Blueberry Production - University of Kentucky · PDF file• Blueberry viruses can destroy...
Transcript of Blueberry Production - University of Kentucky · PDF file• Blueberry viruses can destroy...
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Blueberry Production
Joe MasabniUKRECUKREC
Princeton, KY
Joe Masabni
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BlueberriesE ll t k t t ti l• Excellent market potential
• Limited acreage now in KYB i ill h ld f 10 d th b h• Berries will hold for 10 days on the bush
• Will keep for 2 weeks in refrigerated storagePlants are long lived• Plants are long lived
• Limited spray schedule• Plants very hardy• Plants very hardy• Crop consistent from year to year
Joe Masabni
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Blueberry Production NeedsG• Good site
• Low soil pH• Organic mulch source• Irrigationg• Pest control, birds, including wild turkeys,
deer, and rabbits,• Market
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Joe Masabni
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Blueberry Types• Lowbush• Northern Highbush• Southern Highbush• Rabbiteyey
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Lowbush o busBlueberry
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Lowbush o busBlueberry
Joe Masabni
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Wild Highbush
Joe Masabni
Blueberry
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N th Hi hb hJoe Masabni
Northern Highbush Blueberry
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Rabbiteye Blueberry
Joe Masabni
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Site SelectionG• Good air drainage– High elevation
• Good internal soil drainage• Soil Depthp
– Minimum of 24 inches• Soil pH – acid (4.5-5.2)Soil pH acid (4.5 5.2)
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Desirable Fruit Characteristics• Large size• Light blue color
• Resistance to cracking
• Firm fruit• Small dry fruit scar
• Long shelf life• Nice aroma and y
flavor• Ability to hold on
plant without dropping
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Blueberry Variety Selectionff• Varieties differ as to when they ripen, so
proper selection will provide a continuous l f f h b i th h t th f itisupply of fresh berries throughout the fruiting
season.E h i t ill ll l f it f 2 3• Each variety will usually supply fruit for a 2-3 week period.A l bl b i i 60 t 80 d ft• As a rule, blueberries ripen 60 to 80 days after bloom.
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Joe Masabni
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Blueberry Variety SelectionS f f• Spring frost hardiness is based on floral developmental stage.
• Earlier maturing varieties bloom earlier than later maturing varieties and are consequently
t f t i jmore prone to frost injury.• Blueberries can withstand 28 F at full bloom.
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Purchasing PlantsP h t ld b t tt d• Purchase two-year-old bare root or potted plants.
• Purchase from reputable nurseries that• Purchase from reputable nurseries that practice virus testing.
• Blueberry viruses can destroy a planting if they• Blueberry viruses can destroy a planting if they are brought in.
• Plant more than one variety to provide forPlant more than one variety to provide for cross pollination and group varieties by ripening date to make harvest easier.
Joe Masabni
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Blueberry Yields, UKREC
Variety
Cum. Yield1995-2003(lb/bush)
Yield 2003(lb/bush)
Yield 2003(T/A)Variety (lb/bush) (lb/bush) (T/A)
Sierra 78.5 17.6 6.8Nelson 76.3 17.0 6.6Duke 75.7 15.8 6.1Toro 75.7 18.3 7.1Bluecrop 74.8 18.3 7.1Bluegold 73.0 22.5 6.5Sunrise 52.6 15.8 6.1
Joe Masabni
Patriot 50.1 15.9 6.2
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Blueberry Trials, Laurel Fork, 2002Age: Yield BerryAge:
6 yr-oldYield
(lb/bush)BerrySize Taste Appearance
Bluecrop 4 8 M B A+Bluecrop 4.8 M B A+Nelson 4.6 L S A+Bl j 4 6 M B ABluejay 4.6 M B ABlueray 3.7 M BS A
Toro 3.3 L S A+Sierra 3.2 L S A+
Ornablue 3.1 S BS APatriot 3.1 S-M T A
Joe Masabni
Brigitta 3.1 L S A
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Blueberry Trials, Quicksand, 2002Age: Yield Berryge
6 yr-olde d
(lb/bush)e y
Size Taste AppearanceBrigitta 5.6 L ST A+gBlueray 3.8 L ST A+
Ozarkblue 3.8 L ST A+Ozarkblue 3.8 L ST A+Toro 3.2 L SB A+Reka 2 5 M ST AReka 2.5 M ST A
Bluejay 2.4 M SB ASierra 2 3 ML ST A+Sierra 2.3 ML ST A+
Patriot 2.2 L ST A+Bl 1 8 L SB A
Joe Masabni
Bluecrop 1.8 L SB A+
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Blueberry Varieties for Kentucky (In order of ripening)
• Duke • Spartan
• Bluegold• Toro
• Patriot• Bluejay
• Nelson• Brigittaj y
• Ozarkblue (S. H.)• Sierra
g• Darrow• ElliottSierra
• BluecropElliott
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Joe Masabni
Duke
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Spartan
Joe Masabni
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Patriot
Joe Masabni
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Bluejay
Joe Masabni
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BluecropBluecrop
Joe Masabni
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BlueGold
Joe Masabni
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Toro
Joe Masabni
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Nelson
Joe Masabni
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Darrow
Joe Masabni
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Soil Fertility & pH (4.5-5.2)If th il l i l l i b l 2 500 lb/A th• If the soil calcium level is below 2,500 lb/A then the soil pH can be economically lowered with sulfursulfur.
• Submit soil samples for potential sites through your local county extension office.your local county extension office.
• Based on the soil sample analysis broadcast needed P, K, Mg and S and plow this in , , g ppreferably at least 2 months before planting.
Joe Masabni
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Amending Soil to Reduce the pH*by 1 full unitby 1 full unit
Sulfur Aluminum SulfateSoil Texture (lb/100 sq ft) (lb/100 sq ft)
Light sandy 0 78 4 5Light sandy 0.78 4.5
Medium sandyMedium sandy loam 1.50 9.0
Heavy clay loam 2.25 13.5
* B d il l t H
Joe Masabni
* Based on soil sample water pH
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Planting
• Plant in late fall or early spring• If possible run rows in a North South direction• If possible run rows in a North-South direction
with crosswalks every 200-300’ for U-Pick operations.p
• Subsoil each row and if the soil is heavy, prepare a raised bed (6-8 inches high) prior to planting.
• Plant rows far enough apart to accommodate i tequipment.
• Recommend 9-14’ between rows and 4-6’ between plants
Joe Masabni
between plants.
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Planting HolesPlants set in deep narrow holes produce more• Plants set in deep narrow holes produce more fruit (UI, Urbana –Champaign,1991).
• Holes are dug by hand or with a tractorHoles are dug by hand or with a tractor mounted auger.
• They are 18” diameter and 24” deep.• Soil from holes is mixed 50/50 with moist peat
moss at planting.• It is thought that the deeper holes reduce plant• It is thought that the deeper holes reduce plant
stress.• Do not put fertilizer in the hole at planting as itDo not put fertilizer in the hole at planting as it
will burn the roots.
Joe Masabni
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PlantingBlueberries grow best on soils that have a• Blueberries grow best on soils that have a higher organic matter content.
• Standard recommendations are to mix 1 gallonStandard recommendations are to mix 1 gallon of moist peat moss with the soil in the bottom of the hole prior to planting.O 6 ft b l f t ill d 45 l t• One 6 cu ft bale of peat moss will do 45 plants.
• Water plants to settle soil around the root systemsystem.
• Do not substitute sawdust, hay or compost for the peat as this will stunt or slowly kill your y yplants.
Joe Masabni
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Joe Masabni
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Mulchingf• Mulch should be applied to a depth of 4-6
inches and reapplied when it rots to a depth of 3 i h3 inches.
• Remulching is necessary every year or two.• Blueberry roots grow at the mulch/soil
interface and if the mulch decomposes too h d i t l d th t ill bmuch and is not replaced the roots will be
exposed. • Mulch is applied in a 3-4’ wide band down the
row.
Joe Masabni
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Mulching• Mulch moderates soil temperature, conserves
moisture, releases nutrients, and helps with d t lweed control.
• Producing plants are generally mulched after h t t id i bl d f itharvest to avoid removing blossoms and fruit during application.W d hi d t i dl d• Woodchips, sawdust, pine needles, ground corn cobs, and straw
Joe Masabni
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Joe Masabni
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7 yrs old
Joe Masabni
7 yrs old no mulch
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4 yrs old
Joe Masabni
4 yrs old with mulch
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Mulch
Joe Masabni
MulchSpreader
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Too Early to
Joe Masabni
Too Early to Bear
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Joe MasabniGood Time to Remove Flowers on Young Plants
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Fertilization• Sidedress at bloom and 6 weeks later with 0.1
lb of ammonium sulfate per bush each time.• Increase the amount of ammonium sulfate by
0 1 lb each year until 0 3 lb of ammonium0.1 lb each year until 0.3 lb of ammonium sulfate is being applied per bush per
li tiapplication.
Joe Masabni
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Fertilization• Be careful to apply fertilizer completely around
each bush as little lateral transport of nutrients occurs from one side of the bush to the other.
• If you mulch with wood chips or sawdust• If you mulch with wood chips or sawdust, plants may need additional N at the rate of 0.1 lb f i lf t l t f th fi tlb of ammonium sulfate per plant for the first few years.
Joe Masabni
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Osmocote Plus 15-9-12 (5-6 months)(5-6 months)
N P K M F M C M d B• N,P,K, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Mo, and B• Two sources of Fe• Apply 2 oz/plant:
– Mar., Apr, May, Jun. and Jul.• Premium Horticultural Supply, Inc., Louisville
Phone (502)582-3897
Joe Masabni
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Bud Swell
Joe Masabni
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Green Tip
Joe Masabni
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Bud Break
Joe Masabni
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Full Bloom
Joe Masabni
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Bumble Bee Pollinating
Joe Masabni
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Flower Cross-SectionSection
Joe Masabni
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PollinationR d 2 hi f h b• Recommend 2 hives of honeybees per acre
• Fruit with more seeds tend to be largerN i t h ld b t d b th 2• No variety should be separated by more than 2 rows from a variety with a similar bloom or fruit maturity periodmaturity period.
• Move the bees into the field after blooms have begun to open.begun to open.
• When temperatures are in the 70s and 80soF, pollination will be adequate if you see 4-8 bees p q yper bush.
Joe Masabni
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Pruning• Remove any diseased or injured wood.
• Remove some of the less vigorous canes atRemove some of the less vigorous canes at ground level or cut these back to young shoots t th t th b h h th tto that the bush never has canes that are over 5-6 years old
• Weak, brushy or twiggy wood should also be removedremoved.
Joe Masabni
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Pruning• Up to 20% of the wood in a bush can be
removed without decreasing yields.g y
• The number of berries will be decreased, but th i f th b i ill b i dthe size of the berries will be increased.
• Most growers do not let bushes get taller than g g6 feet.
Joe Masabni
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Neglected Bush
Joe Masabni
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Joe Masabni
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Joe MasabniUnpruned (left) and Pruned (right)
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Joe MasabniDesirable Pruning
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Joe MasabniRemove Dead Wood
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Joe Masabni
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Pruning• Regular pruning is necessary to establish
plants and to develop vigorous plants that d i t t f l b iproduce consistent crops of large berries.
• Pruning may be done from leaf drop in the fall t b d b k i th ito bud break in the spring.
Joe Masabni
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Fe Deficiency
Joe Masabni
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Fe Deficiency
Joe Masabni
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Fe Deficiency
Joe Masabni
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Mn DeficiencyMn DeficiencypH 3.6
Joe Masabni
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N Deficiency
Joe Masabni
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Harvest
Joe Masabni
Harvest
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Joe MasabniU-Pick
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Pre-Picked
Joe Masabni
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Blueberry Harvest
• Fruit should be dry when harvested.• Remove ripe berries with the thumb andRemove ripe berries with the thumb and
forefinger, keeping the hand cupped under the berry to avoid dropping it.
• The whitish bloom on the fruit should not be rubbed off.
• Buckets should be no larger than 5 quarts and be rigid to reduce mashing and berry heating.
f• The number of pickings per variety can vary from 3-7.
Joe Masabni
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Blueberry Harvest• Most commercial operations pick a field once
per week.• Under normal conditions blueberries may
remain on the bush for up to 10 days after yripening without a loss in size.
• Blueberries will develop blue color both in theBlueberries will develop blue color both in the light and dark at a suitable temperature. Color development is best at 70-80oFdevelopment is best at 70 80 F.
Joe Masabni
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Rules for Blueberry PickersKeep your hands clean• Keep your hands clean.
• Pick all ripe blueberries on the bush before moving on to the next bush.moving on to the next bush.
• Harvest only well-ripened fruit and leave immature fruit for the next harvest.
• Place hands under clusters to avoid dropping berries.
• Avoid overfilling your hands; do not squeeze• Avoid overfilling your hands; do not squeeze or roll the fruit.
• Do not put trash or cull berries into theDo not put trash or cull berries into the container.
• Never allow harvested fruit to remain in the
Joe Masabni
sun.
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Blueberry Storage& %• Fresh blueberries keep best at 32oF & 85%
relative humidity.• Packaged blueberries will hold with 5% waste
for:– 2 weeks at 32oF– 1 week at 40oF– 2 days at 70oF
Joe Masabni
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Propagation
Joe Masabni
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Hardwood cuttings
Joe Masabni
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Propagated Cuttings
Joe Masabni
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1 Year Old
Joe Masabni
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2 Y Old2 Year Old
Ideal forIdeal for Purchase
Joe Masabni
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Joe Masabni