Figure 2.22: Landing valve .................................................................................................. 36

Figure 2.23:BS336 Instantaneous Fire Hose Coupling ....................................................... 37

Figure 2.24: Fire Hose Reel ................................................................................................. 38

Figure 2.25: Breeching Inlet ................................................................................................ 40

Figure 2.26: Fire Extinguishers ........................................................................................... 40

Figure 2.27: Wet Pipe Sprinkler System ............................................................................. 41

Figure 2.28: Dry Pipe Sprinkler System .............................................................................. 42

Figure 2.29: Standard Spray Upright (SSU) Sprinkler ........................................................ 44

Figure 2.30: Standard Spray Pendant (SSP) Sprinkler ........................................................ 44

Figure 2.31: Sidewall Sprinkler ........................................................................................... 45

Figure 2.32: Pressure Reducing Valve in Fire Protection System ...................................... 45

Figure 2.33: Fire Sounder .................................................................................................... 47

Figure 2.34: Manual Call Point ........................................................................................... 48

Figure 2.35: Smoke Detection Devices Installation Space for Room ................................. 49

Figure 2.36: Heat Detection Devices Installation Space for Room ..................................... 49

Figure 2.37: Smoke Detection Devices Installation Space for Corridor ............................. 50

Figure 2.38: Smoke Detector ............................................................................................... 50

Figure 2.39: Heat Detector .................................................................................................. 51

VII

Figure 2.40: PP-R pipes ....................................................................................................... 52

Figure 2.41: PP-R Welding Machine .................................................................................. 54

Figure 2.42: PPC Pipes ........................................................................................................ 54

Figure 2.43: Pressure Testing Arrangement ........................................................................ 56

Figure 2.44: Leakage Test Arrangement ............................................................................. 57

Figure 2.45: Electric Water Heating .................................................................................... 58

Figure 2.46: Gas Storage Heaters ........................................................................................ 59

Figure 2.47: Clarifiers ......................................................................................................... 59

Figure 2.48: Booster Pump Arrangement ............................................................................ 60

Figure 2.49: Gate Valve....................................................................................................... 61

Figure 2.50: Non-Return Valve ........................................................................................... 61

Figure 2.51: Ball Valve ....................................................................................................... 62

Figure 2.52: Y- Strainer ....................................................................................................... 62

Figure 2.53: Flexible Pipe Joint Coupling ........................................................................... 63

Figure 3.1: Safety Helmet .................................................................................................... 66

Figure 3.2: Safety Goggles .................................................................................................. 66

Figure 3.3: Safety Shoes ...................................................................................................... 66

VIII

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Comparison of Bulk versus Cylinder Installation ................................................ 6

Table 2.2: The Maximum Distances of Pipe Supports for Galvanized Pipes ..................... 16

Table 2.3: LPG Gas Bulk Storage Tank Sizes Chart ........................................................... 20

1

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Building Services Engineering

Building services engineers are responsible for the design, installation, and operation and

monitoring of the mechanical, electrical and public health systems required for the safe,

comfortable and environmentally friendly operation of modern buildings. Building services

engineering comprises mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and plumbing or

public health (MEP) engineering, all of which are further sub-divided into the following.

Communication lines, telephones and IT networks (ICT)

Energy supply - gas, electricity and renewable sources

Escalators and lifts

Fire detection and protection

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC)

Lightning protection

Low voltage (LV) systems, distribution boards and switchgear

Natural lighting and artificial lighting, and building facades

Security and alarm systems

Ventilation and refrigeration

Water, drainage and plumbing

Building services engineers work closely with other construction professionals such as

architects, structural engineers and quantity surveyors. They influence the architecture of a

building and play a significant role on the sustainability and energy demand of a building.

Within building services engineering, new roles are emerging, such as renewable energy,

sustainability, low carbon technologies and energy management.

1.2 Introduction of Company

BME Services was established in 1999 to cater and service of Medical gas pipeline systems

as per requirements of the Ministry of Health and Government and Private Hospitals. The

company was established with a view of providing professional services for the Hospitals in

Sri Lanka, its founders being pioneers in the field and expertise in designing and installation

2

of medical and Industrial gas systems. Whilst BME Services was established mainly for

servicing Medical gas systems, it has been decided to cater to the ever-increasing demands

of mechanical installations in the construction industry and also central gas system designs

and installations.

However BME services is leading company in Srilanka in building services industry. BME

services in the construction industry covers installation of gas Incinerators, Fire protection

systems and Plumbing, LPG pipe line installation for Apartments, Houses, Laboratories,

Kitchens, Hotels and LPG bulk storage terminals. Further we undertake supply and

installation of Kitchen & Hotel equipments on turnkey basis.

1.3 Vision

To be the premier M&E building services contractor operating at the fore front and Meeting

all the development needs of our client’s.

1.4 Mission

To meet our client’s requirement through competitive pricing, on time delivery, Customer’s

care and quality service.

1.5 Services of company

Central das line and gas detection

Fire protection and fire detection

Plumping system

Medical gas system

Commercial kitchen system

Seamless resin system

Commercial Laundry Systems

3

1.6 Organization Structure of Company

The entire organization operations have been managed by a team of dynamic and well

experienced Engineering professionals. The highly skilled workforce consists of a careful

selection of technicians, certified welders and fitters, well qualified and with a wealth of

experience and training.

Figure 1.1: Organization Structure of Company

Managing Director

Accountant

Account Executer

Store Keeper1

Store Keeper2

Account Assist

Project coordinator

Engineering

QSSupervisor

TechnicianStore

KeeperDraftman

Admin

General Manager AGM

4

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 TECHNICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 Designing the LPG Installation

A properly designed LPG installation ensures safe and reliable usage. A good installation is

one that has the correct storage capacity, used the right pipe size, sited in a safe location and

is fully compliant to local regulations and international LPG standards or codes. All

materials and equipment used must be compatible to the grade of LPG used. LPG

installations should be installed by qualified installer under the supervision of engineer.

2.1.1 Components of LPG System

A basic LPG system consists essentially of the LPG container (cylinder or tank), piping or

tubing, a regulator and an appliance. The container stores LPG under pressure in liquid form

and generates vapour when pressure is released. The container can be cylinders or bulk tanks

depending on the needs of the consumer. The piping or tubing conveys the vapour from the

container to the appliance where it is ignited to create the flame for cooking. LPG vapour

pressure inside the container fluctuates with changes in temperature which is not good for

the appliance. The regulator is used to control the vapour pressure to a constant and

appropriate level for efficient performance of the appliance. In cases where containers do

not have capacity to generate sufficient vapour for the appliances connected, a vaporizer is

used. The vaporizer withdraws liquid LPG from the container and vaporizes it by means of

electrical power or circulating hot water supplied from a boiler or water heater.

2.1.2 Determine the Total Load

In order to properly determine the size of the LPG installation, regulator to be used, the pipe

size, etc., the total consumption must first be estimated. This can be determined by adding

up the rated consumption of all the appliances to be connected to the gas pipeline.

Appliances to be installed in the future must be considered when planning the LPG

installation to eliminate the need for a later revision of the piping and storage facilities. The

size of the installation should also take into account the frequency of replenishment and

delivery lead time of the supplier.

5

2.1.2.1 Total load & requiring cylinder calculation of malabe residential tower

Malabe residential tower has 11floor and totally 94 houses, has been taken an assumption

500g LPG consumption from one appliance per day. The Frequency of replenishment and

delivery lead time of the supplier is one week.

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 500 ∗ 94

= 47𝑘𝑔

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑃𝐺 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘 = 329𝑘𝑔

𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝐿𝑃𝐺 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 37.5𝑘𝑔

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 =329

37.5= 9

However we choose 10 cylinder for future demand.

2.1.3 Evaporative Capacity of LPG Containers

The LPG containers capacity to generate vapours depends on ambient temperature and the

‘wetted’ surface which is the area in the container in contact with liquid LPG. Heat from the

surrounding entering the container through the ‘wetted’ surface helps in ‘boiling off’ LPG

to turn it into vapour. The bigger the ‘wetted’ surface, the more vapours the container can

generate. The evaporative capacity of the container therefore is higher when the container is

full and diminishes as the liquid level drops.

The evaporative capacity of LPG containers is a key input in deciding how many cylinders

or what tank size to install. For a typical commercial LPG cylinder of 37.5 kg capacity, has

92810 BTU/Hr. For bulk tanks, the evaporative capacity can be estimated if the tank

dimensions are known.

When extremely high vapour withdrawal rates are applied to the container, the temperature

of the liquid LPG will drop and the ‘wetted’ surface will cause condensation to collect on

the container’s exterior. In cold weather the condensate may freeze and become a barrier for

the heat transfer needed for vaporization. It is critical to ensure that the evaporative capacity

of the LPG facility is sufficient to meet the requirements of the connected appliances when

designing a LPG system.

6

2.1.4 Deciding on Cylinders or Bulk Tanks

LPG installations can either use cylinders or bulk tanks. Generally, a bulk installation is

preferred for consumers with high consumption while cylinder installations are used mostly

for low consumption or where space is limited, but can serve large requirements by adding

more cylinders.

Table 2.1: Comparison of Bulk versus Cylinder Installation

Cylinder Installations Bulk Tank Installations

Generally for low consumption For high consumption application

Requires less space Needs bigger space

Allowed indoors in some countries Must be outdoor and away from building

Installation is comparatively simpler Can be installed above or underground

Cylinder handling can be tedious for big

installations

Higher initial cost of installation

2.1.5 Selecting Location for LPG Installation

LPG is highly flammable and its storage and handling is usually governed by strict rules. If

the local regulations are less stringent than international standards or codes of practice, then

the more stringent requirements must be followed.

NFPA 58 and the UK LP Gas Codes of Practice are useful references for storage and

handling of LPG and used widely across the world.

2.1.6 Safety Considerations for LPG Installation Site

Some requirements that should be considered when deciding on location for LPG

installation.

2.1.6.1 Requirement of Cylinder Installation

Must be outdoor and in a well-ventilated area

Base must be on a firm base which is level, non–combustible, not resting on soil,

clean, and dry.

Must not be below ground level.

At least 1.0m away from any openings such as drains, culverts, doors, etc.

7

At least 1.5 m from any source of heat such as, air conditioner, steam pipes and

boilers.

At least 3.0m away from any open flames.

Preferably on ground level unless suitable lifting facilities are available to transfer

cylinders to higher floors.

Must be accessible to changing and quick removal in case of emergency.

Must not be stored together with oxygen and other flammable material.

Should be protected from vehicular collision or damage.

Secured by suitable fence to prevent unauthorized tampering.

If permitted indoors by local regulations, this should be in a separate and isolated

section of the building exclusively for this purpose. It must have access to outside air

for ventilation.

In some countries cylinders shall be restrained against seismic activity

2.1.6.2 Requirement of Bulk Tank Installation

Must comply with applicable safety distance requirement and the

regulations/standards of the country in use.

No open drains, or ducts located within the storage tank safety distance. If this is

unavoidable, they must be fitted with a water trap or suitably sealed to prevent

passage of LPG vapours.

The ground beneath or adjacent to tank connections or ancillary equipment should

be cemented or compacted and arranged to prevent either the accumulation of any

liquid beneath them or its flow affecting other tanks or important areas.

Provision should be made for handling the run-off of cooling water applied under

fire conditions.

The vicinity of LPG storage tanks should be free from pits and depressions within

the required separation distance to prevent the formation of gas pockets.

Must not be stored within the bunted enclosure with oxygen and other flammable

materials.

At least 1.8m away from high voltage power lines.

Site must be accessible to delivery vehicles for unloading. It must allow truck to be

positioned in a way that does not require reversing to drive off in case of an

emergency.

8

To improve the evaporative capacity of the tank, the site must be exposed to direct

sun rays and not be in shade.

2.1.7 Material for LPG Installation

Materials used for LPG piping should be suitable for the range of temperatures and pressures

that could occur in service. Acceptable materials include carbon steel, copper, brass, and

polyethylene plastics.

Carbon steel pipes are very common material used in LPG pipeline. They are rigid and strong

and can withstand mechanical damage better than other materials. Carbon steel pipes used

may either be black or galvanized and should be at least standard weight (Schedule 40).

Extra strong pipe (Schedule 80) may be required depending on pipe size, working pressure

and method of jointing. Jointing can be by thread, welding or flange connections. Cast iron

fittings must not be used. [2]

Figure 2.1: Galvanized Pipes for LPG Installation

Copper tubing is often used for domestic and small commercial installations. Although

tubing costs much more than steel pipes of the same capacity, there is considerable saving

of labour in its installation and maintenance. Since tubing may be bent readily, it is more

easily installed and fewer fittings are required. However, it is more vulnerable to mechanical

damage and it does not generally produce neat piping unless it is installed with particular

9

care. Copper tubing can be affected by sulphur so it must be used with a LPG low in sulphur

content.

Polyethylene (PE) pipes are normally used for buried pipe sections. They are lightweight

and corrosion-resistant. Jointing can be by means of compression fitting, factory assembled

fitting or heat fusion. The latter is usually done automatically with a fusion machine which

ensures a good joint. PE pipes and pipe fittings used should be PE80 or PE100 rating.

However our company is used galvanized pipes for LPG installation. Because it is cheap

with strong. [2]

2.1.8 Flexible Hoses

Flexible hoses if used should be of the correct pressure rating and material designed for LPG.

This is usually reinforced rubber or plastic with metal braiding. There are no specific

recommendations on the replacement intervals for hoses but 5 years is considered a normal

useful life for rubber hoses which should not be exceeded.

Figure 2.2: Rubber Flexible Hoses

Metal flexible hoses made of corrugated stainless steel are also available for connecting

appliances to the gas pipe. These hoses have a longer life span and in some countries are

10

allowed to be used for 10 years before they are replaced. It is important to use qualified and

approved flexible hoses.

2.1.9 Pipe Joints

Pipe joint is very important in LPG installation. Because have to conform there is no gas

leakage within operating period and LPG gas is a flammable gas, so prevent unwanted

accident and rick. The flowing factors are considered when design the LPG system.

Joints in steel pipes of 50 mm nominal bore and smaller shall be welded, flanged or

screwed. Steel pipe joints over 50 mm nominal bore shall be welded or welded

flanged.

Joints in copper pipes shall be of compression type or sweated type silver soldered

or brazed using a jointing material with a melting point exceeding 540 °C. [2]

Jointing of steel pipes by gas welding shall be in accordance with BS 2640 and

welding by electric arc shall be in accordance with BS 2971. Electric arc welding

shall only be used on pipes of 125 mm nominal bore or larger. [2]

Jointing compounds for screwed connections shall be resistant to LPG and shall

comply with BS 6956. The use of PTEE tape is preferable but lead. [2]

Figure 2.3: Screwed Fitting Devise

11

2.1.10 Pressure Regulation

Three types pressure regulation system are used in high rise building, such as 1st stage, 2nd

stage and 3rd stage. 1st state pressure regulation method is used not more than 20m height

from ground floor.

LPG piping is typically designed to have two-stage pressure regulation to minimise risks of

the regulator freezing and condensation in the pipeline. First stage pressure reduces tank

pressure to not more than 0.7 bar. The second stage further reduces the LPG pressure

entering the building to not more than what the cooking appliance required which is typically

30 mbar.

Figure 2.4: Primary Pressure Regulator

Some LPG piping design may require three stages of pressure regulation.

1) If the appliance is located far from the second stage regulator.

2) Building height more than 120m with high LPG consumption each floor

In this case, the second stage regulator will reduce it to an intermediate pressure of 340 mbar

(5 psi) or the maximum allowed by local regulation whichever is lower. The third and final

stage regulator reduces the pressure to the appliance requirement of 30 mbar.

12

2.1.11 Fuse Cock

This device shut off the flow of LPG downstream of the regulator when the pressure exceeds

or falls below the set levels or when gas detector gives signal to control switch, to prevent

any incident from arising due to abnormal LPG line pressures.

Figure 2.6: Fuse Cock

Figure 2.5: Three Stage Pressure Regulation System

13

2.1.12 Pipe Sizing

The proper selection of pipe and tubing sizes is critical to the efficient performance of the

LPG appliance. Piping must be sized to provide sufficient gas to meet the maximum demand

without undue loss of pressure.

Pipe size is essentially determined based a combination of operating pressure and length of

piping. It is usual for segments of LPG piping which operate at different pressures to have

different pipe sizes. The lower the operating line pressure, the bigger the pipe diameter

required to achieve the same flow capacity.

Figure 2.7:15mm LPG Supply Line from Duct to Kitchen

Pressure loss increases with length of piping and number of fittings on the piping. Choosing

the right pipe size will ensure pressure loss is kept to within allowable limits and the correct

pressure is delivered at the inlet of the appliance. Pipe sizes can be calculated using gas flow

formulas or using pipe sizing charts available from national gas code.

2.1.13 Considering Factors on LPG Piping Installation

LPG piping conveys a flammable product from the container to the appliance and faulty

workmanship can lead to a hazardous situation. Below are good piping practices which

should be considered.

14

Piping shall be adequately supported with a gap between the piping and any wall or

structure carrying it. The piping must also be secured in position to prevent it being

moved accidentally from its original position.

Piping should not run in or through air or ventilation ducts, elevator shaft, and

chimney. Piping that passes through concrete walls or floors should be suitable

sleeved and the gap between sleeve and pipe, should be sealed. [2] [3]

Concealed piping must be protected against inadvertent damage either by location,

type of material used, or by sheathing.

Provision shall be made to avoid damage to the piping by its expansion, contraction,

vibration or by settlement of the building by which it is carried.

Underground pipes should be buried at least two feet (600mm), and if butane or

mixtures rich in butane are used, the pipe should be buried deep enough to avoid frost

and to prevent condensation. Pipes should be buried in backfilled trenches. [2]

Steel piping if buried or located in corrosive atmospheres must be suitably protected

against corrosion. This may be done by painting, galvanizing or wrapping with anti-

corrosion tapes.

Piping shall be free internally and externally of cutting burrs, loose scale, dirt, dust

and other foreign matter before the installation is completed. Foreign matter left in

the piping may end up damaging regulators and appliances. [2]

Figure 2.8: The Anti-Corrosive LPG Supply Line through the Wall

15

Threaded connections if used shall have tapered threads. Sealing tape or jointing

compound which is resistant to them action of LPG shall be used to provide gas tight

joints. These must be applied only on the male threads.

Hoses used shall be kept as short as possible with a maximum length of two meters

and secured appropriately at the ends. They shall not be used in concealed places and

exposed to high temperatures.

Ends of piping should be suitably plugged with pipe caps and plugs to prevent

accidental discharge of LPG.

Suitable shut-off valves should be fitted for every appliance and should be installed

at every point where safety, convenience of operation and maintenance demands.

If LPG piping needs to be distinguished from piping of other services, it should be

painted yellow colour.

A minimum clearance of 150 mm shall be maintained between the LPG pipe and

electric conduits or cables.

Underground pipework outside the premises shall be buried at a depth of not less

than 800 mm. In the case where gas pipes and underground electric cables are

running in a common trench, a minimum clearance of 200 mm shall be maintained

between the two services. Pipe markers shall be fixed to indicate the route of the

buried pipelines.

Underground pipework outside the premises shall be buried at a depth of not less

than 800 mm. In the case where gas pipes and underground electric cables are

running in a common trench, a minimum clearance of 200 mm shall be maintained

between the two services. Pipe markers shall be fixed to indicate the route of the

buried pipelines.

Supports for steel pipes shall be of mild steel, malleable iron or galvanised. Copper pipes

shall be fixed by gunmetal or brass pipe clip. Brackets screwed to walls shall be secured by

expanding plugs or other approved methods. The top half of the pipe clip shall be detachable

without disturbing the fixing.

16

Table 2.2: The Maximum Distances of Pipe Supports for Galvanized Pipes

Nominal pipe size (mm)

Maximum Distance between Supports (m)

Vertical runs Horizontal runs

20 3 2.5

25 3 2.5

32 3 2.7

40 3.5 3

50 3.5 3

80 4.5 3

100 4.5 3

150 4.5 3

Figure 2.9: LPG Cylinders

First calculate total load of the building. For calculating total load we are using NFPA 58

national gas code. Then select number of cylinder requirement. We can use maximum 26

cylinder when increase this amount we must choice bulk thanks, it very costly. We are using

17

37.5kg cylinder it has 2kg/hour evaporating capacity. When we design gas bank we must

consider gas flow rate.so we use some advance method to ensure maximum flow rate.

2.1.13.1 Vapour-Draw System

Vapour-draw LPG cylinder system is mostly use in Srilanka. Commonly it is used for low

flow rate consumption. It is having direct feed the LPG gas through pressure regulators.

Figure 2.10: Vapour - Draw Cylinder System

Liquid-Draw System is used for get high flow rate with low investment. Liquid-draw LPG

cylinders shall be incorporated with a vaporizer for the production of vapour LPG, which

shall subsequently be conveyed to the appliance through pressure regulators. Hydrostatic

pressure relief valve shall be installed on each liquid piping that can be isolated by valves.

18

Figure 2.11: Liquid-Draw System

Multi-Cylinders System is used for high consumption with better efficiency. Multi-cylinders

in cylinder banks shall be manifold together by a permanent header, which shall be linked

together through changeover device to enable that only one bank cylinder will supply LPG

to appliances at any one time. Connection of the cylinders to a manifold shall be made by

flexible hose with sufficient length for easy manoeuvring of the cylinders. A flexible hose

connecting to a manifold shall not be left unconnected after commissioning.

The device consisting of a stop valve with check function shall be installed between the

flexible hose and the manifold system for all cylinders. In the case of liquid withdrawal

cylinders, one particular cylinder of each bank shall be installed with a stop valve with excess

flow device to allow liquid LPG to flow back from the vaporizer.

19

Above multi-cylinder system has two separate line for liquid and vapour. Liquid line is

connected with vaporiser. Each line has separate secondary regulator R1 and R2. These are

set certain pressure. R1 is little bit lower than R2. When the LPG consumption increase main

riser line pressure will decrease when that pressure is equal to R1, vaporizer will start and

gas is delivered to customers through both lines. Again when consumption decrease main

riser pressure will increase and it will equal to R2 that time vaporizer will stop and gas is

delivery through the vapour line.

2.1.14 Bulk LPG Storage Vessels

When calculating number of cylinder requirement is increasing more than 26; we choice

bulk vessels.it size depend on LPG consumption. Vessels shall be designed and constructed

of steel in accordance with a recognised Pressure Vessel Code. Bulk tanks shall be designed

to minimum pressure of 1.725 MPa and a minimum design temperature of -10 °C.

R1

R2

Figure 2.12:Multi-Cylinder System

20

Table 2.3: LPG Gas Bulk Storage Tank Sizes Chart

Capacity (ton) Diameter(mm) Length(mm)

0.5 915 2250

1 1065 2690

2 1220 3920

2.5 1220 5940

3 1220 7960

2.1.15 Tank Design

LP Gas is a hazardous product which needs to be contained inside pressure vessels and any

uncontrolled discharge prevented. Tank failures due to poor construction can result in serious

consequences. For this reason pressurised tanks should be designed and manufactured to a

recognized code or standard to ensure their safety.

2.1.15.1 Design Code

LP Gas tanks should be designed, manufactured, inspected and tested in accordance with a

recognised design code ASME or UKLPG.

2.1.16 Constructions

Pressurised LP Gas tanks are either spherical or cylindrical in shape. Larger

capacities tend to be spherical which requires less space but more complex

construction process.

Cylindrical LP Gas tanks have either semi-ellipsoidal or hemispherical ends

depending on the requirement.

The majority of cylindrical LP Gas tanks are designed for horizontal installation but

vertical tanks are also used primarily if space is a premium.

21

LP Gas tanks should be of welded steel construction. The steel used should have

suitable properties, particularly with regard to impact resistance for operation over a

range of temperatures between minus 20◦C and 50◦C.

Tanks with capacities up to 2,500 litres should have a hinged, lockable hood to

protect fittings and prevent unauthorised tampering.

Above ground tanks should be painted a light colour, preferably white, to increase

reflection and minimise the temperature rise of the contents from solar heat gain.

2.1.17 Maximum Filling Capacity

The maximum quantity of LP Gas which may be filled into any tank should be such that the

tank will not exceed 97% liquid full due to expansion of its contents at the assessed

temperature. This is to prevent uncontrolled discharge of LP Gas through the pressure relief

valve.

The maximum filling capacity by volume is calculated as follows.

𝑉𝑓 = 0.97 × 𝑉 ×𝐺𝑖

𝐺𝑙

𝑣𝑓 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒, 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠

𝑉 = 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘, 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠

𝐺𝑖 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑃 𝐺𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑘𝑔 / 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒

𝐺𝑙 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑃 𝐺𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑘𝑔 / 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠

2.1.18 Tank Supports

Design for tank supports should comply with the relevant tank construction code. In

particular, supports should be,

Allow the tank to move within the range of temperature change.

Permit the drainage of any water.

Located (for horizontal tanks) to give minimum deflections and moments to the

tank shell.

Be reinforced with extra supports where appropriate.

Supports may not be necessary for underground tanks, but they may be required where it is

necessary to anchor the tank because of potential flotation. Tanks should be installed on

22

structural steel, concrete or brick supports, with solid foundations. Supports should be fire

resistant to a standard of at least 2 hours.

The supports should be of sufficient strength to support the tank when full of water. Vertical

tanks should have an open support structure that encourages effective airflow and provides

explosion relief. Where cylindrical supporting skirts are used, pipes from the tank within the

skirt should have welded or welded flanged joints.

2.1.19 Minimum Tank Fittings

Every tank should have at least one each of the following:

A pressure relief valve directly connected to the vapour space.

A maximum liquid level indicator or maximum level fill stop valve and preferably a

contents gauge. Where both devices are installed they should be independent of each

other to provide a separate means to prevent overfilling.

A filling connection.

A service outlet connection for vapour or liquid duty if required.

A drain connection, or some other way of draining liquid product from the tank. This

should be double locked.

A pressure gauge for tanks over 5,000 liters water capacity.

A temperature gauge may be required if stock reconciliation has to be carried out.

A vacuum prevention measure where excessive vacuum may occur.

2.1.20 Location of Fittings

Minimize the number of direct connections below the liquid level to lower the risk of leakage

of liquid LP Gas. Wherever possible, only one connection, excluding the drain line, should

be provided and all the rest should terminate at the vapour space.

23

Figure 2.13: Bulk Tank and Fittings

2.1.21 Above Ground Tanks

All above ground tanks should be fitted with one or more pressure relief valves (PRV), in

compliance with a recognized code, which will protect the tank in the event of a fire. The

setting and sizing of the pressure relief valve should protect the tank from overpressure of

more than 120% of the design pressure, which could be generated under fire exposure

conditions.

2.1.22 Underground Tanks

For mounded or underground tanks, the full flow capacity of pressure relief valves may be

reduced to a value that can be shown to adequately protect the tank. Calculation of this value

should also consider whether the relief valves are required to prevent overpressure of the

tank by overfilling and may therefore require a capacity to relieve liquid LP Gas at the

maximum filling rate.

2.1.23 Valves in LPG Bulk Tank System

Isolation Valves, fixed liquid level devices, maximum level fill stop valve, hydrostatic valves

and emergency shutdown valves are should be installed with the bulk tank.

24

2.1.23.1 Isolation Valves

Care should be taken to ensure that the design and certified discharge capacity of pressure

relief valves are not restricted by the introduction of check valves etc. which may be used to

facilitate exchange whilst the tank remains in service.

Manual isolation valves should not be fitted between the tank vapour space and a single

pressure relief valve. They may inadvertently be left closed and block the PRV.

With single pressure relief valves - an automatic shut-off valve should be installed to allow

for the removal of the relief valve for servicing or testing to take place, this should be fully

‘open’ when the relief valve is in place and ‘closed’ before the relief valve is removed. The

tank should never be left unprotected and a replacement relief valve should be fitted

immediately.

Where multiple pressure relief valves are fitted with provision to allow for the removal and

servicing of individual pressure relief valves, the remaining pressure relief valves should

have adequate capacity to provide full protection for the tank.

2.1.23.2 Fixed Liquid Level Devices

These indicate when the maximum liquid level is reached during filling by allowing vapour

or liquid to discharge to atmosphere from a valve attached to a dip tube, the design length of

which is determined by the maximum permissible fill for the grade of LP Gas stored. Where

possible, bleed jets from fixed liquid level gauges should be fitted so that the discharge jet

is vertical. This enables the most rapid dilution of the vapour cloud and the least possible

size of flammable cloud.

2.1.23.3 Maximum Level Fill Stop Valve

Automatic shut-off valve is Designed which is activated by a float or other means, so that it

shuts positively during filling when the maximum level is reached. Fill stop valves and

actuation mechanisms should be of adequate proven reliability for a life expectancy not less

than the storage tank inspection or maintenance interval.

25

2.1.23.4 Hydrostatic Valves

Wherever liquid LP Gas may be trapped along the pipework, protection against excessive

pressure caused by thermal expansion of the contents should be provided. This is normally

achieved by the use of hydrostatic relief valves.

2.1.23.4.1 Hydrostatic relief valves Installation

Hydrostatic relief valves which discharge to the open should be located and orientated so as

not to endanger personnel, tanks or equipment, and should be fitted with rain caps where

their location dictates.

2.1.23.5 Emergency Shutdown Valves

When occurring any LPG leakage in building, it should stop the gas supply to applicants.

2.1.23.5.1 Type

Emergency shutdown (ESD) valves are remotely operated, positive, fail closed, shut-off

valves, used to isolate tanks and sections of piping or equipment in emergency situations.

2.1.23.5.2 Automatic Operation

ESD valves should preferably be actuated automatically. By a fusible link in the energy

supply to the actuator, by building gas detection system. They should preferably be

pneumatically actuated and designed to operate in a controlled manner to avoid pressure

surges which could lift hydrostatic relief valves, or on opening cause inadvertent operation

of excess flow valves etc.

2.1.24 Vaporizers

2.1.24.1 Types

There are five basic types of vaporiser, all of which should be capable of vaporising LP

Gas at the maximum off take rate needed from the installation.

Low pressure steam-heated

Hot water heated

Electrically heated

Direct gas fired

Atmospheric

26

2.1.24.2 Location

Vaporizers should be sited such that the minimum distance from the nearest important

building or line of property is as follows,

3 metres up to 36 kg/hr capacity.

7.5 metres from 37 to 227 kg/hr capacity.

15 metres over 227 kg/hr capacity.

Vaporizers may be mounted on the wall of a building if it can be considered to be a fire wall,

with a defined fire resistance and have no openings.

2.1.25 Leak Testing

After the piping has been completed and before it is put into service, the whole piping system

must be subjected to a leak test. This is an important step in the installation and should be

made with great care and in strict compliance with local regulations wherever such exists.

Appliances and equipment which are not included in the test or are designed for operating

pressure less than the test pressure must be isolated or disconnected from the piping during

the test.

The test medium introduced in the gas line for testing leaks may be air, nitrogen, carbon

dioxide or any inert gas. In no instance must oxygen be used for this purpose as this will

create an inflammable mixture. LPG may be used as a test medium for testing gas piping

joints between the low pressure regulator and low pressure appliance. However we use air

as a testing medium.

Where any part of the piping is to be enclosed or concealed, the test must be done prior to

the work of closing in, unless the concealed sections of the piping have been pretested.

Piping should be tested before they are painted or applied with any corrosion protection

which would inhibit detection of a leak.

The test should be carried out at appropriate pressures.

For section of the piping subjected to full cylinder pressure, the test pressure should be 1.5

times the normal working pressure or 10 bars (150 psig) whichever is greater.

27

For piping section after first stage regulator with pressure above 700 mbar, the test pressure

should be 2.5 times the maximum expected working pressure or 3.5bars (50psig) whichever

is greater.

Figure 2.14: LP Gas Line Pressure Test

Test duration should not be less than 4 hours. A pressure test certificate must be kept for

record.

2.1.26 LPG Detection System

LPG is flammable gas. So when occurring any leakage in the LP gas line gas supply to the

client should be immediately stop. Design LPG system for building we should consider

safety of client. Our company design two type emergency shout down valve system.

1. Electrical type (Solenoid valve) shout down

2. Mechanical type shout down

2.1.26.1 LPG Detector

It is a sensor. LPG lines have gas detector for identified the gas leakage where is occurring.

This detectors works via catalytic oxidation. The sensor of this types detectors are typically

constructed from a platinum treated wire coil.as LP gas comes into contact with the catalytic

surfaces, it is oxidized and wring resistance will change by heat release. A bridge circuit is

typically used to indicate resistance change. The detectors are connected with addressable

28

unit (module). That convert covert analogue signal to digital signal to the main panel. When

give signal to main panel simultaneously stop gas supply to leakage occurring line.

Electrical detector circuit is shown above figure, detectors are install near the LP gas lines

with certain distance. It depend on brand of detector. When LP gas leak is occurring in the

installation pipes it will find and give signal to gas control switch, so gas supply to kitchen

will stop. But that time there is gas in line. Some time it will danger to client in that floor.

So same time gas supply to kitchen from duct will stop by solenoid valve or emergency shout

off valve. Simultaneously to main panel through the module. Module will identify where is

gas leakage is occurring (which floor and which place).also gas bank has gas detector for

identify gas leakage in the gas bank. When gas leakage in the bank total gas supply will stop

by main solenoid valve. And main solenoid valve has connection with fire panel. When fire

is occurring in the building anywhere gas supply to client will immediately stop.

2.1.26.2 Solenoid valve

Commonly it will install in each duct after gas meter.it main function is stop gas supply to

client when gas supply is occurring.it gas three electrical terminal L, N and E. it will

connected with gas control switch L and N. we used ¾ type solenoid vale. It is very costly,

P L N N

Control switch

Detector

Main

panel

S/V

P/S

Module

Figure 2.15: LPG Detector Electrical Circuit

29

the prize will varies the size of solenoid valve. For emergency stop we can use solenoid

valve or mechanical type shut down valve. We choice devises according to the client request.

Figure 2.16: Solenoid Valve

2.1.26.3 Mechanical type emergency shut off valve

Solenoid valve and mechanical type emergency shut off valve are used for emergency gas

supply stop. But solenoid is high cost when compare mechanical type emergency shut off

valve. If client request us use this type valve we will choice it. It also have electrical

connection with control switch when leakage is occurring in line control switch give signal

to this valve and automatically shut down. Basically it has a check valve that is on and off

by electrical signal.

30

Figure 2.17: Mechanical Type Emergency Valve with Gas Meter

2.2 Fire Protection System

High rise building should have fire protection system with approval of fire department. For

client safety requirement. When fire protection system design should ensure NFPA 13 and

NFPA 14 codes. All piping material accordance with ASME. The commercial building fire

protection method are below,

Hose reel

Sprinkler system

Landing valve

Breeching inlet

Fire extinguishers

31

2.2.1 Fire Pump Design

Figure 2.18: Fire Pumps Classification

2.2.1.1 Wet Riser Pump Design

Fire wet riser pump systems are high pressure water pumps designed to increase the

firefighting capacity of a building by boosting the pressure in the hydrant service when mains

is not enough.

There are some building have pressurize water supply together to wet riser system and

sprinkler system by the hydrant pump.in this building number of sprinklers in each floor is

few. Mostly they are installed in only corridors.

Before select the pump we should calculate all pressure losses in the main riser and other

water lines. When install the pump it shout have requiring valves, such as flow control

valves, Non-Return valves, gate valves and casting relief valves. Pump arrangement should

have flexible coupling both suction and discharge site to prevent vibration transmission to

riser line. And also it has reducer in suction site, pressure gages, and pressure sensor in

discharge side.

Fire Pump

Wet Riser Pump

House Reel Landing Valve

Sprinkler Pump

Sprinkler

32

Figure 2.19: Pump Room Arrangement

Fire pump room arrangement is shown in above figure. There are three pump are used for

firefighting in building. But never work together there is a pressure sensor is install with

each pump. All lines are have pressurizes water at design pressure. When fire is occurring

in the building when release the water through the hose reel, landing or sprinklers. Pressure

in the main riser line should reduce, jockey pump is set with slightly lower than design head

pressure, so it will start first. Main pump is set lower than jockey pump set pressure. When

riser pressure further reduces that value jockey pump will stop and main pump will start.it

has high capability to firefighting. But sometimes it may not work, in this case stand –by

pump will be start. It is set lower than main pump setting pressure. We can use normal water

pump to firefighting but, if customer request us install high standard pump we use UL

certificated pumps. They are more than five time prize than normal water pump. After

installation should get approval from fire department.

33

2.2.1.1.1 Stand-by Pump

Main pump and stand - by pump are have same horse power. The main reason for use stand

-by pump safety of firefighting operation. When firefighting operation occurring any

mechanical or electrical frailer in main pump, stand- by pump will start and will keep design

pressure in riser line. Twin electric fire pumps are installed, there is a requirement for a

secondary power source. This can be from a separate feed to the nearest electricity sub-

station or generator.

Also it will increase life time and stable of both pumps. Because is designed when first time

fire occurring in the building main pump is work after jockey pump. After next time when

fire accident stand-by pump will start after jockey.

2.2.1.1.2 Jockey Pump

A jockey pump, also known as a pressure maintenance pump, maintains the pressure in the

fire sprinkler system to avoid non-emergency starting of the main fire pump. This keeps the

main fire pump from short cycling, which shortens its life span. The jockey pump is designed

to start before the main fire pump and return the fire protection system to its minimum static

pressure. However, it is not designed to keep up with the system demand in regard to flow.

In this case, the system pressure will continue to decrease until the main fire pump starts. [4]

Figure 2.20: Jockey Pump

34

All jockey pumps consist of a pump, a motor, and a controller. The two main types of pumps

available are centrifugal and regenerative turbine pumps. Both have their pros and cons, the

centrifugal type is often less energy-efficient, but it needs less maintenance than a

regenerative turbine one. Likewise, a regenerative turbine pump can create a lot of pressure

with very little power, but it can make the system too pressurized, and needs a lot of

maintenance. Which type is best for a system also depends on the size of the system, with

centrifugal pumps often being preferred for smaller systems, since they sometimes create

less pressure. [1]

The type of motor used also depends largely on the size of the system. The two main choices

for jockey pump motors are single-phase and three-phase. Both work largely the same way,

though single phase motors are typically used for smaller, lower pressure systems since they

are not as powerful. Controllers can also be either single-phase or three-phase, and differ

primarily in the complexity of their assembly. [1]

2.2.2 Wet Riser Pump Design Calculation for Boralle Jet Wing Hotel

Building height up to upper floor ground level = 54m

Main Riser Diameter = 150mm

Design Volume = 1500 l/min

House Reel Designed 0.7m from ground level of each floor

Piping Material is GI pipe

𝑒 = 0.15(𝑚𝑚)

𝑒

𝑑=

0.15

150= 0.001

𝑄 = 1500 𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛⁄

𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉

𝑉 =0.025 𝑚3

𝑠⁄

3.14 × 0.0752= 1.41 𝑚

𝑠⁄

𝑅𝑒 =𝐷𝑉

∏

𝑅𝑒 =0.15 × 1.41 × 1000

8.9 × 10−4

35

𝑅𝑒 = 2.38 × 105

𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 𝑓 ×𝐿

𝐷×

𝑣2

2𝑔

From moody chart

𝑓 = 0.02

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠(𝑚) = 0.02 ×54.7

0.15×

1.412

2 × 9.81= 0.74

𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 0.74 + 54.7 + 46.51 = 101.95𝑚

So designing Hydrant pump head is 102m and pump setting pressure is 10 bar.

In Above wet riser system basement 3 level is 0.7m from the ground level.

L/V

H/R

PRV

Basement 3

H/R level

(0.7 m)

13th floor H/R level

54.7 m

To Hydrant Pump

P1

P2

Figure 2.21: Wet Riser System with LV and HR

36

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑃1 = 10 −0.7 × 1000 × 9.81

1.013 × 105= 9.93 𝑏𝑎𝑟

But house reel draw off pressure should be 1.5 bar and landing valve draw off pressure is 4-

5 bar.in market PRV type landing valve are available and it has pressure adjusting device.

So suitable pressure reduction valve is installed with hose reel to reduce the pressure to 1.5

bar. When adjusting the PRV setting pressure should be consider horizontal length pressure

losses of hose reel line.

Same calculation method is used above floor to house reel and landing valve installation.

Last floor calculation is below.

𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑃2 = 10 −54.7 × 1000 × 9.81

1.013 × 105= 4.7 𝑏𝑎𝑟

This pressure is within the landing valve operating range. So no need PRV type pressure

release valve. Directly can install the landing valve to this floor. But should de install PRV

for hose reel.

2.2.3 Landing valve and Fire Hydrant Valve

Landing valves are designed to be robust, not freeze in harsh environments, and operate in a

fire in accordance with fire testing regulations. Some also include a reducing valve to

regulate the outlet pressure with a varying inlet pressure which is required in some

installations. However nowadays can purchase in market PRV type landing valve. Landing

valve operating pressure range is 4 – 5 bar range.

Figure 2.22: Landing valve

37

Tall buildings should have a permanently installed rising main which consists of a vertical

pipe with brigade connections at different levels of the building. There are two types of rising

main.

1. Wet Riser

2. Dry Riser

2.2.4 Dry Riser

This is normally dry but is capable of being charged with water by pumping from a fire

service appliance via an inlet breeching fitted on the outside of the building at ground level.

An air release valve is fitted at the highest point to enable the riser to be fully charged. There

are fire hydrant valves on each floor so that the brigade can connect into the water supply at

any level of the building.

2.2.5 Wet Riser

A wet riser is a pipe kept permanently charged with water which is then immediately

available for use on any floor at which a fire hydrant globe valve is provided. Wet risers are

necessary for buildings which are too high for brigade pumps to supply the necessary water

pressure via a dry riser. If the mains pressure is higher than maximum brigade operating

pressure it is necessary to use pressure regulating landing valves.

2.2.6 BS336 Instantaneous Coupling

BS336 Instantaneous fire hose couplings are the standard low pressure fire hose fitting. They

have a male and a female end and are a push fit. Max Working Pressure 15 bar.

Figure 2.23:BS336 Instantaneous Fire Hose Coupling

38

2.2.7 Hose Reel

Fire hose reels are located to provide a reasonably accessible and controlled supply of water

to combat a potential fire risk. The length of a fully extended fire hose is 36 meters with a

diameter of 19mm.

These appliances are designed to deliver, as a minimum, 0.33L of water per second. A

control nozzle attached to the end of the hose enables the operator to control the direction

and flow of water to the fire. All fire hose reels come with a unique ball valve shut-off device,

a plastic or solid brass hose reel nozzle and mounting bracket.

Figure 2.24: Fire Hose Reel

2.2.7.1 Location & Mounting Requirements

When install hose reel should be consider flowing important factors.

Each hose reel shall be located in a readily accessible position and its location shall

be clearly indicated.

They shall not be installed in fire-isolated exits unless approval is obtained from the

Regulatory Authority.

Where a fire hose reel is obscured by storage racks or other obstructions, its location

shall be indicated by a sign with the words FIRE HOSE REEL, not less than 50mm

high on a contrasting background.

39

The hose reel assembly shall be mounted so that the full diameter of the drum is

facing the access point.

The hose reel assembly shall be suitably mounted at a spindle height of between 1.5m

and 2.4m above floor level. The valve shall be mounted at 1 + 0.1m above floor level.

The stop valve assembly and operating instructions shall be visible and readily

accessible when the hose reel is installed, and shall be not more than 2m from the

spindle of the hose reel assembly. A clearance of not less than 100mm shall be

provided around the valve hand wheel.

Wherever the hose reel is mounted, there shall be a minimum radial clearance of

100mm between the reel rim and any obstructions which do not form part of the hose

assembly.

The hose reel shall be mounted and installed so that there is no interference with the

running out of the hose in any direction.

The structure on which the hose reel is mounted shall be capable of supporting the

mass of the charged hose reel assembly and withstanding the forces which may be

applied when the hose reel is used.

2.2.7.2 Hose Reel Installation Testing

Leakage of water does not exceed 5ml in 3 min from the valve gland or discharge

nozzle assembly with the hose pressurized and the nozzle closed.

The flow rate with the nozzle in the jet mode is operational by discharging water into

a container. The rate of flow shall be not less than 0.33 litters/sec.

2.2.8 Breeching Inlet

Building water sump has maximum 45 min firefighting water capability. Some time may be

require more than 6 hours for firefighting. In this case pressure water will supply through

the breeching inlet from outside of building by fire bowser.it should have enough space for

bowers come and turn.

40

Figure 2.25: Breeching Inlet

2.2.9 Fire Extinguishers

It is used for fire protection. Each floor have fire extinguishers, located in the corridors.

When fire occurring in the floor, someone in floor can firefighting with help of extinguishers.

There are several type Extinguishers are in market but in building mostly used Water Fire

Extinguishers, Dry Powder Fire Extinguishers and CO2 Fire Extinguishers.

Figure 2.26: Fire Extinguishers

2.2.10 Automatic Sprinkler System

It is best to have protection in commercial buildings in case of fire or smoke. Installing a

sprinkler system is a good preventative measure to take. There is a regulation of fire

department, above 30m building should have sprinkler system. There are various types of

fire sprinklers,

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Wet pipe system

Dry Pipe system

Pre-action system

Deluge system

2.2.10.1 Wet Pipe System

Wet type systems are the most common type of sprinkler system that is mostly installed in

Srilanka. A wet pipe system has water in the pipes in the ambient or normal condition and

has heat responsive elements on all sprinklers. Thus, water is instantaneously discharged

from a sprinkler when it actuates. GI pipes are mostly used for sprinkler pipe branch and

main riser network. When pipe size deign should consider all pressure losses in pipe network,

pipe fitting and valve. It is calculate from NFPA 13 code. This fire sprinkler system is cost

efficient and low maintenance [5]

Figure 2.27: Wet Pipe Sprinkler System

In areas where low temperatures could cause a wet pipe system to freeze, a dry pipe system

is intended for use. Dry pipe systems are pressurized with air in the ambient condition and

experience an inherent delay in the discharge of water to allow the pressurized air in the

42

system to escape. When a sprinkler actuates, air is released through the sprinkler, allowing

water to flow into the piping system through the dry pipe valve.

NFPA 13 mandates that the time for the water to reach the most remote sprinkler be no

longer than 60 seconds. This time delay allows the fire to grow larger than it would with a

wet pipe system of similar design, and the larger fire size results in more sprinklers in the

fire area actuating.

To limit the size of dry pipe systems, a volumetric limitation with a maximum capacity of

750 gallons is placed on dry pipe systems. A quick opening device, such as an accelerator

or an exhauster, is installed to rapidly remove air from the system and speed the operation

of the dry pipe valve and is required when the system volumetric capacity exceeds 500

gallons.

Figure 2.28: Dry Pipe Sprinkler System

2.2.10.2 Preaction and Deluge

Preaction systems and deluge systems required fire detectors (smoke, heat) for the actuation

of the system. A deluge system uses open sprinklers or nozzles, so that all flow water is

discharged when the deluge valve actuates. Deluge systems can be used for occupancies

where the hazard is considered severe, such as with flammable liquid hazards where the fire

could spread over a large floor area.

43

Preaction system have closed heads and pipes filled with pressurized air that supervise a

piping system, and can be considered for the protection of valuable assets or irreplaceable

property. The detection system for a preaction system can be designed to prevent water

discharge in cases of a false alarm from the detection system, or in case of a sprinkler whose

element has encountered mechanical damage.

The detection system on a preaction system can be designed with a preaction logic capable

of meeting one of the following objectives,

Actuation of a fire detector trips a deluge valve to admit water into the sprinkler

piping to await the actuation of a sprinkler.

Actuation of a fire detector or actuation of a heat-responsive element on a sprinkler

trips a deluge valve to admit water into the sprinkler piping.

Actuation of a fire detector and actuation of a heat-responsive element on a sprinkler

trips a deluge valve to admit water into the sprinkler piping.

2.2.11 Sprinkler Head Types

Spray sprinklers are manufactured in three basic styles.

1. Standard Spray Upright (SSU) sprinkler

2. Standard Spray Pendant (SSP) sprinkler

3. Sidewall Sprinkler

2.2.11.1 Standard Spray Upright (SSU) Sprinkler

A standard spray upright (SSU) sprinkler is mounted on upright above a branch line pipe,

usually in a room with exposed structural elements, and has a deflector, a metal plate whose

edge is distinctively bent to deflect water downward from the sprinkler. When install the

sprinkler should consider sprinkler coverage.

44

Figure 2.29: Standard Spray Upright (SSU) Sprinkler

During a fire conditions, the thermal-sensitive liquid in the glass bulb expands, causing the

bulb to shatter, releasing the button and spring seal assembly. Water flowing through the

sprinkler orifice strikes the sprinkler deflector, forming a uniform spray pattern to extinguish

or control the fire.

2.2.11.2 Standard Spray Pendant (SSP) Sprinkler

A standard spray pendant (SSP) sprinkler is mounted below the branch line, usually mounted

at or below the surface of a suspended ceiling and is characterized by a flat deflector. SSU

and SSP discharge patterns are designed to be the same.

Figure 2.30: Standard Spray Pendant (SSP) Sprinkler

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2.2.11.3 Sidewall Sprinkler

Sidewall sprinklers have a specifically designed deflector that allows the sprinkler to

discharge water from a wall-mounted position.

Figure 2.31: Sidewall Sprinkler

During a fire conditions, the thermal-sensitive liquid in the glass bulb expands, causing the

bulb to shatter, releasing the button and spring seal assembly. Water flowing through the

sprinkler orifice strikes the sprinkler deflector, forming a uniform spray pattern to extinguish

or control the fire.

2.2.12 Pressure Reducing Valve

A Pressure Reducing Valve is a relief valve and controls and maintains a preset, reduced

downstream pressure by causing the main valve to throttle and sustain the desired reduced

pressure regardless of variations in demand and upstream water pressure. In the firing system

it should be install each floor for get desirable pressure. Also this valve have adjusting unit

for set the pressure.

Figure 2.32: Pressure Reducing Valve in Fire Protection System

PRV

Gate Valve

46

2.3 Fire Detection System

The main function of the fire detection system is identify and display where fire is occurred

in the building. And also give an alarm signal to client in building. Also system has detectors

(smoke and heat), manual call points, sounders, switches and fire main panel.

There are two generic types of fire alarm system in use, these are the conventional alarm

systems and the newer more advanced analogue addressable alarm systems.

2.3.1 Conventional Fire Alarm

Conventional fire alarm system is suited to smaller applications where they are more cost

effective than an addressable system.

A non-addressable system may use fire detection zones, which are usually represented by

LEDs on the control panel. Each zone identifies a specific area of the building in order to

speed up the location of a fire. Each zone is made up of a group of Automatic Fire Detectors

and Manual Call Points. In the event of a fire being detected either automatically or

manually, the system control panel will then operate the alarm. In this type of system the

physical wiring dictates the zoning and the detector decides if it’s a fire condition or not. [3]

2.3.2 Analogue Addressable Systems

Analogue addressable systems have constant two-way communication between the control

panel and the detectors in the field. Each detection device on an analogue addressable system

has its own unique address within the system and the control panel is able to identify each

device individually in the case of a fire or a fault. [6] [7]

Nowadays this system is used for fire detection in high rise building. Because system have

greater sensitivity to fire with greater immunity to false alarms.

2.3.3 Fire Detection System Design and Installation

The minimum sound level of a sounder device should be 65dB above a background noise

and at a frequency between 500Hz and 1000Hz. The maximum sound level should not

exceed 120dB.

47

Figure 2.33: Fire Sounder

Sounder device cabling should be arranged so that in the event of a fault at least one sounder

located within the vicinity of the control and indicating panel will remain in operation.

Visual alarms such as beacons should always be mounted at a minimum height of 2.1m from

floor level, in a position that is likely to attract attention. [5]

For areas where people are sleeping, sounder devices should produce a minimum 75dB at

the bed-head with all doors shut. In buildings likely to provide sleeping accommodation for

the hearing impaired, consideration should be given to the incorporation of both audio and

visual devices. [3]

The maximum zone floor area should not exceed 2000m2. A person searching a zone for a

fire should not have to travel more than 60m from the zone entrance to identify the source

of the fire. [3]

A person should not have to travel more than 45m along an escape route to reach a manual

call point, when the layout of the building is known.

The center of the element of the manual call point should be positioned 1.4m (+/- 0.2m) from

floor level. [3]

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Figure 2.34: Manual Call Point

When mounted on a flat ceiling, smoke detection devices have an individual coverage of

7.5m radius. However these radius must overlap to ensure there are no blind spots. Therefore

individual coverage can be represented by a square measuring 10.6m x 10.6m giving an

actual coverage area of 112m2 per device. [3]

49

Figure 2.35: Smoke Detection Devices Installation Space for Room

When mounted on a flat ceiling, heat detection devices have an individual coverage of 5.3m

radius. However these radii must overlap to ensure there are no blind spots. Therefore

individual coverage can be represented by a square measuring 7.5 x 7.5m giving an actual

coverage area of 56.3 2 per device. [3]

Figure 2.36: Heat Detection Devices Installation Space for Room

10.6 ×10.6 = 112m2

10.6 m

5.3 m

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In corridors less than 2m wide the horizontal spacing of detectors can be increased, the area

of coverage need not overlap as in the case of a room. Any corridor over 2m wide is deemed

as a room and most adhere as specified.

Figure 2.37: Smoke Detection Devices Installation Space for Corridor

Heat detectors are not recommended for use in corridors that may be used as escape routes.

For ease of design and assessment of coverage dimensions used for detectors are usually

taken as,

Smoke detector : 5m to wall and 10m between detectors Coverage 100m2 [3]

Heat detector : 3.5m to wall and 7m between detectors Coverage 50m [3] [6]

Do not site detectors less than 1m from air inlets or air circulating systems.

The sensing element of a smoke detection device should not be less than 25mm below the

ceiling, and not greater than 600mm below the ceiling.

Figure 2.38: Smoke Detector

The sensing element of a heat detection device should not be less than 25mm below the

ceiling, and not greater than 150mm below the ceiling.

51

Figure 2.39: Heat Detector

2.4 Plumping System

Plumping system has several section such as water supply drainage system, hot water

system, water treatment system for swimming pool, storm water, waste water, sewer external

drainage system, soakage, septic tank, water treatment plant and vent pipe system. Plumping

system design is totally deferred with purpose of building. When design the plumping system

should consider about energy consumption, life cycle cost, durability, consumption per day

and maximum people live particular building.

When design the plumping system for high rise building it should be under the international

standard. BME (PVT) LTD used BS6700, BS806 and ICTAD codes.

In this section I learnt about pipe selection with purpose of application, pipe installation

method with testing, valve fitting and location, calculation loess in pipe and fitting, pump

selection with total head calculation, selection of traps, WC, wash basin, angle valve, flexible

hose, mixture valve, overhead showers, kitchen sinks, valves, meters and pump.

2.4.1 Plumping Material Selection

Plumping pipes material are differed with type of application. When select pipe material

should be consider flowing factors.

Type and Temperature of the water that is being carried by the pipe.

Risk of corrosion and leaching.

Compatibility with other materials and products.

Type of installation environment.

Physical and Chemical characteristics of the materials and products.

52

There are many types of plumbing pipes for residential or commercial buildings. Plumbing

pipes such as PPR, PVC, CPVC and Copper are used normally depending on their

application and the location in which they are installed. In addition there are some other

plumbing pipe types such as DI pipes, HDPE pipe, galvanized and brass.

2.4.2 PP-R pipes

PP-R pipe is known as Random Polypropylene Pipe. Nowadays is mostly used in plumping

system such as, residential cold and hot water system, underground heating system,

Conveyor of industrial water and chemical materials, Sanitary and pure water pipelines, Hot

water recycling system, compressed air pipelines and drink manufacturing and conveying

system. However our company is mostly used for hot water and return hot water supply

lines. Because PP-R is mostly cost than PVC.

Figure 2.40: PP-R pipes

2.4.2.1 Features and Advantages of PP-R

Sanitary and innoxious: - This kind of product belongs to the green building

materials, so they can be applied to the pure drinking water pipeline systems.

Thermal insulating: - Under the set long-time continuous working pressure, the water

temperature transmitted by the pipes can be as high as 95°C.

Corrosion resistance and scale free: - Both the outside and inside surfaces are smooth,

so the resisting force of flowing water is low.

Heat insulating and energy saving: - The coefficient of heat conductivity is only 0.5%

over that of the metal pipes. The heat insulating and energy saving effects are very

good when the pipes are utilized for hot water pipes.

53

Light weight and high strength: - The specific gravity is only one-eighth over that of

the metal pipes. The pressure resisting test strength is over 5Mpa, so the products

have good ductility and impact resistance.

Convenient and reliable installation: - Hot-fusion junctions are adopted. One junction

can be finished in several seconds. The pipes are connected with the metal tubes and

water utensils with copper-inlaid joints, so are reliable.

Long service life: The service life of the pipes can last 50-odd years under regular

operating conditions.

2.4.2.2 Jointing Method of PPR Pipes

Fusion method is used for welding it is done through three steps, cutting, heating and

welding.

Cutting

Cut the pipe right angle to its axis using burr free cutter.

Ensure that pipes is free from burrs or cutting chip.

Clean the pipe & fitting perfectly before welding.

Mark welding depth at the end of pipes.

Heating

Mount the suitable dies on heating element of welding machine accordin to the

diameter of Pipe and fitting to be welded.

Connect the welding machine to 220/230 volts A.C. power supply.

Select 260 Deg. C. temperature on the welding machine thermostat.

Wait for reaching the required working temperature.

Insert the pipe and the fitting in the dies by exerting light pressure.

For heating time, refer the table given for different sizes of Pipes.

Welding

After heating, quickly insert pipe into the fitting by exerting light pressure.

Any misalignment should be corrected immediately after insertion to avoid any

Stress in the weld.

Allow the joint to cool.

54

Figure 2.41: PP-R Welding Machine

2.4.3 PVC Pipes

PVC is known as Polyvinyl Chloride. PVC pipes and fittings standards available for sewer

applications, storm drainage applications, disposal application and water waste application

in plumping system.

Figure 2.42: PPC Pipes

2.4.3.1 Advantage of PVC

Corrosion resistance

Chemical resistance

Strength to weight ratio, light weight

Flexibility

55

Long-term tensile strength

Watertight joints

Thermal insulation

Flame resistance

Favorable cost

However mostly is avoided for drinking water supply application. PVC pipes have several

types such as T400, T600, T 800, T1000, T1200 and T1500. Our company is used T600 for

waste water, disposal lines, and sewer lines. T1000 is used for cold water supply line and

T400 is used for ventilation lines in building.

T1000 : This PVC type can keep maximum pressure 10bar.

T600 : This PVC type can keep maximum pressure 6bar.

2.4.3.2 PVC Fitting Method

Solvent cement method is used for PVC fitting. The PVC solvent cement method is

permanent, and the PVC pipe cannot be removed from the fitting after 30 seconds. Be sure

to perform a dry fit to ensure all pipes are cut correctly.

2.4.3.2.1 PVC Solvent Cement Step

1. Clean the areas of the fitting and PVC pipe with a PVC cleaner or primer.

2. Using the PVC cement dauber, apply a small amount of PVC cement to both the

PVC pipe and the inside of the fitting. Apply the cement only to where the two will

come into contact.

3. Quickly insert the pipe into the fitting, being sure that it is seated properly, to the

point of impacting the detent.

4. Allow the pipe and fitting connection to set for at least 2 minutes before apply

additional pressure onto it.

2.4.4 Copper Pipes

Copper pipes are most popular pipe in plumping.it is used in high rise building for hot water

supply application, LPG gas supply application, medical gas supply application, air

conditional and refrigerator application and sprinklers system. However it is costly

installation, so in our company avoid it and select other material instead for copper pipes.

56

2.4.5 Pipe Installation Testing

After installation of pipes it should be texted and must submit RFI document to main contract

company with consultant approval. Pressure and leakage test are two test in plumping.

2.4.5.1 Pressure Test

After installation of pipe lines, we have to make ensure there isn’t any leakages in testing

path of the water line. All water supply pipe hydrostatically tested a minimum of 24 hours

with not more than 5% of drop in pressure and test the pressure less than 1.5 times of working

pressure. Have to ensure that not to exceed the pressure rating of pipes, valves and fitting.

Figure 2.43: Pressure Testing Arrangement

Portable motorized pump and manual hand pump are used for pressurize water in water line

pies. Text is should be done under the supervision of site engineer. The pressure reading

before and after the test should be noted in RFI document. If it is in allowable range, can get

signature for that pipe installation from consultant. If it is out of allowable range, initially

have to find where the leakage is, and remove the leakage joint again that joint will be fit

and test.

2.4.5.1.1 Procedure of Pressure Test

1. Ensure that all installation of the piping system are properly closed with end cup.

2. Ensure that all valves in the testing lines are isolated.

57

3. Using a pressure test pump, slowly fill the pipe line with water about 1.5 time times

the working pressure, avoiding secondary surge pressure and displacing all air from

the system.

4. Then manual hand pump is used to increase the pressure to final test pressure required

by checking on pressure gauge.

5. Visually inspect the pipe line for any leakage.

6. Hold this pressure for 24 hours, after the 24 hours if pressure is reduced less than 5%

of test pressure, give approval from consultant.

2.4.5.2 Leakage Test

Leakage test should be done for waste water lines, disposal lines, sewer lines and vent lines,

after the installation in the bathroom and kitchen.

Figure 2.44: Leakage Test Arrangement

2.4.5.2.1 Leakage Test Procedure

1. Before the leakage test, all ends of runs and other opening except one opening at the

highest point of the system close by end cap.

2. Highest point of the system should at least 1.5m above the horizontal pipe to be

tested.

3. Water filled into the piping system from the highest point.

4. After 6 hours check the pipes water level.

58

Leakage can visually identify. Because these are big diameter pipes. If there is no leakage

can get approval from consultant for that work.

2.4.6 Hot Water System

There are two method are used for hot water supply in commercial buildings. These are

direct hot water supply system and indirect hot water supply system. Under the direct hot

water supply system, Electric water heating, Gas storage heaters and Boiler-cylinder system.

Mostly direct hot water systems are used in residential towers and apartments with low

consumption. Indirect systems are used high consumption application. Mostly used in hotels.

2.4.6.1 Electric Water Heating

System which uses an immersion heater installed in the hot water storage vessel. When the

desired temperature is achieved, sensed by a thermostat, the element is switched off. It is

essential that the heater element extends to near the bottom of the storage vessel because it

will not heat the water below it. The heater should be at least 50 mm from the base of the

storage vessel to prevent convection currents disturbing any sediment. Sometimes two heater

elements are used, one fitted at low level and one much nearer the top.

Figure 2.45: Electric Water Heating

The electrical power supply to an immersion heater must come directly from the consumer

unit to terminate close to the hot storage vessel with a double pole switch.

59

2.4.6.2 Gas Storage Heaters

Purpose-made vessels which have gas burners installed directly below the stored water. The

system incorporates an open flue which must be discharged to the external environment, the

flue passing up through the storage cylinder.

Figure 2.46: Gas Storage Heaters

2.4.6.3 Indirect Hot Water System

Indirect fired units such as clarifiers have no integral burner, but contain one or more heat

exchanger coils that are filled with hot liquids that have already been heated ‘indirectly’ by

one or more external heat source, such as a heat pump or boiler.

Figure 2.47: Clarifiers

Clarifiers used for DHW generation do not require flues or have a gas supply directly

connected to them.

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2.4.7 Booster Pump

Many high rise apartment buildings have booster pumps to maintain hot and cold water

pressure on the higher floors. The energy used by these continuously operating pumps can

be substantial. The pumps can cause pipes and plumbing fixtures to leak resulting in

increased water costs.

Figure 2.48: Booster Pump Arrangement

Install controls to match booster pump operation with actual demand experienced in the

building. Booster pump speed can be controlled through water demand by way of pressure

transducers installed on plumbing risers at the top floor of high rise buildings. A

communication wire from the transducer is connected to the control panel in the building's

mechanical room. The speed of the pump is adjusted to match the actual water demands at

any given time. It has flowing benefits.

Water savings due to reduced leakage associated with continuously operating high

pressure water systems.

Reduced pipe maintenance due to lower operating pressures.

Matching water pressure requirements to actual water demands ensures adequate

water flows to each unit while reducing water consumption.

Reduced electricity usage to operate the pump and energy demands associated with

DHW heating.

Reduced plumbing fixture maintenance.

More accurate tracking of pressure demands on individual risers.

61

2.4.8 Valves and Fittings

2.4.8.1 Gate Valve

A gate valve is designed to turn the flow of liquid through pipes on and off. It is generally

used on a valve that is not used frequently. It is also helpful in controlling the flow of pressure

through the pipes and valves.

Figure 2.49: Gate Valve

2.4.8.2 Non- Return Valve

A non-return valve allows a medium to flow in only one direction. A non-return valve is

fitted to ensure that a medium flows through a pipe in the right direction, where pressure

conditions may otherwise cause reversed flow. When design pump system for high rise

building both suction and discharge site should have non- return valve.

Figure 2.50: Non-Return Valve

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2.4.8.3 Ball valve

It is used for shout off flow or control the flow rate in the pipe system. Mostly it is used in

gas supply system. However it is also used in domestic water supply system. Valve can shout

off through 90 degree turning.

Figure 2.51: Ball Valve

2.4.8.4 Y- Strainer

Y-Strainers are typically used in applications where the amount of solids to be removed is

small, and where frequent clean-out is not required. They are most often installed in gaseous

services such as steam, air, nitrogen, LPG. The compact, cylindrical shape of the Y-strainer

is very strong and can readily accommodate the high pressures that are common in this type

of service.

Figure 2.52: Y- Strainer

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2.4.8.5 Flexible Pipe Joint Coupling

This is used in pump system discharge site. Because to prevent any vibration transmission

from pump to plumping system.

Figure 2.53: Flexible Pipe Joint Coupling

64

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MANAGEMANT AND SAFETY

3.1 Management

BME Services (PVT) LTD is a one of popular Building Services Company in Srilanka.

Which is having good work standards. Therefore they have very good management system

to maintain high quality services and control such a big amount of labors. They always work

for a plan to achieve best quality services. They have expanded their management experience

to all the processes. So all the things have been well prepared and also well managed.

3.1.1 Site Management

Site management is very important to supply quality services and manage materials and

labors. The company is handling variety of construction projects in fields of electrical,

mechanical and Plumping. In the site Managing those projects progress is an important in

success of the company.

Each site are controlled under the project engineer, under the project engineer site engineers,

supervisors, technicians, stock keeper and labors are work. Site engineer is responsible

person to site works. He managed all supervisors, technicians, stock keeper and labors.

3.1.1.1 Site Meeting

Monthly progress review meetings are held by the consultant, client, contractor,

architecture, site engineers & project manager should be present for that meeting in

addition to the director board.

Project manager should present the monthly targeted value for the month &

activities to be carried out for the achievement & also the need of any plant &

equipment should be asked at monthly meeting.

The project progress will check by the head office with site visits. This is the basic

role played by the head office.

65

3.1.2 Employees Works and Facilities

Labors should work 26 days per month. Salary is differed with their experiences, more than

eighth year experiences labor can get 1450 per day. For Trainers Company give 900 per day.

Normal working time is from 7.30 Am to 5.30 Pm.

3.1.2.1 Food

Workers, who work continuously passing 10 Pm, can get money for the dinner.

3.1.2.2 Accommodation

Company paid monthly rent of labors houses and monthly transportation cost.

3.1.2.3 Over Time

After normal working time labors can work with salary with hour. Also this salary is differed

with their experiences.

3.1.2.4 Leave

Company give only leave for poya days. Salary base on per day, but labor can take leave

with discuss the site engineer in a proper manner.

3.1.3 Site Safety

The aim of monitoring safety on site is to avoid injuries arising from construction

activities. Generally The Company has prepared the Safety Plan. This will be implemented

in order to protect all personnel at site minimize the risk of accidents and incidents that could

result in injury.

3.1.3.1 Safety Helmet

When the installation of outdoor unit of the Plumping or LPG gas system. They have to

climb for a large height. In that situation falling down can be happen in order overcome

this use they can use safety helmet.

66

Figure 3.1: Safety Helmet

3.1.3.2 Safety Goggles

Normal safety goggles should be worn with chipping and grinding processes to prevent small

particles strike on eyes. Dark glass should be worn with gas cutting and welding processes

to prevent loss of sight due to ultra violet radiation. I observed technicians use goggles when

pouring acid and welding.

Figure 3.2: Safety Goggles

3.1.3.3 Safety Shoes

Boots are used for the protection of the legs from injury and in many cases it is essential for

construction workers.

.

Figure 3.3: Safety Shoes

67

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

4.1 Summary

The three months’ time of my training at BME Services (PVT) LTD was a challenging and

a very valuable experience for me. During my training period of 12 weeks I was appointed

to different sites of BME Services (PVT) LTD where I learnt, practiced and gained work

experiences.

I had theoretical knowledge, so it was the ideal place to apply knowledge. During First week,

I had to study site drawings to get brief idea about project and the company services. During

my training period, I was able to get knowledge about followings.

Plumbing, Sanitary and Drain water system

Fire Protection system and Fire Detection system

Central Gas line and Gas Detection system

Work and labor management

I got a chance to visit and to get my training at Nawala apartment complex, Malabe

residential tower, Boralle jet wing hotel, Rajagiriya clear point and Bambalapitiya platinum1

building. By working in different sites I got a chance to study and understand about the

different types LPG System, Plumping System and Fire protection system. Also it was very

helpful to understand the theories we were learnt as well as we had knowledge.

In addition to that, through my training period I had a chance to communicate from

professionals to minor staff. There all were very kind enough to share the knowledge with

me. It was a remarkable time in my training period as the knowledge I got there, not only

about technical aspects but also about human resource management.

In this training I got knowledge related to the Plumping System, Fire protection system, LPG

system design and implementation of building service engineering. In short I believe that

this industrial training knowledge and the experience will be very useful to resume my career

in the mechanical and manufacturing engineering in my future.

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4.2 Conclusion

I had been selected BME Services (PVT) LTD as my Second industrial training

establishment. It was a great opportunity to me, because I could gain and learn different

aspects of engineering in the real world coming up in the near future. Although I was

employed as trainee mechanical engineer, I had to work as Building service engineer.

During my industrial training period I have learnt a lot of technical, financial, economic,

environmental and administrational aspects of a Corporation which is related to building

services engineering.

I have learnt much about the Referring the drawings and identifying the necessary features

during the consult, office management work, labor handling and handling equipment’s. In

simple words, the Industrial Training made a practical Engineer who is able to tackle any

kind of awful situations with an appropriate solution within a very less time period.

In winding up my conclusion, I wish to mention here that the training program conducted by

the University of Ruhuna and the NAITA were invaluable and encouraging, personally as

well as commonly. This provides us skilled and useful citizens to the country. Finally I wish

to thank the whole staff of University of Ruhuna and the staff of NAITA, and the other

institutions who encouraged us to complete our mission a success.

69

5.0 REFERENCES

[1] G. Trombold, "Fire Pump Design & Testing," p. 74, 2011.

[2] M. K. David Tyler, "Good industry practices for LPG commercial kichens," p. 58.

[3] "A guide to fire alarm systems design," p. 20, 2002.

[4] "Jockey Pump".

[5] "H igh‐ RiseFireProtection satand pipes sprinkler system," DouglasNadeau.

[6] S. Oppenheim, "A Practical Guide to Fire Alarm System," Vienna, Central Station

Alarm Association, 2011.

[7] "National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code," National Fire Protection Association

(NFPA), 2010.

[8] T. C. B. Maurice M. Pilette, "NFPA 14".

[9] Edward K. Budnic and James D. Lake, , "Installation of Sprinkler Systems," National

Fire Protection Association, 2012.

[10] "Good Industry Practices for Bulk Tank Installtion".