bls_1163_1954.pdf

Analysis of Work Stoppages

1 9 5 3

M A J O R D E V E L O P M E N T S A N D

A N N U A L S T A T I S T I C S

Bulletin No. 1163U N I T E D S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T O F L A B O R

J a m e s P. Mitchell, S e c r e t a r y

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICSEwan Clague, Commissioner

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

A n a l y s i s o f

W o r k S t o p p a g e s

1 9 5 3

Major Developments and Annual Statistics

Bulletin No. 1163

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LA B O R

J a m e s P. M itc h e ll, S e c r e t a r y

BIIRIAU OP LABOR STATISTICS Kwa* Clagno, Co isslor

For sale b y the Superintendent of Docum ents, U . S. Governm ent Printing Office W ashington 25, D . C . - Price 30 cents


Letter of Transmittal

U N ITE D S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T O F L A B O R ,B ureau of L abor S ta tis tic s ,

W ashington, D . C . , M ay 28 , 1954 .

The S e c re ta ry of L ab or:

I have the honor to tran sm it herew ith a rep ort on w ork stoppages d u ring the y ear 1953. A portion of th is report w as printed in the M onthly Labor R eview fo r M ay 1954.

T h is bu lletin w as p rep ared by Ann J. H erlih y , L o retto R . N olan , and D aniel P . W illis , J r . , with the a ssista n c e of other m e m b e rs o f the staff of the B u r e a u s D iv isio n of W ages and Industrial R ela tio n s, under the d irection o f L ily M a ry D avid .

The B ureau w ish es to acknow ledge the w idespread coop eration of e m p lo y e r s , unions, the F e d e ra l M ediation and C on ciliation S e rv ic e , and variou s State agen cies in furnishing inform ation needed for th is re p o rt.

Ew an C la g u e , C o m m iss io n e r .

Hon. J a m es P . M itch e ll,S e c reta ry of L a b o r .


Contents

Page

Sum m ary _____________________________________________________________________________________ 1Stoppages of 10, 000 or m ore w orkers _________________________________________________ 2Trends during the year ______________________________________ 3M ajor issu es ________________________________________________________________________________ 3Industry groups affected __________________________________________________________________ 4Stoppages by S ta te ___________________________________________________________________________ 4Stoppages by m etropolitan a r e a __________________________________________________________ 5Unions in v o lv ed _____________________________________________________________________________ 5Size of work stop pages_____________________________________________________________________ 5Duration of stoppages _____________________________________________________________________ 5Methods of term inating stoppages _______________________________________________________ 5Disposition of i s s u e s _______________________________________________________________________ 6

Tables

W ork stoppages:

1. In the United States, 192 7 -5 3 ___________________________________________________ 72. Involving 1 0 ,0 0 0 or m ore w ork ers, selected p e r io d s _________________________ 83. Monthly trends _____________________________________________________________________ 84. Major is s u e s ________________________________________________________________________ 95. By industry g r o u p _________________________________________________________________ 106 . B y S ta te _____________________________________________________________________________ 117. By m etropolitan area _____________________________________________________________ 128 . By affiliation of un ions___________________________________________________________ 139. By number of w orkers ___________________________________________________________ 14

10. B y number of e sta b lish m e n ts___________________________________________________ 1411. Involving 1 0 ,0 0 0 or m ore w ork ers, analysis of _____________________________ 1512. Duration _____________________________________________________________________________ 1813. Method of term inating ___________________________________________________________ 1814. D isposition of i s s u e s _____________________________________________________________ 18

A P P E N D IX A - Tables

W ork stoppages:

1. B y specific in d u stry ______________________________________________________________ 192. By industry group and m ajor issu es _________________________________________ 213. In States having 25 or m ore stoppages, by industry group_________________ 24

A P P E N D IX B

National E m ergency Dispute - East C oast Longshorem en1 s strike _________ 31

AP P E N D IX C

Methods of collecting work stoppage sta tistics ____________________________________ 33

(v)


1Analysis of W ork Stoppages During 1953

Summary

Strike activity in 1953 was lower than in most postwar years when m easured in term s of total idleness but relatively high as measured by the number of stoppages.

A ll stoppages in effect during the year resulted in 28, 300, 000 m an-days ofidleness-----lower than in any year sinceWorld War II except 1951. Idleness in 1953 amounted to one-quarter of 1 percent of total time worked, less than one-half the p roportion in the previous year. The absence of any prolonged industrywide stoppages accounted for the sharp drop in idleness in 1953 (table 1).

The 5 ,0 9 1 * work stoppages that began in 1953 were exceeded only in 1952 when 5 ,1 1 7 were recorded. Approximately2 ,4 0 0 ,0 0 0 workers were directly involvedin disputes which started in 1953-----400,000below the postwar average.

Strikes ending in 1953 lasted an average of 2 0 .3 calendar days, compared with 19.6 days in 1952. Idleness per worker involved in stoppages, however, was som ewhat less (11.8 working days) than in the previous year (16.7 days).

The successful culmination of bargaining in the steel and automobile industries and the absence of a major stoppage in bituminous-coal mining were generally characteristic of industrial relations in key industries. The steel companies and the United Steelworkers (CIO) agreed on an im mediate wage increase of 8 .5 cents an hour in June 1953 and elimination of geographic wage differentials by m id -1954. Major automobile manufacturers and the United Automobile Workers (CIO) agreed to basic wage

1 This is the total number of verified str ik es in 1953. It does not include 23 sm all d isputes for which the Bureau was unable to secu re in form ation from the p arties that an actual work stoppage occu rred .A ll known work stoppages arisin g out of labor-m anagem ent d isputes involving six or m ore w orkers and continuing a full day or shift or longer are included in th is report. F igu res on "workers involved" and "m an-days idle" cover all w orkers made id le for one shift or longer in estab lish m en ts d irectly involved in th ese stoppages. They do not m easure the ind irect or secondary effects on other estab lish m en ts or in d u stries w hose em p loyees are made idle as a resu lt of m ateria l or serv ice shortages.

adjustments and liberalized pension plans after a reopening of their 5 -year contracts which continue until 1955. With the decline in coal production, the United Mine Workers (Ind. ) deferred reopening of their contracts.

Greater stress was placed by the Federal Government upon 'free bargaining" in settlement of disputes, even in defense industries. Early in the year the Government offered mediation, but did not intercede further in the 63-day strike at the Evendale, Ohio, jet aircraft engine plant of General E lectric C o .,2 or, later in the year, in the 54-day stoppage involving North A m erican Aviation, In c .3 4 In both instances the parties were urged to settle their differences at the bargaining table.

The emergency provisions of the Labor-Management Relations (Taft-Hartley) Act were invoked by President Eisenhower only once during 1953 in the strike during October arising, out of the unusual situation involving about 30,000 East Coast longshoremen. This strike followed failure of the International Longshoremen1 s Association (Ind. ) and the New York Shipping A sso cia tion to agree on a contract to replace the one that expired on September 30. Failure to reach agreement was closely related to the rivalry between this union which had been expelled from the A F L and the new I LA chartered by the A F L . The longshoremen returned to work on October 6 after issuance of a court restraining order. The stoppage was not resumed at the end of the 8 0 -day Taft-H artley injunction although a new contract had nbt been signed and the results of the NLRB representation election held in December to determine the appropriate bargaining representative were still in doubt at the year1 s end. *

2 This stoppage, involving m em bers of the International A ssocia tion of M achinists (AFL) and the United Autom obile W orkers (CIO), was caused by a dispute over the s ize of a wage in cre a se , union secu rity , and supplem entary wage benefits. It began M arch 16 and lasted until May 18. At its peak about 5,800 w orkers w ere id le . A back- to-w ork m ovem ent in the la s t month of the stoppage substantially reduced the number of w orkers id le . A greem ent reached on May 17 provided a wage in cre a se of 6 to 8 cents an hour, which the company had offered before the stoppage began, and other fringe b en efits.3 See table 11 for further d eta ils on this stoppage.4 See Appendix B for a m ore detailed d is cu ssion of th is dispute.


2Economic conditions were prominent among the factors influencing the characteristics of work stoppages in 1953. P rices were relatively stable despite the term ination of economic controls in February, and new production records were attained in many industries. Reconversion problem s that had attended the end of hostilities in World War II did not recur after the cessa tion of Korean hostilities. However, inflationary pressures eased and there was some uncertainty over the economic outlook, especially in the latter months of the year. Union demands and settlements were also influenced by increasing competition among manufacturers of many products. Few large strikes of long duration occurred in manufacturing industries. Most of the long, large stoppages which did occur were in construction. This industry experienced the highest level of activity in term s of dollar expenditures and physical volume recorded in the 39 years for which data are available.

No work stoppages of serious proportions developed in the railroad industry during the year, although several emergency boards were created in 1953 by executive order under the provisions of the Railway Labor Act. One strike, however, received widespread attention. It involved a wage dispute between the Brotherhood of Railway Clerks (AFL) and the Railway Express Agency in Pittsburgh, Pa. , Detroit, Mich. , and Milwaukee, W is. The stoppage lasted 95 days in Pittsburgh and for shorter periods in the other two cities. During the course of the controversy, union employees of the com pany in over 20 other cities voted to take strike action effective onDecember 18. However, a Presidential emergency board was established on December 16 and the union agreed to terminate the strike in Pittsburgh, Milwaukee, and Detroit.

Efforts by union leaders to curb unauthorized strike action and interunion disputes were evident in the year s developments. Except for the longshore dispute, the incidence of stoppages resulting from interunion or intraunion conflicts was slightly below the two preceding years. Late in 1953, the A F L and CIO ratified a no-raiding pact applying to international unions which voluntarily agree to be bound by it. The A FL also established a special committee to devise machinery for the more effective settlement of jurisdictional disputes among its affiliates and the CIO reported that its p rocedure for settling jurisdictional problems was functioning successfully.

In several instances international union leadership took action to curb unauthorized or "w ildcat" work stoppages. Notable among these was the action of the officials of the Bridge, Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers (AFL) in permanently expelling on grounds of insubordination, the business agent of a local union which carried on an unauthorized 29-day strike at a Joppa,111. , powerplant being constructed to supply power for Atomic Energy Com m ission fa c ilities. In the same action, six other m em bers of the local were suspended from participation in the union s affairs for periods ranging from 7 to 10 years. This stoppage, which continued from the last half of September through the first half of October, grew out of a dispute over the contractor s hiring of ironworkers from outside the Joppa area. The union local did not comply with the instructions of the international to end the stoppage. Work was resumed under a Federal Court order restraining picketing until the NLRB ruled on the dispute.

A 62-day strike involving truckdrivers employed by building m aterials dealers in New York City was terminated in early September after the international president of the Team sters Union (AFL) intervened in the dispute. Although this stoppage directly involved fewer than 3, 000 truckdrivers, it indirectly idledabout 100,000 construction workers in the New York m etropolitan area and halted work on many p r o j e ct s .

Stoppages of 10, 000 or More Workers

Typically, about 1 stoppage out of 200 involves 10,000 or more w orkers. This ratio was approximated again in 1953 when 28 such large stoppages were recorded. Most of these were relatively short and none was industrywide in scope. The 650, 000 workers involved and the 7,270,000 man-days of idleness in these stoppages made up about a fourth of the year s totals. The large stoppages accounted for a sm aller proportion of strike idleness in 1953 than in all other post-W orld War II years except 1951. In 1952, prim arily because of the steel strike, the 35 large stoppages accounted for almost two-thirds (62.6 percent) of total idleness (table s 2 and 11).

Ten of the stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers were in the construction industry which is essentially local in its operations. However, three relatively brief construction strikes did affect projects of the Atomic Energy Com m ission. The automobile industry experienced 4 stoppages of


10,000 or m ore w orkers; steel, 3; rubber and telephones, 2 each; aircraft, shipping, food products, apparel, dairies, newspapers, and containers, 1 each.

Stoppages of construction workers in northern California and employees of North Am erican Aviation, I n c ., produced the la rg est amount of idleness. Eleven of the major stoppages lasted le ss than a week; another 5 were concluded in less than 2 weeks; 4 were in effect at least 2 weeks but le ss than a month; and 7 continued more than a month. The longest involved employees of the New Jersey Bell Telephone Co. ; North Am erican Aviation, In c .; and construction workers in 5 areas northern California and the m etropolitan areas of Philadelphia, Detroit, Kansas City, and Indianapolis. One major stoppage which began Decem ber 2 continued into January 1954. This dispute involved 30, 000 employees of two m ajor producers of paper and metal containers.

Trends During the Year

Stoppages during 1953 generally followed seasonal trends of other postwar years, with the number of strikes and idleness reaching highest levels in the second and third quarters. The 28 stoppages involving the m ost workers were rather evenly distributed throughout the year although the largest number (10) began in the second quarter; 7 occurred in the first 3 months, 5 in the third quarter, and 6 in the last 3 months.

The number of new strikes reached its peak of 596 in May, then decreased each month, to the year s low of 145 in Decem ber. Idleness, however, was lowest in February (1 ,1 0 0 ,0 0 0 m an-days), increased to a peak in June (4,530,000), then declined to 1,700,000 days in September and remained close to this level for the rest of the year. A large portion of the June idleness was accounted for by stoppages in the construction trades.

The second quarter of the year was highest in all three m easures of strike a c tivity strikes, workers involved, and m an- days of idleness. It accounted for a third of the year s stoppages and tw o-fifths of the year s idleness. Eight of the 10 m ajor strikes that took place in this quarter involved construction workers and 5 of these lasted more than a month.

Third quarter strikes and idleness accounted for 28 percent of the year s strikes and 30 percent of m an-days idle. Four large construction strikes that began in the second

quarter carried over into this period. A ll 5 large stoppages that began in this period lasted le ss than a half month.

The number of strikes and workers involved reached lowest levels in the fourth quarter, but m an-days idle in this period exceeded idleness in the first quarter. Six large strikes occurred in this quarter and one of these, the strike involving 30, 000 workers in the tin can and paperboard container industries, continued into the first half of January 1954. The 54-day North A m erican Aviation stoppage was the longest major strike during this period. The other large strikes were less than half a month long. Notable stoppages involving less than 10,000 workers included that of Railway Express em ployees, and a strike of employees of Pittsburgh department and furniture stores and package delivery services which began in November and continued into 1954.

Major Issues

About three-fourths of the year s strike idleness was caused by disputes over wages and/or other monetary m atters (table 4). A s in most recent years, many of the disputes were resolved by package" settlements involving increases in wages and changes in vacations, holiday, pension, insurance, or other benefits.* Among the significant stoppages involving wages alone or in combination with fringe benefits were 10 in the construction industry; 2 telephone strikes; the strike at North Am erican A viation, Inc.; the 11-day stoppage that suspended publication of 6 m ajor New York City newspapers; and a strike at Am erican Can Co. , and Continental Can Co. , which began in December but continued into the first half of January 1954.

Disputes over other working conditions, such as job security, shop conditions and policies, and workloads, accounted for a fifth of the year s stoppages and a fourth of the number of workers idle. Concern over job security by m em bers of the United Hatters, Cap and M illinery Workers

3

5 M o n e t a r y i s s u e s c o m b in e d w ith u n io n s e c u r i t y a c c o u n t e d f o r a n o t h e r 4 p e r c e n t o f th e m a n - d a y s i d le l e s s th a n in o t h e r p o s t w a r y e a r s . In 1 95 2 s t o p p a g e s o v e r t h e s e i s s u e r c o m b in e d a c c o u n t e d f o r n e a r l y h a l f o f a l l m a n - d a y s b e c a u s e t h e y in c lu d e d th e n a t io n w id e s t e e l s t r i k e .

^ M o s t o f th e d i s p u t e s i n v o l v in g c h a n g e s in s u p p l e m e n t a r y b e n e f i t s th a t w e r e u n a c c o m p a n ie d b y e f f o r t s to c h a n g e w a g e r a t e s a r e g r o u p e d a s " o t h e r w a g e s , h o u r s , a n d f r i n g e b e n e f i t s " o n t a b le 4 . A m o n g t h e s e i s s u e s w e r e r e t r o a c t i v i t y o f p a y , h o l id a y s , o r v a c a t i o n s . In a d d it i o n a b o u t a t h i r d o f th e s t o p p a g e s in t h is " o t h e r " g r o u p w e r e o v e r p i e c e r a t e s o r i n c e n t iv e s t a n d a r d s .Digitized for FRASER

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4(AFL.) was at issue in a long strike in support of their demand for renewal of a contract clause prohibiting further diversion of work from Norwalk, Conn. , plants of the Hat Corporation of Am erica to other a r e a s .7 The strike began in July and was still in effect at the end of the year.

Union security issues alone were dominant in about a tenth of the strikes in 1953, involving le ss than 5 percent of both the workers involved and of the total idleness. Most of the stoppages in this group involved attempts to gain union recognition and initial contracts from em ployers. Outstanding among these were the lengthy strike involving employees of Calcasieu Paper Co. and Southern Industries, In c ., in Elizabeth, La. , which began in September 1952, and the 28-day stoppage of Louisiana sugar cane field w orkers. Both of these stoppages failed to gain union recognition. The paper strike was accompanied by violence, including dynamiting.

Stoppages involving work jurisd iction, union rivalry, and sympathetic actions accounted for a relatively small proportion of the year*s strike activity about 5 p e rcent of both strikes and workers and less than 3 percent of total idleness.

Duration of stoppages varied a c cording to the major issues involved. Strikes caused by combined wage and union organization disputes were longest, averaging 29.1 calendar days in 1953, compared with 37.9 days in 1952 and 3 0 .2 days in 1951. Work stoppages over working conditions such as job security, workload, and shop conditions and policies were shortest, averaging 9 .1 calendar days, compared with about 8 days in both 1952 and 1951. Within this range, stoppages caused by disputes over wages and related matters alone averaged 2 0 .6 calendar days; union organization issues alone, 19 .8 days; and inter or intraunion m atters, 13 .3 calendar days.

Industry Groups Affected

Construction was the only industry group in which idleness exceeded 1 percent of total time worked during 1953. The

7 T h e c o m p a n y o f f e r e d to s ig n a c o n t r a c tu a l p le d g e to g iv e 6 m on th s n o t ic e o f in ten t to m o v e , but c h a l le n g e d th e le g a l r ig h t o f the u n io n to s t r ik e in o r d e r to f o r c e a b a n on d iv e r t in g w o r k f r o m o n e a r e a to a n o th e r . In o r d e r to p a y b e n e f its to th e s t r ik e r s the u n ion s o ld b o n d s to i t s m e m b e r sh ip to b e r e p a id b y a s p e c ia l a s s e s s m e n t . It a l s o r e c e iv e d f in a n c ia l h e lp f r o m th e A F L . B e f o r e th e en d o f 1953 it w a s r e p o r t e d that m o r e than a m i l l io n d o l la r s h ad b e e n p a id out in s t r ik e b e n e f i t s .

8 . 0 0 0 . 000 m an-days idle in this industry was greater than in any other industry group. About half of this idleness resulted from the 10 stoppages involving 10 ,000 or more w orkers. This industry also experienced a record number of stoppages 1,039 as com pared with the previous peak of 794 in 1952 (table 5).

In contrast to 1952 when idleness in each of 13 industry groups exceeded1 .000. 000 m an-days, such idleness was found in only 9 groups in 1953. More than 2,000,000 m an-days of idleness were recorded in each of 3 industry groups in addition to construction: Machinery (except electrical); transportation equipment; and transportation, com munication, and public utilities. In the first two of these groups idleness amounted to about one-half of 1 percent of total time worked and in the third to about one-fifth of 1 percent of total time worked. Idleness of more than 1,000,000 but less than 2,000,000 m an-days occurred in fabricated metal products; electrical machineTy, equipment and supplies; prim ary m etals; food and kindred products; and trade.

Idleness in the mining industry was lower than in any year since 1942. The 850, 000 m an-days of idleness was about a fifth of the 1952 total. A total of 460 mining stoppages was recorded, a drop from the 650 in 1952. Other industries that had fewer disputes in 1953 than in 1952 included ordnance and accessories; machinery (except electrical); transportation equipment; lum ber and wood products; stone, clay, and glass products; textile m ill products; apparel and other finished products; leather and leather products; paper and allied products; rubber products; transportation, com munication, and other public utilities.

Stoppages by State

More than a million m an-days of idleness were recorded in each of 9 industrialized States, as compared with 15 in 1952. The largest was the 3, 070, 000 m an- days in New York, followed by 2 ,9 9 0 ,0 0 0 in Pennsylvania, 2 ,9 6 0 ,0 0 0 in California,2 ,4 5 0 ,0 0 0 in Michigan, and 2 ,3 9 0 ,0 0 0 in Ohio. A ll of these figures represent sig nificant decreases from 1952; the largest declines, however, occurred in Pennsylvania and Ohio. Compared with 1 1 ,8 0 0 ,0 0 0 m an-days of idleness recorded for Pennsylvania industries in 1952, the 1953 total represented a decline of about 75 percent. Ohio, where steel and coal are also im portant, had 7 ,260 , 000 m an-days of idleness in 1952 and only 2, 390, 000 in 1953 (table 6).


5Pennsylvania recorded the largest number of stoppages in 1953 as in 1952 632 compared with 692. There were 585 stoppages in New York compared with 600 in 1952; and 518 in Ohio compared with 444 in 1952. Ten or more stoppages were recorded in all States except South Dakota and V e r mont in which 3 and 8 stoppages occurred, respectively.

Stoppages by Metropolitan Area

Five or more work stoppages occurred in each of 135 metropolitan areas in 1953 (table 7). These areas accounted for about three-fourths of all strikes, workers involved, and m an-days of idleness in the country.

Leading industrialized centers generally experienced the greatest number of strikes. Eight metropolitan areas had m ore than 100 work stoppages each; New Y ork- Northeastern New Jersey (586), Detroit (198), Philadelphia (164), Pittsburgh (137), Chicago (126), Los Angeles (122), St. L ouis-E ast St. Louis (115), and Youngstown (110).

The three areas with the m ost strikes were the only ones to experience more than a m illion man-days of idleness in 1953; by contrast, in 1952, 12 areas each recorded more than a million days of id leness. Detroit had the highest number of workers involved (248, 000).

Unions Involved

More than half (56 percent) of the stoppages, accounting for about 44 percent of the workers and 52 percent of the m an- days of idleness, involved affiliates of the A F L (table 8). Of this idleness about one- half was attributable to stoppages in the construction industry. CIO affiliates accounted for a quarter of the strikes. These involved 38 percent of all workers and 34 percent of the yearrs idleness. Unaffiliated unions accounted for about 15 percent of the strikes and the workers affected, but only 8 p ercent of the idleness.

Size of Work Stoppages

M ost work stoppages involve re la tively few workers who are employed in one establishment. A lm ost half the stoppages in 1953 involved fewer than 100 workers each and over four-fifths affected le ss than 500 workers (table 9).

About 3 out of 4 stoppages in 1953 occurred in a single plant or establishment (table 10). These disputes accounted for almost half of all workers (46 .5 percent) and about a third of all idleness. In contrast, although less than 1 stoppage in 10 was widespread (involving 11 establishments or m ore) these stoppages were responsible for alm ost a third of the workers involved and two-fifths of the idleness.

Duration of Stoppages

A s in earlier years, m ost stoppages (over 60 percent) lasted less than 15 calendar days although the average strike was somewhat longer in 1953 than in the 2 p re ceding years. The average length in 1953 was 2 0 .3 calendar days compared with 19 .6 days in 1952 and 1 7 .4 days in 1951. In 1953 about 42 percent of the stoppages continued for less than a week compared with 46 p e rcent in 1952 (table 12). This group accounted for 45 percent of the workers involved, but only 9 percent of the total man-days of idlen ess. About one-fifth of the stoppages lasted a month or m ore. These accounted for 22 percent of the workers and 66 percent of the total idleness. There was apparently no tendency for the larger strikes to be either shorter or longer than those involving r elatively few worker s .

Methods of Terminating Stoppages

A s in previous years, about half of the stoppages ending in 193 were terminated through direct negotiations between em ployers and employees or their representatives (table 13). These directly negotiated settlements accounted for 41 percent of the workers and about a quarter of the total m an-days of idleness.


6Government mediation and conciliation agencies assisted in terminating about a third of the stoppages in 1953 as in 1952, compared with about a fourth of the strikes in 1950 and 1951. These were generally the larger stoppages so they accounted for about 45 percent of the workers and 69 p e rcent of the idleness.

Nearly a sixth (15 percent) of the stoppages, involving 12 percent of the workers and 6 percent of the idleness, ended without form al settlement, i. e . , neither settlement of the issues nor agreement to negotiate after work was resum ed. This group includes so -ca lled Mlo stM strikes, with workers returning to their jobs because their cause appeared hopeless or em ployers hired new workers to replace striking em ployees.

Establishments involved in 1 percent of the strikes reported the discontinuance of business.

Disposition of Issues

The issues in dispute were settled or disposed of when the strike was te r minated in 82 percent of the strikes involving about 75 percent of the workers (table 14). In m ost of the cases in which some issues remained to be settled after return, they were to be settled by direct negotiations between the employers and the unions. Others were to be settled with the aid of Government agencies, by arbitration, or by referral to a Government agency for decision or election.


7TA BLE 1 . W ork stoppages in the United States, 1927-53 1

W o r k s t o p p a g e s W o r k e r s i n v o l v e d in s t o p p a g e s b e g in n in g in y e a r 3 M a n - d a y s id le ( a l l s t o p p a g e s )

Y e a r N u m b e rb e g in n in gin y e a r

A v e r a g e d u r a t i o n - s t o p p a g e s

e n d in g in y e a r

( c a le n d a r d a y s ) 2

N u m b e r( t h o u s a n d s )

P e r c e n t o f t o t a l e m p l o y e d 4

N u m b e r( th o u s a n d s )

P e r c e n t o f e s t im a t e d

w o r k in g t im e o f a l l w o r k e r s 5

P e rw o r k e ri n v o lv e d

1927 ______________________ _ 707 2 6 . 5 330 1 . 4 2 6 ,2 0 0 0 . 37 7 9 . 51928 _ ___ __________ 6 0 4 2 7 .6 314 1 .3 1 2 ,6 0 0 . 17 4 0 . 21929 .............................................. 921 2 2 .6 28 9 1 .2 5 , 350 .0 7 1 8 .51930 _ . _ _ _ ___ _ 637 2 2 .3 183 .8 3 , 320 .0 5 1 8 .11931 __________ 8 1 0 1 8 .8 342 1 .6 6 , 8 9 0 .1 1 2 0 . 2

1932 841 1 9 .6 3 2 4 1 .8 1 0 ,5 0 0 .2 3 3 2 . 41933 ............... 1 ,6 9 5 1 6 .9 1, 170 6 . 3 1 6 ,9 0 0 . 36 1 4 .41934 1, 8 5 6 1 9 .5 1 ,4 7 0 7 . 2 1 9 ,6 0 0 . 38 1 3 .41935 2 , 0 1 4 2 3 .8 1, 120 5 . 2 1 5 ,5 0 0 .2 9 1 3 .81936 2 , 172 2 3 . 3 7 8 9 3 . 1 1 3 ,9 0 0 .2 1 1 7 .6

1937 _______________________ 4 , 7 4 0 2 0 . 3 1 ,8 6 0 7 . 2 2 8 ,4 0 0 .4 3 1 5 .31938 _ ____ 2 ,7 7 2 2 3 .6 68 8 2 . 8 9 , 1 5 0 . 15 1 3 .31939 _____________________ 2 , 6 1 3 2 3 . 4 1, 170 4 . 7 1 7 ,8 0 0 .2 8 1 5 .2194 0 ___ _ _ _ 2 , 508 2 0 .9 577 2 . 3 6 , 7 0 0 . 10 1 1 .61941 _________________________ 4 ,2 8 8 1 8 .3 2 ,3 6 0 8 . 4 2 3 ,0 0 0 .3 2 9 . 8

1942 ________________________ 2 ,9 6 8 1 1 .7 8 4 0 2 . 8 4 , 180 .0 5 5 . 0194 3 _____________ 3 ,7 52 5 .0 1 ,9 8 0 6 . 9 1 3 ,5 0 0 . 15 6 . 81 9 4 4 _ _ _____________ 4 , 9 5 6 5 .6 2 , 120 7 . 0 8 , 7 2 0 .0 9 4 . 11945 4 , 7 5 0 9 . 9 3 ,4 7 0 1 2 .2 3 8 ,0 0 0 .4 7 1 1 .01946 ____________________ __ 4 , 9 8 5 2 4 . 2 4 , 6 0 0 14 . 5 1 1 6 ,0 0 0 1 .4 3 2 5 . 2

1947 ____ __ ..... 3 ,6 9 3 2 5 .6 2 , 170 6 . 5 3 4 ,6 0 0 .4 1 1 5 .91948 _________________ 3 ,4 1 9 2 1 .8 1 ,9 6 0 5 . 5 3 4 ,1 0 0 .3 7 1 7 .41949 _________________________ 3 ,6 0 6 2 2 .5 3 ,0 3 0 9 . 0 5 0 ,5 0 0 .5 9 1 6 .71950 6 _________________________ 4 , 8 4 3 1 9 .2 2 ,4 1 0 6 . 9 3 8 ,8 0 0 .4 4 1 6 .11951 4 ,7 3 7 1 7 .4 2 ,2 2 0 5 . 5 2 2 ,9 0 0 .2 3 1 0 .3

1952 _________________________ 5 , 117 1 9 .6 3 , 540 8 . 8 5 9 ,1 0 0 .5 7 1 6 .7195 3 7 _______195 4195 5 __1956 ... ____ _ _

1957 ______________ ___1958 .1959 ..............................................1960 _________________________

5 ,0 9 1 2 0 .3 2 ,4 0 0 5 .6 2 8 ,3 0 0 .2 6 1 1 .8

1 A v a i l a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n f o r e a r l i e r p e r i o d s i s c o n t a in e d in B L S B u l le t in N o . 1 0 1 6 , H a n d b o o k o f L a b o r S ta t i s t i c s , T a b le E 2 .

2 F i g u r e s a r e s i m p le a v e r a g e s ; e a c h s t o p p a g e i s g iv e n e q u a l w e ig h t r e g a r d l e s s o f i t s s i z e .3 W o r k e r s a r e c o u n t e d m o r e th a n o n c e in t h e s e f i g u r e s i f th e y w e r e in v o l v e d in m o r e th a n 1 s t o p p a g e d u r

in g th e y e a r . T h u s in 1949 3 6 5 ,0 0 0 t o 4 0 0 ,0 0 0 c o a l m i n e r s w e r e o u t o n 3 d i s t in c t o c c a s i o n s , a c c o u n t in g f o r 1 , 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 o f a t o t a l o f 3 , 0 3 0 , 0 0 0 w o r k e r s .

4 " T o t a l e m p l o y e d w o r k e r s " f o r 1 9 2 7 -5 0 r e f e r s t o a l l w o r k e r s e x c e p t t h o s e in o c c u p a t i o n s a n d p r o f e s s i o n s in w h ic h t h e r e i s l i t t l e i f a n y u n io n o r g a n i z a t io n o r in w h ic h s t o p p a g e s r a r e l y i f e v e r o c c u r . In m o s t i n d u s t r i e s , it i n c lu d e s a l l w a g e a n d s a l a r y w o r k e r s e x c e p t t h o s e in e x e c u t i v e , m a n a g e r i a l , o r h ig h s u p e r v i s o r y p o s i t i o n s , o r t h o s e p e r f o r m i n g p r o f e s s i o n a l w o r k th e n a tu r e o f w h ic h m a k e s u n io n o r g a n i z a t io n o r g r o u p a c t io n u n l i k e l y . It e x c lu d e s a l l s e l f - e m p l o y e d , d o m e s t i c w o r k e r s , w o r k e r s o n f a r m s e m p lo y in g f e w e r th a n 6 p e r s o n s , a l l F e d e r a l a n d S ta te G o v e r n m e n t e m p l o y e e s , a n d o f f i c i a l s , b o th e l e c t e d a n d a p p o in t e d , in l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s .

In 1 9 5 1 , th e c o n c e p t o f " t o t a l e m p l o y e d w o r k e r s " w a s c h a n g e d t o c o i n c i d e w ith th e B u r e a u 's f i g u r e s f o r n o n a g r i c u l t u r a l e m p l o y m e n t , e x c lu d in g G o v e r n m e n t b u t in c lu d in g w o r k e r s in a l l o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o u p s . T e s t s sh o w th a t th e p e r c e n t a g e o f t o t a l i d l e n e s s c o m p u t e d o n th e b a s i s o f t h e s e n e w f i g u r e s u s u a l ly d i f f e r s b y l e s s th a n V10 o f a p o in t w h ile th e p e r c e n t a g e o f w o r k e r s id le d i f f e r s b y a b o u t 0 . 5 o r 0 . 6 o f a p o in t . F o r e x a m p l e , th e p e r c e n t a g e o f w o r k e r s id le d u r in g 195 0 c o m p u t e d o n th e s a m e b a s e a s th e f i g u r e s f o r e a r l i e r y e a r s i s 6 . 9 a n d th e p e r c e n t o f i d le n e s s i s 0 . 4 4 c o m p a r e d w ith 6 . 3 a n d 0 . 4 r e s p e c t i v e l y , c o m p u t e d o n th e n e w b a s e .

5 F o r e a c h y e a r , " e s t i m a t e d w o r k in g t i m e " w a s c o m p u t e d f o r p u r p o s e s o f t h is t a b le b y m u l t ip ly in g th e a v e r a g e n u m b e r o f e m p l o y e d w o r k e r s ( s e e f o o t n o t e 4 ) b y th e n u m b e r o f d a y s w o r k e d b y m o s t e m p l o y e e s . T h is n u m b e r e x c l u d e s S a t u r d a y s w h e n c u s t o m a r i l y n o t w o r k e d , S u n d a y s , a n d e s t a b l i s h e d h o l i d a y s .

6 B e g in n in g in m i d - 1 9 5 0 , a n e w s o u r c e o f s t r ik e " l e a d s " w a s a d d e d th r o u g h a c o o p e r a t i v e a r r a n g e m e n t w ith th e B u r e a u o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r i t y o f th e U .S . D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r b y w h ic h l o c a l o f f i c e s o f S ta te e m p l o y m e n t s e c u r i t y a g e n c i e s s u p p ly m o n t h ly r e p o r t s o f w o r k s t o p p a g e s c o m in g t o t h e i r a t t e n t io n . It i s e s t im a t e d th a t th is i n c r e a s e d th e n u m b e r o f s t r ik e s r e p o r t e d in 195 0 b y p e r h a p s 5 p e r c e n t a n d in 1951 a n d 195 2 b y a p p r o x i m a t e ly 10 p e r c e n t . H o w e v e r , s in c e m o s t o f th e a d d e d s t o p p a g e s w e r e s m a l l , t h e y i n c r e a s e d th e n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s i n v o lv e d a n d m a n - d a y s o f i d l e n e s s b y l e s s th a n 2 p e r c e n t in 1950 a n d b y l e s s th a n 3 p e r c e n t in 1951 a n d 1 9 5 2 . T e s t s o f th e e f f e c t o f t h is a d d e d s o u r c e o f i n f o r m a t i o n h a v e n o t b e e n m a d e s i n c e 1 9 5 2 .

7 T h e t o t a l o f 5 ,0 9 1 s t r ik e s d o e s n o t i n c lu d e 23 s m a l l w o r k s t o p p a g e s f o r w h ic h th e B u r e a u w a s u n a b le to s e c u r e i n fo r m a t i o n f r o m th e p a r t i e s th a t a n a c t u a l w o r k s t o p p a g e o c c u r r e d .Digitized for FRASER

http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

8TA BLE 2 . W ork stoppages involving 10,000 or m ore w ork ers , se lected p eriod s

S t o p p a g e s in v o lv in g 10 , 000 o r m o r e w o r k e r s

P e r i o dN u m b e r

P e r c e n t o f t o t a l

f o rp e r i o d

W o r k e r s in v o lv e d 1 M a n - d a y s id le


P e r c e n t o f t o t a l f o r

p e r i o d

N u m b e r { t h o u s a n d s )

P e r c e n t o f t o t a l f o r p e r i o d

1 9 3 5 -3 9 a v e r a g e ----------------------------------------- 11 0 . 4 3 6 5 3 2 . 4 5 ,2 9 0 3 1 .21 9 4 7 -4 9 a v e r a g e ------- ------------------------ ------------- 18 . 5 1 ,2 7 0 5 3 . 4 2 3 , 800 5 9 .91 9 4 5 ---------- ----------------------------------- ---------------- 42 . 9 1, 35 0 3 8 .9 1 9 ,3 0 0 5 0 .71 9 4 6 - ............ ............. .................. 31 o 6 2 , 9 2 0 6 3 . 6 6 6 ,4 0 0 5 7 .21 9 4 7 ...................................................................- ------ 15 o 4 1, 030 4 7 . 5 1 7 ,7 0 0 5 1 .21 9 4 8 - --------------------------------------------------- -------------------- 20 . 6 870 4 4 . 5 1 8 ,9 0 0 5 5 .31 9 4 9 ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------ 18 . 5 1 ,9 2 0 6 3 .2 3 4 ,9 0 0 6 9 .01 9 5 0 .................................................................- ................ 22 . 5 7 3 8 3 0 .7 2 1 , 700 5 6 .01 9 5 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 19 . 4 4 5 7 2 0 . 6 5 , 680 2 4 . 81 9 5 2 - - .................................................................. 35 , 7 1, 690 4 7 . 8 3 6 ,9 0 0 6 2 .61 9 5 3 ............................................ - ............................. - 28 . 5 650 2 7 . 1 7 ,2 7 0 2 5 . 7

1 S e e f o o t n o t e 3 , t a b le 1.

T A B L E 3 . M o n t h ly t r e n d s in w o r k s t o p p a g e s , 1 9 5 2 -5 3

M o n th

N u m b e r o f s t o p p a g e s W o r k e r s in v o l v e d in s t o p p a g e s M a n - d a y s id le d u r in g m o n th

B e g in n in gin

m o n th

In e f f e c t d u r in g m o n th

B e g in n in g in m o n th

(th o u s a n d s )

In e f f e c t d u r in g m o n th


P e r c e n t o f t o t a l

e m p l o y e d 1

N u m b e r(th o u s a n d s )

P e r c e n t o f e s t im a t e d

w o r k in g t im e o f a l l w o r k e r s 2

195 2

J a n u a r y --------------- ------------------------------------------------- 4 3 8 568 212 251 0 . 64 1 ,3 4 0 0 . 15F e b r u a r y ------------------------------------------------------------ 4 0 3 585 190 2 5 8 . 6 5 1 ,3 7 0 . 17M a r c h ------------------ --------------------------------------------- 4 3 8 6 1 4 303 3 5 9 .9 1 1 ,6 1 0 . 19A p r i l ------------------ --------------------- ------------------------------- 529 7 5 6 1 ,0 4 0 1, 170 2 . 9 4 5 ,3 7 0 . 61M a y ----------------------------------- ------------------------------- 5 1 8 800 363 1 ,2 0 0 3 . 02 8 ,0 2 0 . 9 6J u n e ------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- 4 3 5 719 201 9 9 0 2 .4 9 1 5 ,0 0 0 1 .8 0J u l y -------------------------------- -- ------------ --------------- --------- 4 3 3 69 4 166 8 6 6 2 . 2 0 1 2 ,7 0 0 1 .4 6A u g u s t 3 ----------------------------------------------------------------- 4 9 4 78 6 2 2 8 3 8 0 . 9 4 2 ,8 1 0 .3 3S e p t e m b e r ' ....... . ............- ....... .............. - -------- 522 8 2 8 2 5 0 3 7 8 .9 2 3 , 390 .3 9O c t o b e r ------------------ ------------ ------------------ ---------- 4 5 9 7 6 8 4 5 0 5 8 4 1 .4 2 5 ,0 0 0 .5 3N o v e m b e r ---------------------------------------------- --------------- 2 6 9 535 99 2 1 5 . 52 1 ,5 6 0 . 2 0D e c e m b e r ----------------------------------- ------------------- 179 369 34 82 . 2 0 8 5 4 .0 9

1953

J a n u a r y -------------------------------- --------------------------- 341 4 9 2 189 2 2 3 . 53 1 ,3 6 0 . 16F e b r u a r y ------------------------------------------------------ 3 2 7 48 9 131 193 . 4 6 1, 100 . 1 3M a r c h ----------------------------------------------------- ------~ 4 5 7 639 196 2 3 7 .5 9 1 ,2 6 0 . 14A p r i l --------------------- --------------- ---------------------------- 5 6 0 79 8 312 4 1 3 . 9 8 2 , 690 .2 9M a y ------- -------------------------------------------------------------- 59 6 869 313 4 0 6 . 9 6 3 ,7 7 0 .4 2J u n e ----------------------------------------------------------------- 567 875 2 5 8 4 4 8 1 .0 5 4 ,5 3 0 . 4 8J u l y ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 3 4 841 2 9 3 4 9 1 1 0 19 3 ,8 8 0 .3 9A u g u s t --------------------- ------- --------------------- ------------- 4 8 4 763 2 3 8 3 9 3 .9 1 2 ,8 8 0 .3 2S e p t e m b e r --------------------- -------------------- ------------------ 4 2 0 721 119 211 . 4 9 1 ,7 0 0 . 19O c t o b e r -------------------------- -------------------------------------- 379 65 8 175 2 4 0 . 5 6 1 ,6 5 0 . 17N o v e m b e r ------------------ ------------------------------------- 281 502 100 175 .4 1 1 ,5 7 0 . 18D e c e m b e r ------------------ -------------------------------- - 145 35 4 76 173 .4 1 1 ,8 8 0 . 2 0

S e e f o o t n o t e 4 , t a b le 1.S e e f o o t n o t e 5 , t a b le 1.T h e s e f i g u r e s d o n o t i n c lu d e th e " m e m o r i a l " s t o p p a g e in c o a l m in in g ,


9T A B L E 4 . M a j o r i s s u e s in v o lv e d in w o r k s t o p p a g e s , 1953

M a jo r i s s u e s

W o r k s t o p p a g e s b e g in n in g in 1953 M a n -cL l y s id le g 1953 > p p a g es )

N u m b e rP e r c e n t

o ft o t a l 1

W o r k e r s in v o l v e d ( a l l s t c

N u m b e r 1P e r c e n t

o ft o t a l 1

N u m b e r 1P e r c e n t

o ft o t a l 1

A l l i s s u e s --------------------- -------------------------------- 5 ,0 9 1 1 0 0 .0 2 , 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 1 0 0 .0 2 8 , 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 1 0 0 .0

W a g e s , h o u r s , a n d f r i n g e b e n e f i t s 2 ----- 2 , 825 5 5 .5 1 ,4 6 0 , 000 6 0 . 8 2 1 , 8 0 0 ,0 0 0 7 7 . 1

W a g e i n c r e a s e --------------------------------- ------ 1, 7 9 8 3 5 . 3 8 3 6 ,0 0 0 3 4 . 8 1 4 ,5 0 0 ,0 0 0 5 1 . 5W a g e d e c r e a s e ----------------------------------------- 23 . 5 9 ,2 5 0 . 4 1 3 3 ,0 0 0 . 5W a g e i n c r e a s e , h o u r d e c r e a s e ---------- 89 1 .7 7 8 ,2 0 0 3 . 3 1 , 0 6 0 , 0 0 0 3 . 7W a g e i n c r e a s e , p e n s i o n a n d / o r

s o c i a l i n s u r a n c e b e n e f i t s ----- ------------ 2 7 7 5 . 4 1 7 7 ,0 0 0 7 . 4 2 , 5 4 0 , 0 0 0 9 . 0P e n s i o n a n d /o r s o c i a l in s u r a n c e

b e n e f i t s ------- -------------------------------- --------- 4 8 . 9 5 2 ,6 0 0 2 . 2 2 3 4 ,0 0 0 . 8O t h e r 3 ............................. - - - - 590 11 . 6 3 0 7 ,0 0 0 12 . 8 3 , 2 8 0 , 0 0 0 1 1 .6

U n io n o r g a n i z a t io n w a g e s , h o u r s ,a n d f r i n g e b e n e f i t s 2 ----------------------------------- 202 4 . 0 4 5 ,2 0 0 1 .9 1 ,2 5 0 , 0 0 0 4 . 4

R e c o g n i t i o n , w a g e s a n d /o r h o u r s ------ 119 2 . 3 1 2 ,0 0 0 . 5 3 1 7 ,0 0 0 1. 1S t r e n g th e n in g b a r g a in in g p o s i t i o n ,

w a g e s a n d /o r h o u r s ------ ------------------- 2 6 . 5 1 7 ,1 0 0 . 7 5 0 5 ,0 0 0 1 .8C l o s e d o r u n io n s h o p , w a g e s

a n d /o r h o u r s -------------------------------------- ------ 57 1. 1 1 6 ,1 0 0 . 7 4 2 4 ,0 0 0 1 .5

U n io n o r g a n i z a t i o n -------------- ------------------ ------- 543 1 0 .7 1 1 7 ,0 0 0 4 . 9 9 3 5 ,0 0 0 3 . 3

R e c o g n i t i o n ----- ---------------------------------------- 361 7 . 1 3 0 ,5 0 0 1. 3 5 2 0 ,0 0 0 1 .8S t r e n g th e n in g b a r g a i n i n g p o s i t i o n ------ 38 . 7 6 , 500 . 3 9 0 ,1 0 0 . 3C l o s e d o r u n io n s h o p --------------------- 89 1. 7 16 , 70 0 . 7 1 9 5 ,0 0 0 . 7D is c r im i n a t i o n --------------------------- ---------- 10 . 2 9 2 0 (4) 1 0 ,8 0 0 (4 )O t h e r ----------------------------------- ------------------ - 4 5 . 9 6 2 ,5 0 0 2 . 6 1 2 0 ,0 0 0 . 4

O th e r w o r k in g c o n d i t i o n s ------------------------ 1, 135 2 2 . 3 6 3 8 ,0 0 0 2 6 . 6 3 , 5 6 0 ,0 0 0 1 2 .6

J o b s e c u r i t y ----- ----------------------------------------- 502 9 . 9 2 3 5 ,0 0 0 9 . 8 1, 7 3 0 ,0 0 0 6 . 1S h op c o n d i t io n s a n d p o l i c i e s --------------- 540 1 0 . 6 3 2 6 ,0 0 0 13 . 6 1, 3 0 0 ,0 0 0 4 . 6W o r k l o a d - - - - - - - ------ - 77 1 .5 5 3 , 500 2 . 2 4 9 3 ,0 0 0 1 .7O th e r 5 ----------------------------------------------- ------------ 16 . 3 2 3 ,6 0 0 1 .0 3 5 ,8 0 0 . 1

In te r u n io n o r in t r a u n io n m a t t e r s ------------ 2 7 5 5 . 4 1 3 0 ,0 0 0 5 . 4 6 8 4 ,0 0 0 2 . 4

S y m p a t h y ---------------- ------------------------------------ 64 1. 3 1 9 ,7 0 0 . 8 1 0 7 ,0 0 0 . 4U n io n r i v a l r y o r f a c t i o n a l i s m 6 ---------- 49 1. 0 5 0 ,8 0 0 2 . 1 2 3 4 ,0 0 0 . 8J u r i s d i c t i o n ------------------------------------------------ 158 3 . 1 5 6 , 600 2 . 4 3 2 7 ,0 0 0 1 .2U n io n r e g u la t io n s ------------------------------------ 3 . 1 9 0 0 (4) 1 1 ,0 0 0 (4)O th e r ------------------------------------------------------------- 1 (4) 1, 500 . 1 4 ,5 0 0 (4)

N o t r e p o r t e d --------------------- -------------------------------- 111 2 . 2 1 3 ,2 0 0 . 6 4 5 ,9 0 0 . 2

1 T h e s u m o f th e in d iv id u a l i t e m s m a y n o t e q u a l th e t o t a ls f o r th e g r o u p b e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g th e in d iv id u a l f ig u r e s in th is a n d s u b s e q u e n t t a b l e s .

2 " F r i n g e b e n e f i t s " h a s b e e n a d d e d t o th e t i t l e o n ly t o in d i c a te i n c lu s i o n o f n o n w a g e b e n e f i t s . T h e r e h a s b e e n n o c h a n g e f r o m p r e v i o u s y e a r s in d e f in i t i o n o r c o n t e n t o f t h e s e g r o u p s .

3 I n c lu d e s s t o p p a g e s in w h ic h th e m a j o r i s s u e w a s r e t r o a c t i v i t y , h o l id a y s , v a c a t i o n s , j o b c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , p i e c e w o r k r a t e s ,a n d r e la t e d m a t t e r s .

4 L e s s th a n a te n th o f 1 p e r c e n t .5 T h is g r o u p in c lu d e s p r o t e s t s t r ik e s a g a in s t a c t io n , o r l a c k o f a c t i o n , b y G o v e r n m e n t a g e n c i e s .6 T h is g r o u p in c lu d e s th e 5 - d a y s t r ik e in v o lv in g 3 0 , 00 0 l o n g s h o r e m e n o n th e E a s t C o a s t in O c t o b e r .

A lth o u g h t h e r e w e r e o t h e r i s s u e s i n v o lv e d in th is d is p u t e , th e o u ts ta n d in g i s s u e w a s th e r i v a l r y b e t w e e n th eI n t e r n a t io n a l L o n g s h o r e m e n 's A s s o c i a t i o n (In d . ) a n d th e I n t e r n a t io n a l L o n g s h o r e m e n 's A s s o c i a t i o n ( A F L ) .


10

TABLE 50 W ork stoppages by industry group, 1953

I n d u s t r y g r o u p

S t o p p a g e s b e g in n in g in 1953

h i a n - d a y s id le d u r in g 1953 ( a l l s t o p p a g e s )

N u m b e r W o r k e r s i n v o l v e d 1 N u m b e r

P e r c e n t o f e s t im a t e d w o r k in g

t im e o f a l l w o r k e r s 2 3

A l l i n d u s t r i e s ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------ 5 ,0 9 1 2 , 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 2 8 , 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 0 . 2 6

M A N U F A C T U R IN G 3 2 ,6 1 2 1 , 3 2 0 , 0 0 0 1 5 , 6 0 0 , 0 0 0 0 . 3 6

P r i m a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r i e s ------------------------------------------------------ 312 2 0 2 , 0 0 0 1 , 5 1 0 , 0 0 0 .4 5F a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s ( e x c e p t o r d n a n c e ,

m a c h i n e r y , a n d t r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u i p m e n t ) ----------------- 291 1 0 2 , 0 0 0 1 , 6 9 0 , 0 0 0 . 5 7O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r i e s ------------------------------- ----------------------- 23 2 1 ,4 0 0 1 6 4 ,0 0 0 .3 2E l e c t r i c a l m a c h i n e r y , e q u ip m e n t , a n d s u p p l ie s ------ 137 7 6 , 600 1 , 6 2 0 , 0 0 0 . 5 3M a c h i n e r y ( e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ) ------------------------ ------- ------ 2 8 6 1 2 6 ,0 0 0 2 , 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 . 5 0T r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t ----------------------------------------------------- 179 3 0 0 ,0 0 0 2 , 7 3 0 , 0 0 0 .5 5L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ( e x c e p t f u r n i t u r e ) ------------- 125 1 9 , 8 0 0 5 1 2 ,0 0 0 . 2 6F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s -------------------- -------------------------------- 134 2 5 ,1 0 0 2 6 9 , 0 0 0 . 2 8S t o n e , c l a y , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c t s ---------------- ------------ -------------- 128 1 9 ,4 0 0 3 1 6 ,0 0 0 .2 3T e x t i l e m i l l p r o d u c t s ---------------------------------------------------------- ------ 8 8 2 6 , 6 0 0 5 9 3 ,0 0 0 . 19A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r f in i s h e d p r o d u c t s m a d e f r o m

f a b r i c s a n d s i m i l a r m a t e r i a l s -------------------------------------- 193 3 5 , 600 2 9 6 , 0 0 0 . 0 9L e a t h e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s ----------------------------------------------- 4 8 1 1 , 9 0 0 9 9 , 1 0 0 . 1 0F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s ---------------------------------------------------- 2 1 3 9 8 ,4 0 0 1 , 2 1 0 , 0 0 0 . 3 0T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s ------------------------------ ---------------------------- 4 4 8 0 2 0 ,8 0 0 . 0 8P a p e r a n d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s ---------------------------------------------- 4 5 1 5 ,4 0 0 2 2 2 , 0 0 0 . 16P r i n t in g , p u b l i s h i n g , a n d a l l i e d i n d u s t r i e s -------------------- 4 4 2 1 ,3 0 0 2 4 5 ,0 0 0 . 1 2C h e m i c a l s a n d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s -------------------------------------------- 107 3 6 ,5 0 0 8 2 5 ,0 0 0 .4 3P r o d u c t s o f p e t r o l e u m a n d c o a l ------------------------------------------- 19 2 , 610 1 0 5 ,0 0 0 . 16R u b b e r p r o d u c t s ----------------------------------- ------------------ -------------------- 1 0 2 1 4 1 ,0 0 0 4 9 3 ,0 0 0 .7 1P r o f e s s i o n a l , s c i e n t i f i c , a n d c o n t r o l l i n g

i n s t r u m e n t s ; p h o t o g r a p h ic a n d o p t i c a l g o o d s ;w a t c h e s a n d c l o c k s ----------------------------- ----------------------------------- 41 1 1 ,4 0 0 2 4 6 ,0 0 0 .2 9

M i s c e l l a n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s -------------------------- 105 2 1 , 0 0 0 2 8 0 ,0 0 0 . 2 2

N O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G _ 3 2 , 47 9 1 , 0 9 0 , 0 0 0 1 2 ,7 0 0 , 0 0 0 . 19

A g r i c u l t u r e , f o r e s t r y , a n d f i s h i n g ------------------------------------- 14 8 , 140 1 1 3 ,0 0 0 (4)M i n i n g ------------------------ --------------------------------- ----------------------------------- 4 6 0 1 5 6 ,0 0 0 8 4 6 ,0 0 0 .4 0C o n s t r u c t i o n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1, 039 5 7 4 ,0 0 0 8 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 1 . 2 2T r a d e ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ 4 0 8 7 1 ,2 0 0 1 ,0 5 0 , 00 0 . 0 4F i n a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e --------------------------------- 13 9 5 0 2 1 , 6 0 0 (4)T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n ic a t i o n , a n d o t h e r

p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s --------------------- --------------- --------------------------------------- 372 2 5 6 , 00 0 2 , 3 8 0 , 0 0 0 . 2 2S e r v i c e s p e r s o n a l , b u s i n e s s , a n d o t h e r ----------------------- 145 14, 4 0 0 2 0 2 , 0 0 0 (4)G o v e r n m e n t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , p r o t e c t i o n ,

a n d s a n it a t io n 5 -------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------- 30 6 , 2 8 0 5 3 ,4 0 0 (4)

1 S e e f o o t n o t e 3 , t a b le 1.2 S e e f o o t n o t e s 4 a n d 5 , t a b le 1 ,3 T h e s u m o f th e f i g u r e s in th is c o lu m n e x c e e d s 5 ,0 9 1 b e c a u s e a f e w s t o p p a g e s e x te n d in g in to tw o o r m o r e

in d u s t r y g r o u p s h a v e b e e n c o u n t e d in th is c o lu m n in e a c h i n d u s t r y g r o u p a f f e c t e d ; w o r k e r s i n v o lv e d a n d m a n - d a y s id le w e r e d iv id e d a m o n g th e r e s p e c t i v e g r o u p s .

4 N o t a v a i l a b l e .5 M u n i c ip a l l y o p e r a t e d u t i l i t i e s a r e i n c lu d e d u n d e r " T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n ic a t i o n , a n d o t h e r p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s " .


11

TABLE 6 . W ork stoppages by State, 1953

S ta te

A l l S ta te s

A la b a m a ----------------------------A r i z o n a -------------------------------A r k a n s a s --------------------------C a l i f o r n ia -------------------------C o l o r a d o ----------------------------C o n n e c t i c u t ----------------------D e la w a r e ---------------------------

D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a -----F l o r i d a -------------------------------G e o r g i a ------------------------------

I l l in o i s -------------------------------In d ia n a -------------------------------Iow a ------------------------------------

K a n s a s --------------------------- K e n t u c k y ----------------------------L o u is ia n a ----------------------M a in e -----------------------------------M a r y la n d ---------------------------M a s s a c h u s e t t s ----------------M i c h i g a n -----------------------------

M in n e s o t a --------------------------M i s s i s s i p p i -----------------------M i s s o u r i -----------------------------M o n ta n a ------------------------------N e b r a s k a ---------------------------N e v a d a ----------------------------------N e w H a m p s h ir e --------------

N e w J e r s e y -----------------------N e w M e x i c o ---------------------N e w Y o r k --------------------------N o r th C a r o l in a -----------------N o r th D a k o ta --------------------O h io ---------------------------------------O k la h o m a --------------------------

O r e g o n ----------------------------------P e n n s y lv a n ia --------------------R h o d e I s l a n d ----------------------S ou th C a r o l i n a -------------------S o u th D a k o ta ----------------------T e n n e s s e e ---------------------------T e x a s ----------------------------------

U t a h ------------------------------------ --V e r m o n t ------------------------------V i r g i n ia ---------------------------W a s h i n g t o n -------------------------W e s t V i r g i n i a ---------------------W i s c o n s i n ----------------------------W y o m in g ------------------------------

W o r k s t o p p a g e s b e g in n in g in 1953 M a n - d a y s id le ' 1953 p p a g e s )

N u m b e r

W o r k e r s i n v o lv e d 1 2 ( a l l s to ]


o ft o t a l


o ft o t a l

2 5 , 09 1 2 , 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 2 8 , 3 0 0 ,0 0 0 1 0 0 . 0

1 1 0 3 6 ,2 0 0 1 .5 2 8 9 ,0 0 0 1 . 013 2 , 130 . 1 4 3 ,5 0 0 . 242 1 1 ,7 0 0 . 5 1 3 2 ,0 0 0 . 5

26 9 2 1 0 , 0 0 0 8 . 8 2 , 9 6 0 , 0 0 0 1 0 .53 4 6 , 5 5 0 . 3 6 9 , 0 0 0 . 28 6 2 8 ,8 0 0 1 . 2 5 2 6 , 0 0 0 1 .91 2 8 ,4 6 0 . 4 3 1 6 ,0 0 0 1 . 1

16 4 , 510 . 2 2 3 ,9 0 0 . 175 2 4 ,4 0 0 1 . 0 2 1 7 ,0 0 0 . 85 4 1 3 ,4 0 0 . 6 1 2 0 , 0 0 0 . 413 3 ,4 3 0 . 1 2 0 , 9 0 0 . 1

3 1 6 9 8 , 2 0 0 4 . 1 1 ,4 3 0 , 0 0 0 5 .0191 1 3 9 ,0 0 0 5 . 8 1 ,5 4 0 , 0 0 0 5 . 5

60 2 1 , 2 0 0 . 9 3 8 7 ,0 0 0 1 .4

31 1 5 ,4 0 0 . 6 3 2 3 ,0 0 0 1 . 1163 8 5 ,3 0 0 3 . 6 4 2 2 ,0 0 0 1 .5

70 2 3 ,0 0 0 1 . 0 2 8 6 ,0 0 0 1 . 016 5 ,0 9 0 . 2 2 8 ,6 0 0 . 14 5 1 9 ,4 0 0 . 8 1 9 1 , 0 0 0 . 7

176 4 6 ,1 0 0 1 .9 6 1 8 , 0 0 0 2 . 2331 2 9 7 ,0 0 0 1 2 .4 2 , 4 5 0 , 0 0 0 8 . 7

70 1 6 ,0 0 0 . 7 2 7 2 ,0 0 0 1 . 02 0 2 , 4 9 0 . 1 4 8 ,1 0 0 . 2

140 6 1 ,3 0 0 2 . . 6 1 , 2 2 0 , 0 0 0 4 . 31 0 3 ,7 1 0 . 2 9 8 ,0 0 0 . 317 4 , 680 . 2 8 7 ,4 0 0 . 317 3 , 610 . 2 2 9 , 7 0 0 . 116 2 , 1 1 0 . 1 2 1 ,8 0 0 . 1

2 6 3 8 0 , 6 0 0 3 . 4 1 , 2 8 0 ,0 0 0 4 . 52 0 5 , 870 . 2 4 1 ,7 0 0 . 1

585 2 0 8 ,0 0 0 8 .7 3 , 0 7 0 , 0 0 0 1 0 . 825 1 0 , 1 0 0 . 4 1 9 6 , 0 0 0 . 71 0 93 0 ( 3) 1 3 ,3 0 0 ( 3)

51 8 2 1 8 ,0 0 0 9 . 1 2 , 3 9 0 , 0 0 0 8 . 553 1 8 ,4 0 0 . 8 2 5 5 ,0 0 0 .9

49 1 0 , 2 0 0 . 4 1 2 9 ,0 0 0 . 5632 3 1 8 ,0 0 0 1 3 .2 2 , 9 9 0 , 0 0 0 1 0 . 6

37 1 1 , 2 0 0 . 5 1 3 4 ,0 0 0 . 52 1 2 5 ,4 0 0 1 . 1 1 1 4 ,0 0 0 . 4

3 500 ( 3) 1 8 , 9 0 0 . 1125 6 5 , 500 2 . 7 6 0 5 ,0 0 0 2 . 1

89 5 8 ,1 0 0 2 . 4 6 6 8 , 0 0 0 2 . 4

39 2 3 ,4 0 0 1 . 0 2 4 6 ,0 0 0 . 98 2 ,0 5 0 . 1 5 5 ,0 0 0 . 2

65 2 4 ,9 0 0 1 . 0 1 5 7 ,0 0 0 . 66 6 4 6 ,0 0 0 1 .9 5 8 1 ,0 0 0 2 . 1

165 4 9 ,5 0 0 2 . 1 3 4 7 ,0 0 0 1 . 21 0 0 3 0 ,3 0 0 1 .3 7 7 1 ,0 0 0 2 . 7

1 6 1 ,7 4 0 . 1 2 1 ,4 0 0 . 1

1 S e e f o o t n o t e 3 , t a b le 1 .2 T h e s u m o f th e f i g u r e s in th is c o lu m n e x c e e d s 5 ,0 9 1 b e c a u s e th e s t o p p a g e s e x te n d in g a c r o s s S ta te l in e s h a v e

b e e n c o u n te d in e a c h S ta te a f f e c t e d , b u t th e w o r k e r s i n v o lv e d an d m a n - d a y s id le w e r e d iv id e d a m o n g th e S t a t e s .3 L e s s th a n a te n th o f 1 p e r c e n t .


12

TA BLE 7 . W ork stoppages by m etropolitan a rea , 1953 1

M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a

A k r o n , O h i o ---------------.----------A l b a n y - S c h e n e c t a d y -

T r o y , N . Y . -----------------------A l l e n t o w n - B e t h l e h e m -

E a s to n , P a . ---------------- ------A lt o o n a , P a . --------------------------A t la n ta , G a . --------------- ----------

A t la n t i c C it y , N . J . ----------A u g u s t a , G a . ------------------------B a l t i m o r e , M d . --------------------B e a u m o n t - P o r t A r t h u r ,

B in g h a m to n , N . Y . -------

B ir m in g h a m , A l a . -------------B o s t o n , M a s s . ---------------------B r i d g e p o r t , C o n n . ---------B r o c k t o n , M a s s . ----------------B u f f a l o , N . Y . ---------------------

C a n to n , O h i o --------------------C e d a r R a p id s , I o w a ----------C h a r le s t o n , W . V a . ----------C h a t ta n o o g a , T e n n . -------C h e y e n n e , W y o . ----------------

C h ic a g o , H I. ------------------------C i n c in n a t i , O h io -----------------C le v e la n d , O h i o ---------- -------C o lu m b u s , G a . ---------------C o l u m b u s , O h i o -------------------

C u m b e r la n d , M d . -------------D a l l a s , T e x . --------------------------D a v e n p o r t , I o w a - R o c k

I s la n d - M o l i n e , 111. ---------D a y to n , O h i o ------------------------D e c a t u r , 111. ------------------------

D e n v e r , C o l o . ---------- -----------D e s M o in e s , I o w a -------------D e t r o i t , M i c h . ---------------------D u lu th , M in n . - S u p e r i o r ,

W i s . --------------------------------------E l m i r a , N . Y . ---------------------

E r i e , P a . ------------------------------E v a n s v i l l e , In d . ----------------F a l l R i v e r , M a s s . -------------F a r g o , N . D a k . -----------------F l in t , M ic h . ------------------ ------

F o r t S m ith , A r k . ---------------F o r t W a y n e , In d . ---------------F o r t W o r t h , T e x . -------------F r e s n o , C a l i f . --------------------G a lv e s t o n , T e x . -------- -------- -

G ra n d R a p id s , M ic h . -------H a r r i s b u r g , P a . ----------------H a r t f o r d , C o n n . ----------------H o u s to n , T e x . -----------------------H u n t in g to n , W . V a . -

A s h la n d , K y . ---------------------

I n d ia n a p o l i s , In d . -------------J a c k s o n , M ic h . -------------------J a c k s o n , M i s s . --------------------J a c k s o n v i l l e , F l a . --------J o h n s to w n , P a . -------------------

W o r k s t o p p a g e s b e g in n in g in

1953M a n - d a y s id le d u r in g

1953 (a l l s t o p p a g e s )



1953M a n - d a y s id le d u r in g 195 3 (a ll

s t o p p a g e s )N u m b e r 2 W o r k e r sin v o lv e d N u m b e r 2

W o r k e r si n v o l v e d

4 4 4 7 ,5 0 0 2 5 4 ,0 0 0 K a n s a s C i t y , M o . ----------- 40 2 7 ,0 0 0 8 4 3 ,0 0 0K in g s t o n - N e w b u r gh -

30 8 ,7 7 0 4 6 4 ,0 0 0 P o u g h k e e p s i e , N . Y . 1 1 2 , 9 0 0 3 0 ,4 0 0K n o x v i l l e , T e n n . ------------ 32 3 3 ,3 0 0 2 8 3 ,0 0 0

25 6 , 0 9 0 7 2 , 100 L a n s in g , M i c h . ------------------ 5 82 0 5 , 1506 590 3 , 530 L i t t le R o c k , A r k . ------------ 8 2 ,7 6 0 3 7 ,5 0 0

15 6 , 1 1 0 3 2 ,7 0 0L o s A n g e l e s , C a l i f . ------- 1 2 2 5 7 ,0 0 0 9 5 7 ,0 0 0

6 840 1 8 , 9 0 0 L o u i s v i l l e , K y . ---------------- 38 2 3 ,0 0 0 1 3 2 ,0 0 013 2 3 ,9 0 0 8 1 ,4 0 0 M a c o n , G a . ------------------------ 5 580 3 , 39027 1 7 ,2 0 0 1 7 6 ,0 0 0 M a d i s o n , W i s . -------------- 1 1 1 , 2 6 0 7 , 830

M e m p h i s , T e n n . --------------- 1 6 9 , 0 4 0 3 7 ,7 0 014 6 , 590 1 6 4 ,0 0 0

6 820 9 , 0 9 0 M ia m i , F l a . ----------------------- 1 2 1 , 0 0 0 5 ,0 6 0M ilw a u k e e , W i s . ------------- 33 1 5 ,8 0 0 5 8 0 ,0 0 0

42 6 , 0 9 0 1 3 3 ,0 0 0 M in n e a p o l i s - S t . P a u l ,78 1 4 ,4 0 0 1 9 8 ,0 0 0 M i n n . -------------------------------- 42 9 , 1 9 0 1 8 6 , 0 0 019 6 , 6 1 0 1 3 5 ,0 0 0 M o b i le , A l a . ----------------------- 17 8 ,4 7 0 6 9 , 8 0 0

9 2 , 150 1 9 , 6 0 0 M u s k e g o n , M i c h . ------------- 1 0 1 ,4 0 0 3 9 , 0 0 08 4 3 5 , 5 0 0 4 0 1 ,0 0 0

N a s h v i l l e , T e n n . ------------- 15 2 , 2 4 0 3 2 ,9 0 018 4 ,8 5 0 7 1 , 100 N e w B r i t a i n - B r i s t o l ,

7 2 , 0 1 0 3 1 , 7 0 0 C o n n . --------------------------------- 5 1 ,0 8 0 1 2 , 0 0 01 2 8 ,2 7 0 1 3 2 ,0 0 0 N e w H a v e n , C o n n . ---------- 18 3 , 180 3 3 ,7 0 02 1 6 , 590 5 0 ,6 0 0 N e w B e d f o r d , M a s s . ----- 6 8 5 0 1 1 ,8 0 0

8 540 6 , 520 N e w O r l e a n s , L a . ----- 37 1 3 ,8 0 0 1 6 2 , 0 0 0

1 2 6 7 1 ,4 0 0 8 0 3 ,0 0 0 N e w Y o r k - N o r t h e a s t e r n5 4 1 9 , 8 0 0 4 4 9 , 0 0 0 N e w J e r s e y --------------------- 586 1 9 8 , 0 0 0 2 , 5 1 0 , 0 0 050 1 4 ,8 0 0 2 6 6 , 0 0 0 N o r f o l k P o r t s m o u t h ,

5 1, 370 7 , 550 V a . -------------------------------------- 13 6 , 6 1 0 6 3 ,7 0 02 2 1 6 , 1 0 0 3 6 8 ,0 0 0 O g d e n , U ta h ------------------------ 5 2 ,4 5 0 3 0 ,6 0 0

O k la h o m a C i t y , O k la . 8 2 ,5 8 0 1 9 ,4 0 06 3 1 0 2 , 08 0 O m a h a , N e b r . ------------- 1 0 4 , 6 1 0 9 0 ,3 0 0

1 0 1 1 ,6 0 0 1 1 4 ,0 0 0P a d u c a h , K y . -------------------- 28 3 8 ,4 0 0 1 4 3 ,0 0 0

5 4 , 2 8 0 1 4 7 ,0 0 0 P e o r i a , 111. ------------------------ 1 0 1 ,9 8 0 2 4 ,4 0 07 3 ,2 4 0 1 5 ,7 0 0 P h i l a d e l p h i a , P a . ------------ 164 9 6 , 6 0 0 1 ,2 4 0 , 0 0 07 2 5 0 4 , 670 P h o e n ix , A r i z . ------------------ 6 1 , 180 2 2 ,3 0 0

P i t t s b u r g h , P a . ---------------- 137 1 0 7 ,0 0 0 7 3 9 , 0 0 02 0 5 , 1 2 0 3 4 ,8 0 02 1 9 , 1 0 0 2 0 5 ,0 0 0 P o r t l a n d , M a in e --------------- 6 8 5 0 1 1 , 1 0 0

1 9 8 2 4 8 ,0 0 0 1 ,7 2 0 , 0 0 0 P o r t l a n d , O r e g . ------- ------- 19 6 , 8 9 0 5 7 ,4 0 0P r o v i d e n c e , R . I . ------------ 34 1 0 ,8 0 0 1 2 9 , 0 0 015 1, 7 6 0 1 9 , 9 0 0 P u e b lo , C o l o . ------------------- 5 150 2 , 740

8 1 ,3 6 0 9 ,2 9 0 I R a c i n e , W i s . ---------------------- 6 3 8 0 4 8 ,0 0 0

2 1 4 , 170 8 2 , 600 R e a d in g , P a . --------------------- 13 4 , 3 5 0 7 3 ,3 0 0

15 1 3 ,3 0 0 6 7 ,8 0 0 R e n o , N e v . --------------------------- 6 9 5 0 1 0 ,7 0 0

13 4 , 120 2 2 ,6 0 0 R ic h m o n d , V a . ------------------ 9 2 , 2 9 0 2 6 , 3005 570 7 320 R o a n o k e , V a . --------------------- 5 39 0 1 , 9 0 0

6 5 , 33 0 47* 700 R o c h e s t e r , N . Y . ------------- 8 2 ,6 3 0 2 5 ,7 0 0

8 1, 870 16, 800 R o c k f o r d , H I. ------------------- 1 1 1 , 9 0 0 2 8 ,7 0 0

1 0 5 , 830 6 2 ,6 0 0 S t. J o s e p h , M o . --------------- 6 1 ,3 0 0 7 , 8107 2 , 9 1 0 1 9 , 6 0 0 S t. L o u is , M o . - E a s t

18 9 , 63 0 1 5 0 ,0 0 0 S t. L o u is , 111. ------------- 115 4 2 ,7 0 0 6 2 1 , 0 0 07 2 , 530 5 4 ,2 0 0 S a c r a m e n t o , C a l i f . --------- * 17 1 4 ,5 0 0 1 9 9 , 0 0 0

S a g in a w , M i c h . ---------------- 7 2 , 0 6 0 2 6 , 3005 3 , 61 0 1 0 1 , 0 0 0 S a lt L a k e C i t y , U t a h ------ 1 2 7 ,7 9 0 8 1 ,1 0 08 2 , 75 0 5 2 ,9 0 0 S a n A n t o n io , T e x . ---------- 5 2 , 2 7 0 1 8 ,5 0 0

14 3 , 710 4 0 ,9 0 0 S an B e r n a r d in o . , C a l i f . 14 3 ,9 2 0 5 4 ,0 0 023 1 3 ,2 0 0 1 3 1 ,0 0 0 S an D ie g o , C a l i f . 14 4 , 4 4 0 7 3 ,4 0 0

S a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d ,27 5 , 4 8 0 3 1 , 300 C a l i f . --------------------------------- 81 5 8 ,9 0 0 7 3 1 ,0 0 0

2 4 1 8 ,5 0 0 3 8 7 ,0 0 0 S an J o s e , C a l i f , ------- 13 2 2 ,4 0 0 2 4 9 ,0 0 01 1 2 , 360 8 3 ,7 0 0 S a v a n n a h , G a . ------------- - 8 9 7 0 3 , 030

8 680 3 , 300 S c r a n t o n , P a . -------------------- 38 9 , 0 8 0 7 2 ,8 0 06 2 , 340 4 5 , 800 S e a c t i - , , W a s h . -------- --------- 2 0 1 4 ,4 0 0 2 4 9 ,0 0 0

1 2 1 , 2 1 0 1 5 ,1 0 0 S hrev< n o r t , L a . --------------- 5 1 ,9 7 0 9 , 8 9 0

See footnotes at end of table.


13

TABLE 7 . W ork stoppages by m etropolitan a rea , 1953 1 - Continued



1953M a n - d a y s

id le d u r in g 195 3 ( a l l M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a


1953M a n - d a y s

id le d u r in g 1953 (a l l

s t o p p a g e s )N u m b e r 1 2 W o r k e r sin v o lv e d

s t o p p a g e s ) N u m b e r 2 W o r k e r sin v o l v e d

S o u th B e n d , In d . ------------------ 1 2 2 8 , 500 1 0 1 , 0 0 0 T r e n t o n , N . J . ----------------- 19 2 , 600 3 4 ,4 0 0S p o k a n e , W a s h . ------------------- 7 2 , 9 8 0 1 8 ,6 0 0 T u c s o n , A r i z . ------------------ 5 54 0 1 0 ,5 0 0S p r i n g f ie l d , 111 .--------------------- 9 6 ,2 4 0 6 9 , 1 0 0 T u ls a , O k la . --------------------- 15 4 ,8 8 0 3 7 ,9 0 0Sp r in g f ie Id - H o ly o k e , U t i c a - R o m e , N . Y . ------- 13 1 ,4 2 0 2 5 ,2 0 0

M a s s . ---------------------------------------- 27 1 0 ,4 0 0 7 8 , 100 W a s h in g t o n , D . C . -------- 23 5 ,3 2 0 3 1 ,8 0 0S p r i n g f ie l d , M o . ------------------- 5 2 4 0 1 ,5 8 0 W a t e r b u r y , C o n n . ------------ 5 6 ,7 7 0 4 0 ,0 0 0S t a m f o r d - N o r w a lk , W h e e l in g , W . V a . -

C o n n . -------------------------------------- 19 3 ,9 5 0 2 2 5 ,0 0 0 S t e u b e n v i l l e , O h i o ------- 29 7 , 7 9 0 8 8 ,4 0 0

S t o c k t o n , C a l i f . ------- -------------- 18 1 0 ,6 0 0 1 1 5 ,0 0 0 W ic h it a , K a n s . ------------------ 6 1 ,5 9 0 14 , 9 0 0S y r a c u s e , N . Y . ---------------- 2 2 1 1 ,5 0 0 3 5 5 , 0 0 0 W ilk e s B a r r e - H a z l e t o n ,T a c o m a , W a s h . ------------------- 1 0 4 , 160 1 1 2 , 0 0 0 P a . -------------------------------------- 25 7 , 6 5 0 8 4 ,3 0 0T a m p a -S t . P e t e r s b u r g , W ilp n in g to n , D e l . ------------ 9 7 ,7 7 0 3 0 0 ,0 0 0

F l a . - ...................................... ....... 1 2 4 , 07 0 6 8 , 5 0 0 W o r c e s t e r , M a s s . ---------- 17 2 , 6 3 0 3 8 ,3 0 0T e r r e H a u te , In d . ------------ 1 1 1 ,4 6 0 1 8 ,9 0 0 Y o r k , P a . -------------------------- 13 2 , 6 5 0 3 7 ,9 0 0T o l e d o , O h i o -------------------------- 31 7 , 82 0 7 1 , 8 0 0 Y o u n g s t o w n , O h io ---------- 1 1 0 4 1 , 2 0 0 2 3 0 ,0 0 0

1 T h e t a b le i n c lu d e s d a ta f o r e a c h o f th e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s th a t h a d 5 o r m o r e s t o p p a g e s in 1 9 5 3 . B e g in n in g w ith 1952 d a ta w e r e t a b u la t e d s e p a r a t e l y f o r 182 m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s . T h e i n f o r m a t i o n f o r e a r l i e r y e a r s w a s c o n f in e d t o c i t y b o u n d r ie s . T h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s c a m e p r i n c i p a l l y f r o m th e l i s t s o f S ta n d a r d M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a s c o m p i l e d b y th e B u r e a u o f th e B u d g e t a s o f J a n u a r y 2 8 , 1949 a n d J u n e 5 , 1 9 5 0 . A f e w a d d it i o n a l a r e a s w e r e a d d e d , i n c lu d in g s o m e w h e r e m a j o r c i t i e s h a v e b e e n i n c lu d e d in th e s t r ik e s e r i e s in p r e v i o u s y e a r s . S o m e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s in c lu d e c o u n t ie s in m o r e th a n o n e S ta te a n d h e n c e a n a r e a t o t a l m a y e q u a l o r e x c e e d th e t o t a l f o r th e S ta te in w h ic h th e m a j o r c i t y is l o c a t e d ( e . g . , th e N e w Y o r k - N o r t h e a s t e r n N e w J e r s e y m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a , w h ic h in c lu d e s g r e a t e r N e w Y o r k a n d th e s u r r o u n d in g a r e a a s w e l l a s e ig h t c o u n t ie s in N o r t h e a s t e r n N e w J e r s e y , e q u a ls th e t o t a l n u m b e r o f s t r ik e s in N e w Y o r k S ta te in 1 9 5 3 ).

L i s t s o f t h e s e a r e a s a r e a v a i l a b l e u p o n r e q u e s t f r o m th e D iv i s io n o f W a g e s a n d I n d u s t r ia l R e l a t i o n s , B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s .

2 In th is t a b l e , e x c e p t a s n o t e d b e l o w , i n t e r - m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s t o p p a g e s a r e c o u n t e d s e p a r a t e l y in e a c h a r e a a f f e c t e d , w ith th e w o r k e r s in v o lv e d a n d m a n - d a y s id le a l l o c a t e d t o th e r e s p e c t i v e a r e a s . In th e f o l l o w i n g s t o p p a g e it w a s i m p o s s i b l e t o s e c u r e th e i n f o r m a t i o n n e c e s s a r y t o m a k e s u c h a l l o c a t i o n s , a n d h e n c e it i s n o t in c lu d e d in th e f i g u r e s f o r a n y m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a : th e s t o p p a g e o f a b o u t 5 0 0 e m p l o y e e s o f t a n k e r c o m p a n i e s a t E a s t a n d G u lf C o a s t p o r t s in O c t o b e r .

T A B L E 8 . W o r k s t o p p a g e s b y a f f i l i a t i o n o f u n io n s i n v o l v e d , 1953

A f f i l i a t i o n

W o r k s t o p p a g e s b e g in n in g in 1953M a n - d a y s i d le d u r in g 1 95 3 ( a l l s t o p p a g e s )


o ft o t a l

W o r k e r s i n v o l v e d 1


o ft o t a l


o ft o t a l

A l l u n i o n s ---------------------------------------------------------- 5 , 091 1 0 0 . 0 2 , 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 2 8 , 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 1 0 0 . 0

A m e r i c a n F e d e r a t i o n o f L a b o r 2 ------------ 2 ,8 6 1 5 6 .2 1 , 0 6 0 ,0 0 0 4 4 . 2 1 4 ,6 0 0 ,0 0 0 5 1 . 6C o n g r e s s o f I n d u s t r ia l O r g a n iz a t io n s 1 ,3 1 2 2 5 . 8 9 0 1 , 0 0 0 3 7 .5 9 , 7 0 0 , 0 0 0 3 4 .3U n a f f i l ia t e d u n i o n s ----------------------------------------- 7 8 6 1 5 .4 3 2 0 ,0 0 0 1 3 .3 2 , 2 1 0 , 0 0 0 7 . 8S in g le f i r m u n io n s ------------- --------------------------- 2 0 . 4 7 ,9 4 0 .3 4 2 ,8 0 0 . 2D if fe r e n t a f f i l ia t i o n s :

R i v a l u n io n s 3 ---------------------------------------------- 37 . 7 4 0 ,5 0 0 1. 7 2 0 4 ,0 0 0 . 7C o o p e r a t in g u n io n s 4 ------------------------- 18 . 4 6 5 ,4 0 0 2 . 7 1 ,5 1 0 , 0 0 0 5 . 3

N o u n io n i n v o l v e d ------------------------------------------- 4 6 . 9 5 , 560 . 2 1 9 ,4 0 0 . 1N o t r e p o r t e d ------------------------------------------------------ 1 1 . 2 9 1 0 ( 5) 3 ,9 8 0 (5)

1 S e e f o o t n o t e 3 , t a b le 1.A l l s t o p p a g e s in 1953 in v o lv in g th e U n ite d B r o t h e r h o o d o f C a r p e n t e r s a n d J o i n e r s o f A m e r i c a a r e in c lu d e d in

th is c a t e g o r y , a lth o u g h th is u n io n w it h d r e w f r o m th e A F L f r o m A u g u s t 12 to S e t p e m b e r 8 .D is p u t e s b e t w e e n u n io n s o f d i f f e r e n t a f f i l i a t i o n s u n io n s w h ic h r e c o g n i z e n o e s t a b l i s h e d ju r i s d i c t i o n a l l in e s

b e t w e e n th e m a n d a r e r iv a ls in th e s a m e f i e l d .4 T h e s t o p p a g e i n v o lv in g N o r th A m e r i c a n A v ia t i o n , I n c . , i s in th is g r o u p . It i n v o lv e d a b o u t 3 2 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s .

A p p r o x im a t e l y 2 0 0 o f t h e s e w o r k e r s w e r e r e p r e s e n t e d b y th e U n ite d W e l d e r s o f A m e r i c a (In d . ); th e r e s t w e r e r e p r e s e n t e d b y th e U n ite d A u t o m o b i le W o r k e r s (C IO ).

5 L e s s th a n a te n th o f 1 p e r c e n t .


14

TA BLE 9 . W ork stoppages by num ber o f w ork ers involved, 1953

N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s

S t o p p a g e s b e g in n in g in 1953 M a n - d a y s id le d u r in g 1953 ( a l l s t o p p a g e s )


o ft o ta l

W o r k e r s i n v o lv e d 1


o ft o t a l


o ft o t a l

A l l w o r k e r s ---------*---------- ---------------------------------- 5 ,0 9 1 1 0 0 . 0 2 , 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 2 8 , 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 o o o

6 a n d u n d e r 2 0 ---------------------------------------------- 692 1 3 .6 8 , 3 5 0 0 . 3 1 4 1 , 0 0 0 0 . 52 0 a n d u n d e r 1 0 0 ---------------- ------------------------ 1 ,7 4 0 3 4 .2 8 7 ,4 0 0 3 . 6 1 , 3 2 0 , 0 0 0 4 . 7100 a n d u n d e r 2 5 0 ------------------------------------------- 1, 175 2 3 . 1 1 8 7 ,0 0 0 7 . 8 2 , 5 5 0 , 0 0 0 9 . 02 5 0 a n d u n d e r 5 0 0 --------------------------- --------------- 645 1 2 .7 2 2 0 , 0 0 0 9 . 2 2 , 6 6 0 ,0 0 0 9 . 4500 a n d u n d e r 1 ,0 0 0 -------------------------------------- 4 0 2 7 . 9 2 7 6 , 0 0 0 1 1 .5 3 , 4 6 0 , 0 0 0 1 2 .31 ,0 0 0 a n d u n d e r 5 , 0 0 0 --------------------------------- 3 6 8 7 . 2 6 9 2 ,0 0 0 2 8 . 8 7 , 2 9 0 , 0 0 0 2 5 . 85 , 0 0 0 a n d u n d e r 1 0 ,0 0 0 --------------------------- 41 . 8 2 8 1 ,0 0 0 1 . 7 3 , 5 7 0 , 0 0 0 1 2 . 61 0 , 0 0 0 a n d o v e r ------------------------------------------------ 2 8 . 5 6 5 0 ,0 0 0 2 7 . 1 7 ,2 7 0 , 00 0 2 5 . 7

1 S e e f o o t n o t e 3 , t a b le 1 .

T A B L E 1 0 . W o r k s t o p p a g e s b y n u m b e r o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t s in v o lv e d , 1953

N u m b e r o f e s t a b l is h m e n t s i n v o lv e d 1

S t o p p a g e s b e g in n in g in 1953 M a n - d a y s id le d u r in g 1953 ( a l l s t o p p a g e s )


o ft o ta l

W o r k e r s i n v o l v e d 2


o ft o ta l


o ft o t a l

A l l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ----------------------------------------- 5 ,0 9 1 1 0 0 . 0 2 , 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 2 8 , 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 1 0 0 . 0

1 e s t a b l i s h m e n t ------------------------------------------------ 3 , 6 8 4 7 2 . 4 1 , 1 2 0 , 0 0 0 4 6 .5 1 0 ,3 0 0 ,0 0 0 3 6 . 32 t o 5 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ------- ----------------------------- 672 1 3 .2 3 1 1 ,0 0 0 1 2 .9 5 , 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 1 8 .46 t o 1 0 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s --------------------------------- 23 2 4 . 6 1 9 7 ,0 0 0 8 . 2 1 ,6 0 0 , 0 0 0 5 . 71 1 e s t a b l is h m e n t s o r m o r e -------------------- 4 7 7 9 . 4 7 6 5 ,0 0 0 3 1 .9 1 1 , 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 3 9 . 1N o t r e p o r t e d ------------------------------------------------------ 2 6 . 5 1 0 , 9 0 0 . 5 1 4 2 ,0 0 0 . 5

1 A n e s t a b l is h m e n t , f o r p u r p o s e s o f th is t a b le , i s d e f in e d a s a s in g le ^ p h y s ica l l o c a t i o n w h e r e b u s i n e s s is c o n d u c t e d o r w h e r e s e r v i c e s o r in d u s t r ia l o p e r a t i o n s a r e p e r f o r m e d ; f o r e x a m p l e , a f a c t o r y , m i l l , s t o r e , m in e , o r f a r m . A s t o p p a g e m a y i n v o lv e 1, 2 , o r m o r e e s t a b l is h m e n t s o f a s i n g le e m p l o y e r o r it m a y in v o lv e d i f f e r e n t e m p l o y e r s .

* S e e f o o t n o t e 3 , t a b le 1.


15

TABLE 11. A nalysis of individual w ork stoppages involving 10, 000 or m ore w ork ers , 1953 1

B e g in n in gd a te

A p p r o x im a t e d u r a t io n ( c a le n d a r

d a y s ) 2

E s t a b l i s h m e n t (s ) a n d l o c a t i o n . U n io n (s ) i n v o l v e d 3

A p p r o x im a t e n u m b e r o f

w o r k e r s i n v o lv e d

M a j o r t e r m s o f s e t t l e m e n t 4

J a n u a r y 15 4 B r i g g s M a n u fa c t u r in g C o . , D e t r o i t , M ic h .

U n ite d A u t o m o b i l e W o r k e r s (C IO )

1 6 , 0 0 0 W o r k e r s r e t u r n e d a f t e r s e t t le m e n t o f d is p u t e d ( w o r k lo a d ) i s s u e .

J a n u a r y 21 3 H u d s o n M o t o r C a r C o . , D e t r o i t , M ic h .


1 1 ,5 0 0 W o r k e r s r e t u r n e d to j o b s p e n d in g s e t t le m e n t o f g r i e v a n c e s ( in c lu d in g a d i s c h a r g e c a s e ) u n d e r n o r m a l g r i e v a n c e p r o c e d u r e .

J a n u a r y 30 5 In la n d S t e e l C o . , E a s t C h ic a g o , In d .

U n ite d S t e e l w o r k e r s (C IO )

1 8 ,0 0 0 G r i e v a n c e s , in v o lv in g s u s p e n s i o n o f e m p l o y e e s , t o b e p r o c e s s e d t h r o u g h r e g u l a r g r i e v a n c e p r o c e d u r e .

F e b r u a r y 15 5 7 I n t e r s t a t e P a in t C o . , s u b c o n t r a c t o r , ( A t o m ic E n e r g y C o m m i s s i o n c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o j e c t ) , A ik e n a n d B a r n w e l l C o u n t ie s , S . C .

B r o . o f P a i n t e r s , D e c o r a t o r s a n d P a p e r h a n g e r s ( A F L )

5 2 0 , 0 0 0 H o u r ly w a g e i n c r e a s e s o f 1 2 % c e n t s f o r b r u s h p a i n t e r s ; 17% c e n t s f o r s p r a y p a i n t e r s ; a n d 15 c e n t s f o r s t e e l a n d s ig n p a i n t e r s .

F e b r u a r y 2 4 3 S t u d e b a k e r C o r p . , S o u th B e n d , In d .


1 7 ,0 0 0 W o r k e r s r e t u r n e d t o t h e i r j o b s a f t e r p r o t e s t o f c o m p a n y a c t io n in a p p o in t m e n t o f s u p e r v i s o r .

M a r c h 26 35 N e w J e r s e y B e l l T e le p h o n e C o . , N . J . , S ta te w id e

T e le p h o n e W o r k e r s U n io n o f N e w J e r s e y (In d . ) 6

6 1 4 ,0 0 0 W e e k ly w a g e i n c r e a s e s o f $ 2 f o r e m p l o y e e s e a r n in g l e s s th a n $ 7 4 .5 0 a w e e k a n d $ 3 f o r o t h e r e m p l o y e e s ; w a g e p r o g r e s s i o n s c h e d u le r e d u c e d f r o m 6 V2 t o 6 y e a r s .

M a r c h 30 4 U n io n R a i l r o a d C o . , (U . S . S t e e l C o r p . ), P i t t s b u r g h , P a .

B r o . o f R a i l r o a d T r a in m e n (In d . )

7 2 7 , 0 0 0 A g r e e m e n t t o p r e v e n t a n d / o r e l im in a t e s lo w d o w n s ; r e in s t a t e m e n t o f s u s p e n d e d e m p l o y e e s .

A p r i l 2 2 U . S . R u b b e r C o . ,1 1 S t a t e s :

C a l i f . , C o n n . , 111. , In d . , M a s s . , M i c h . , N . J . , P a . , R . I . , T e n n . , W is .

U n ite d R u b b e r W o r k e r s (C IO )

3 6 , 00 0 E m p l o y e r - f i n a n c e d h o s p i t a l i z a t i o n , m e d i c a l , a n d s u r g i c a l i n s u r a n c e p la n f o r e m p l o y e e s a n d t h e i r d e p e n d e n t s ; 2 w e e k s 1 v a c a t i o n a f t e r 3 i n s t e a d o f 5 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e .

A p r i l 13 3 C h r y s l e r C o r p . , D e t r o i t a n d T r e n t o n , M ic h .


4 8 ,0 0 0 T r u c k d r i v e r s c o m p l i e d w ith u n io n r e q u e s t th a t th e y t e r m i n a t e u n a u t h o r iz e d p r o t e s t s t o p p a g e o v e r p i c k u p s a t s t r ik e - b o u n d s u p p l i e r s p la n t .

M a y 1 8 50 C o n s t r u c t i o n in d u s t r y , D e t r o i t , M ic h .

U n ite d B r o . o f C a r p e n t e r s a n d J o i n e r s ( A F L ) ;

B r o . o f P a i n t e r s , D e c o r a t o r s a n d P a p e r h a n g e r s (A F L )

3 0 ,0 0 0 C a r p e n t e r s * w a g e s w e r e i n c r e a s e d 1 2 c e n t s a n h o u r w ith a n i n c r e a s e in e m p l o y e r c o n t r ib u t i o n s f o r l i f e a n d h o s p i t a l i z a t i o n in s u r a n c e o f 3 c e n t s a m a n - h o u r e f f e c t i v e J u ly 1, 1953 a n d 2 c e n t s a d d i t io n a l e f f e c t i v e A p r i l 1, 1 9 5 4 . P a in t e r s * w a g e s w e r e i n c r e a s e d 1 2 % c e n t s a n h o u r w ith a 2 % - c e n t h o u r l y i n c r e a s e in e m p l o y e r c o n t r ib u t io n s f o r h o s p i t a l i z a t i o n i n s u r a n c e .

M a y 1 vO oo C o n s t r u c t i o n i n d u s t r y , P h i l a d e l p h i a , P a .

F iv e A F L B u ild in g T r a d e s U n io n s :

C a r p e n t e r s , C e m e n t

F i n i s h e r s , I r o n w o r k e r s , G l a z i e r s , a n d R o o f e r s

2 0 , 0 0 0 C a r p e n t e r s * a n d c e m e n t f in i s h e r s * w a g e s i n c r e a s e d 2 0 c e n t s a n h o u r e f f e c t i v e M a y 1, 1953 w ith a n a d d it io n a l 1 0 - c e n t h o u r l y i n c r e a s e e f f e c t iv e M a y 1, 1 9 5 4 . M e m b e r s o f th e o t h e r b u i ld in g t r a d e s u n io n s i n v o lv e d r e c e i v e d v a g e i n c r e a s e s o f v a r y in g a m o u n t s .

See footnotes at end of table.Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of S

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